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一、书面表达1、(节水抗旱) At the beginning of 2010, the southwest of China suffered from lacking of water, especially for Yunnan Province, millions of people has not got enough water for common life. I am sorry to see all of the photos which come from the southwest. Since autumn last year, Southwest was hurt by drought(干旱).Though，we should do something to the people in Yunnan. First of all, caring about your habit of using water to save the water. Secondly, we can take part in some activities to encourage the other people to help the project, such as some benefit party. Thirdly, we can contribute money to some relevant division if possible. All in all, you can help the people if you tried your best.Saving water is very important for us. There will be fewer fresh water in the future. We must avoid any chance of wasting water. We need to be careful and save a little bit of water for years. As we see, water is the source of life. But there is very limited available water resources in our world. So we shouldnt waste it. Of course, we have to use it to drink, cook, wash, clean and so on. If we dont stop wasting water, the last water in our world will be a tear.2、(我的幸福家庭介绍家人家庭)I have a happy family. Although its small, its full of love. There are four people in my family, my father, my mother, my elder sister and myself. We all love each other.My father is a doctor. He loves his work. Every day he works from dawn to dark. In his spare time, he likes reading and writing books. My mother is a teacher. She is very strict with her students but kind to them. Every day she goes to work early. She is not only a teacher but also a fiend to the students.My sister is a shopkeeper and she like her work. Im a middle school student. My wish is to be a university student. And my parents often encourage me to work hard. I will try my best to realize my dream.3、(Welcome to 2010 Shanghai Expo世博会我的世博会)Shanghai is a very beautiful city. Do you know the Expo in Shanghai? It is very great for every Chinese people.In Shanghai, we can see many foreigners. Many people volunteer to help them. Expo became the most important things in China. We will try our best to welcome the foreigners and help the people.As a middle school student, we can not become volunteers in Shanghai, but we will always care about the news about Shanghai Expo. If I were a volunteer, I would try my best to make contribution for Shanghai, the Shanghai Expo let us know our country are becoming stronger and stronger.Now we will study better day by day to make contribution for China. If our dreams will come true, We think we can let China more and more beautiful in the future.4. My Dream 你将来的打算、计划、梦想(工作) Yesterday, we had a discussion. the topic is: What is my dream? Every one has his dream. Some want to be teachers, others want to be scientists. My dream is to become a doctor. My friends asked me why. I told them my story. When I was a small boy, I was very weak. Once I was terribly ill, I had a high fever. My parents sent me to the hospital, but the doctors could do nothing for me, then my parents heard there was a very good doctor in another town, they took me there. I was saved. A good doctor can save peoples lives. From then on I decided to become a doctor. I know it is not easy to be a doctor. But I am determined to study hard. I am sure my dream will come true. 5.保护环境Good environment can make people feel happy and fit . To improve the environment means to improve our life.We should plant more trees and flowers around us . We shouldnt cut them down . We should stop factories from pouring waste water into the river and waste gas into the air.Whenever we see litter on the ground, we should pick it up and throw it into dustbins. Never spit in public. Dont draw on public walls. Its our duty to protect the environment.6.我（最）喜欢的故事 I have just read an interesting story about colors. All colors thought they were the best and most beautiful, so they argued. Green said he was the sign of life. Red said he was the color of blood . Their voices became louder and louder. Rain stopped them and asked them to join hands. They followed rain and made the most beautiful rainbow. I like this story, because we sometimes think too much of ourselves. But if we can join hands and do something together, we can do better. We should believe that unity is power.7. 