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Lecture Six 1. Error Analysis (2) 2. Nominal Clause(1) . Revision Error Analysis . New contents Nominal Clause ( ) . Assignment mistake error performance competence Systematic, would occur in similar context systematic or random? Errors are an integral part of interlanguage. In the process of mastering a target language (TL), second language learners (L2) develop a linguistic system which is different from both the learner s first language (L1) and the TL (Nemser, 1971). This linguistic system has been called interlanguage (IL) (Selinker, 1972). The field of error analysis in SLA was established in the 1970s by S. P. Corder. Error can be classified according to basic types: -omission (quantitative differences: under-use) I go shopping tomorrow. -addition (quantitative differences: overuse) He doesnt knows me. -substitution or related to word order. I everyday by school bus come here. -Errors may also be classified according to the level of language: phonological errors, vocabulary or lexical errors, syntactic errors, and so on. -It is good to learn at another mans cost. From normal study to error analysis, we shift our role from receiving information to checking information. Purposes of discussing “error analysis” -To avoid making the same errors. -To avoid handing down these errors onto our students or children, and to put tragedy a stop. -To provide us a special angle to look into learning. 例 1 The man is not a young man, but the man is not old. He is about forty-four or forty-five years old. The man is a good-looking man: tall, handsome, rather thin, with dark-brown hair just beginning to go grey. The man is always well-dressed, but quietly in good taste. redundancy, pronoun, inconsistency 汉语倾向用名词重复以使上下文连贯 ， 而英语则倾 向于使用代词。 中国学生在英文写作中大量重复名 词，而少用代词，使作文读起来既不流畅也不精练 . 例 2： Self-confidence is very important for us. With self-confidence we can do whatever we want to; without self-confidence we can achieve nothing. 无明显语法错误 ,但读起来颇似汉语结构 :自信对我们很 重要，有了自信我们百事可为 ;没有自信则一事成 .” 可改为 :Self-confidence is very important for us. With it we can do whatever we want to, or else we can achieve nothing. 例 3： People should not spend too much time on hobbies in order to avoid disturbing normal work and study. 汉语中不使用物主代词不会引起误解 ,读起来也 非常自然。然而，在英语中则应加上物主代词。 disturbing their normal work and study Reasons Behind These Errors 1. Thinking in Chinese had to leave B. that; should leave C. / ; must leave D. when; should leave 考 查 同位 语从 句。 Order决 定用 虚拟语气 。 (B) 2.Obviously we do morning exercises every day us good. A. that; do B. if; do C. what; does D. that; does that引导从句在句中作主语，从句作主语谓动用单数。 (D) 3. It is said was all he said. A. that; that; that B. what; what; what C. that; which; what D. that; that; which Its said that 为固定短语。第二个在从句中作主语，第三 个引导定从，先行词是 all. (A) 4. I feel it important that they finish their own task in time. (分析结构） 5 It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. A. while B. that C. if D. for 头发变白使她有点儿不安。 It作形式主语 ,that引导的是主语从句。 （） 思考： *词汇语法题、翻译题或阅读理解中遇到主语 从句时，你能很快辨别出来吗？ *写作时你能熟练驾驭主语从句吗？ *引导主语从句的关联词有哪些？ 1. Subject clause (重点 , 详讲） 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 构成：关联词 +简单句 引导主语从句的关联词有三类 ： (1)从属连词 (2)连接代词 (3) 连接副词 （ 1） 从属连词 that和 whether（ if) 如： *That they were sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. *That she did her best in the exam pleased her parents. *Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 （） 连接代词 who， whom， whose， what， which， whoever， whatever， whichever 语法能力训练： 1）他在会上说的话让在场的人很吃惊。 What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. 2）哪个队赢得比赛还不清楚。 * Which team will win the match is still unknown . 3）不论谁来都受欢迎。 *Whoever comes is welcome. （ 3）连接副词 where， when， how， why.如： 语法能力训练： 1） How he became a famous musician is known to all. 2) When we will start is not clear. 3) 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 *How this happened is not clear to anyone. . Assignment 1. Chapter 9-10 2. Chapter 35 Next time: Nominal clause (2) (同位语从句的翻译技巧） Next Any Advice is welcome!
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