我（最）难忘的一件事One day Mom said to me“I love you, son” , I was very happy that day and went to school. At 6 oclock in the afternoon, I went back home. Dad was also back and there was a big cake on the table. I asked him “why there is a cake? Can I eat it?” Dad answered No. Mom should eat first.“Why?” I asked again. “because its your moms birthday” , then I remembered mom said “I love you” to me in the morning., it was moms birthday, but I didnt know that, and she said “I love you” to me.8. How to learn English well? 你怎样学英语的？怎样学好英语？ I have some difficulties in learning English. I cant memorize new words and I can not always understand when people talk to me. I find the most difficult thing is learning grammar rules. I think I should try my best to learn English. First, I decide to listen to the English programs on the radio or TV as often as possible. Then, I will read English loudly for ten minutes a day. Also, I am going to read English newspaper and magazines. Besides, if I have any problem in grammar, I will ask my teacher and classmates for help at once.9.关爱他人关心他人奉献爱心If we give love to others.In our life, love is everywhere. Now I am a middle school student, I am a sunshine boy. Once when I was 12 years old, I was walking to school, “I love you, my son” .my mother said to me with a smile. I was very happy to school. And after school, I got home, I am very surprised to see a birthday cake. “Its for me?” I asked. “Yes”, my father answered happily, and I received many gifts from my friends, I was very happy that day. I received not only gifts, but love. Life is beautiful for everyone, and everyone needs care and help, we should care each other and help each other. If we give a little love to others, the world will become better and better, and our life will be full of sunshine.二、时态对比1.现在进行时的构成：amisare + v+ing. 助动词be的形式要根据主语的人称和数来决定。现在进行时的标志：Look! Listen! Now等词现在进行时的基本用法：a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情或当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。如：Im doing my homework now. They are watching TV.b.表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。如：Mr. Green is writing another novel(小说).(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)动词-ing的变化规则：1）一般情况直接加-ing。playplaying looklooking gogoing2）以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing。writewriting taketaking closeclosing3）重读闭音节，双写末尾的字母，再加ing。swimswimming putputting runrunningshopshopping getgetting stepstepping traveltravelling stopstopping练习:用所给单词的适当形式填空1）. Look! The grandma _ (run) after the grandson.2）. Listen! The students _ (sing) an English song.3）. Dont go out. It_ (rain) hard now.4）. The children _ (not listen) to the music now.2.一般现在时的构成：be(is, are, am, are) 、have (has)，第三人称单数在动词原形后加-s或-es构成外，其他一律用动词原形一般现在时的标志：every day, usually, often, always, sometimes.一般现在时的用法:1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。3) 表示格言或警句中。4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。动词变第三人称单数变化：1）一般情况在词尾加-s 2）以字母s,x,ch,sh,o结尾加-es3）以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i再加es 4）不规则变化：have (has)练习（用所给单词的适当形式填空）：1）. There_(be)a ruler and four pencils in the box.2）. There_(be)four pencils and a ruler in the box.3）. She_(have) black hair.4）. Does Peter_(love)the new school?5）. Do their parents usually _(visit)China?6）. My aunt _(not like) music in her spare time.3一般过去时的用法：1）.表示在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。2）.表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。一般过去时的标志：yesterday, yesteday evening, two weeks ago, last week, in 1995等。动词过去式的规则变化：1）一般情况直接+ed 如：work-worked play-played2）以e结尾的词只加-d 如：live-lived dance-danced3）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变y为i再加-ed 如：study-studied4) 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，先将这 个字母双写，再加-ed. 如：stop-stopped plan-planned5）不规则变化（与过去分词附后）1）. When_ you_(have)breakfast yesterday?2）. There_(be)three bottles of orange on the desk a moment ago.3）. Where (do) you go just now?4）. When I was a child, I often (play) football in the street.4现在完成时的用法： 表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如： -Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. Ive just had it.你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了） 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如：He has taught here since 1981 他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）现在完成时的构成：have / has + 过去分词注意：1）. 英语中的动词按照动作发生时间的长短可以分为延续性动词和非延续性动词. 前者包括 keep, lie, live, read, sleep, stand, stand, stay, wait, walk, work 等。后者包括 arrive, begin, borrow, buy, close, come, get to, go ,put, open, reach等。2）.现在完成时的句子中, 当出现表示 “一段时间” 的状语时,如for three years, in the past three years, since 2005, 谓语只能是延续性动词. 如：She has worked in that factory for five years. He has lived in Shenzhen since 2002. 3）.非延续性动词用于现在完成时,表示动作已经完成. 它不能跟段时间. 但它的否定式可以跟段时间状语连用. 如：He has borrowed a pen from me . 4）. havehas been(to)与havehas gone( to)的区别：havehas been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；havehas gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never, several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。5）.如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。动词过去分词的规则变化与过去式同，不规则变化（与过去式见后）：原型 过去式 过去分词A-A-A型：cost cost cost 花费 cut cut cut 割，切 hit hit hit 打 let let let 让 put put put 放下 read read read 读 hurt hurt hurt 伤 A-A-B型：beat beat beaten 打 A-B-A型：come came come 来 become became become 变 run ran run 跑 A-B-B型：burn burnt burnt 燃烧 learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 学习 mean meant meant 意思 hear heard heard 听见 build built built 建筑 lend lent lent 借给 lose lost lost 失去 send sent sent 送 spend spent spent 花费 pay paid paid 付 say said said 说 bring brought brought 带来 buy bought bought 买 think thought thought 想 sleep slept slept 睡 keep kept kept 保持 sweep swept swept 扫 stand stood stood 站 understand understood understood 明白 win won won 获胜 shine shone/shined shone/shined 发光 catch caught caught 抓住 teach taught taught 教 feel felt felt 觉得 fight fought fought 战斗 find found found 发现 get got got 得到 have had had 有 hold held held 盛，握 leave left left 离开 make made made 制造 meet met met 遇见 sell sold sold 卖 shoot shot shot 射击 tell told told 告诉 smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled 嗅，闻 sit sat sat 坐 dig dug dug 挖 A-B-C型：eat ate eaten 吃 fall fell fallen 落下 steal stole stolen 偷 give gave given 给 freeze froze frozen 冻结 take took taken 拿 see saw seen 看见 write wrote written 写 ride rode ridden 骑 drive drove driven 驾驶 throw threw thrown 抛，扔 blow blew blown 吹 grow grew grown 生长 know knew known 知道 fly flew flown 飞 draw drew drawn 拉，绘画 show showed shown 展示 speak spoke spoken 说话 break broke broken 破碎，折断 wake waked/ woke waked/ waken 醒 choose chose chosen 选择 forget forgot forgotten 忘记 begin began begun 开始 ring rang rung 按铃 sing sang sung 唱 sink sank sunk 沉 swim swam swum 游泳 drink drank drunk 饮 wear wore worn 穿 do did done 做 go went gone 去其他：be(am, is) was been 是 be(are) were been 是 注意：lie lay lain 躺 lay laid laid 下蛋 hang hung hung 悬挂 hang hanged hanged 绞死，三、形容词、副词的比较级、最高级规则变化：1）.在词尾直接加er或est，例如，tall-taller-tallest，long-longer-longest2）.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st，例如，nice-nicer-nicest3）.以辅音字母+y结尾的词，把y变为i，再加er或est，例如，heavy-heavier-heaviest4）.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加er或est，例如，big-bigger-biggest fat-fatter-fattest thin-thinner-thinnest5）.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级，例如，slowly-more slowly-most slowly；beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful不规则变化:原级比较级最高级good(好的)betterbestwell(健康的)bad (坏的)worseworstbadly(坏地)ill(有病的)old (老的)older/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many(多的)moremostlittle(少的)lessleastfar (远的)farther/furtherfarthest/furthest四、可数名词变复数的几种形式：1)一般可数名词加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers. 2)以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches. 3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es: cities, babies, enemies.4)以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f为v加es: wives, knives.但有些词只加s: roofs, proofs, chiefs.5)以o结尾的名词，有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.其他加s: radios, zoos, pianos, photos. 6)某些外来词变复数：analysisanalyses, basisbases, crisiscrises7复合名词变复数：以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式，如：homework. 以man或woman等为前缀的复合名词变复数，前后两个名词都变复数，如：manservantmen ervants, girl studentgirl students. 其它复合名词变复数：grown up grown ups, brother in lawbrothers in law, stand bystands by.不规则变化：footfeet, goosegeese, toothteeth, childchildren, manmen, womanwomen, EnglishmanEnglishmen, sheepsheep, deerdeer, mousemice, ChineseChinese, sheepsheep, deerdeer, crisiscrises危机, basisbases基础不同国籍人的单复数 国家语言国籍人（单数）国籍人（复数）China 中国Chinese 汉语a Chinese two ChineseJapan 日本Japanese 日语a Japanesetwo JapaneseAustralia澳大利亚Australian an Australiantwo AustraliansRussia俄国Russian 俄语a Russiantwo RussiansItaly 意大利Italian 意大利语an Italiantwo ItaliansAmerica 美国American 美语an Americantwo AmericansIndia 印度Indian an Indiantwo IndiansCanada 加拿大Canadiana Canadiantwo CanadiansGermany 德国 German 德语a Germanstwo GermansEngland 英国English 英语an Englishmantwo EnglishmenFrance 法国French 法语a Frenchmantwo Frenchmen五、代词人 称数人称代词物主代词反身代词主格宾格形容性物主代词名词性物主代词第一人 称单数Imemyminemyself复数weusouroursourselves第二人 称单数youyouyouryoursyourself复数youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人 称单数hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitself复数theythemtheirtheirsthemselves六、英语中的两种语态：主动语态和被动语态几种常用时态主动语态的谓语构成：1）一般现在时的谓语构成：am/is/are或 实义动词 2) 一般过去时的谓语构成：was/were或 过去式3) 一般将来时的谓语构成：will/ shall + 动原4) 现在进行时的谓语构成：is/am/are + v+ing5) 过去进行时的谓语构成：were/was + v+ing5) 现在完成时的谓语构成：have/has + P.P（过分）6) 过去完成时的谓语构成：had + P.P（过分）被动语态的谓语构成：be+P.P（过分）1）一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are+P.P（过分） 2) 一般过去时的被动语态：was/were+P.P（过分）3) 一般将来时的被动语态：will +be +p.p（过分）4) 现在进行时的被动语态：is/am/are+being+P.P（过分）5) 过去进行时的被动语态：were/was+being+P.P（过分）5) 现在完成时的被动语态：have/has+been+P.P（过分）6) 过去完成时的被动语态：had+been+P.P（过分）7) 含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+P.P（过分）七、定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 1. 在定语从句中，当先行词是物，关系词用whichthat; 当先行词是人，关系词用whothat。如：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.This is the soldier who saved the boys life. 2 .关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）关系词who, whom, that在从句中起主语、宾语的作用，代替的先行词是人的名词或代词。如：Is he the man who/that wants to see you? He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如：The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。2.关系副词when, where, why等引导的定语从句, 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。3.只能用that引导定语从句的几种情况1)先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等.2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。3）先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰。5）先行词既有人又有物时。6）当句中已有who时，为避免重复。7）用作关系代词，修饰表示时间的名词，如day,time,moment等，代替when.8)如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用过，则另一个用that.练习：选择填空1. Health is the thing _ makes you full of energy.A. who B. that C. how D. why分析：先行词the thing (物)，关系词用thatwhich，答案为A.2. The book, the cover _ is broken, is not mine.A. of it B for C whose D of which分析：答案是D。先行词the book 代入从句应该是 the cover of the book is broken.相当于whose cover。3. This is Mr. Smith, _ I think has something interesting to tell you.A .who B whom C. that D. x分析：先行词Mr. Smith( 人)，关系词用whowhom，而I think为插入语，先去掉，This is Mr. Smith, _ has something interesting to tell you。所以答案为A.4. Who _ has seen the TV film doesnt admire it?A .that B who C which D as分析：先行词是who，指人，可为了避免重复，不用who，而用能指代人的that。答案是A。5. This is the last time _ I shall give you a lesson.A. when B that C which D in which分析：答案是B。这里的time不指时间，而是次数。所以用that引导。八、宾语从句宾语从句引导词的使用:1. 当宾语从句由陈述句变化而来时，用that来引导从句，that常无具体意义，一般可省略。Lin Tao thought（that）the TV play was very boring.2. 当宾语从句是由一般疑问句变化而来时，要用if或whether来引导从句。一般情况下if或whether可互换。Let me know whether if he will come or notDavid asked his mother if/ whether she liked the dinner last night. 但以下三种情况只能用whether。在不定式前whether go there or not hasnt been decided. 在介词后It depends on whether it is going to rain.与or not连用They are talking whether go go there or not. 3. 当宾语从句是由特殊疑问句变化而来时，原句中的疑问词充当连接代词（如who，whose， what，which）或连接副词（如when，where，why，how），引导宾语从句。如：Do you know what we can do on the island？I dont know why Jane was late for school this morning.宾语从句语序:宾语从句一般要用陈述句语序。如：When did he leave？ I want to know. I want to know when he left.Does the shop close at six every day？ Do you know？ Do you know if/ whether the shop closes at six every day？宾语从句时态的呼应:1. 如果主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时，宾语从句可根据情况使用各种时态。I hear she is here today（she was here yesterday/ she will be here tomorrow.）2. 如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句应使用过去时态的某种形式，变化如下：一般现在时态（变为） 一般过去时态现在进行时态（变为） 过去进行时态现在完成时态（变为） 过去完成时态一般将来时态（变为） 过去将来时态 如：He said he was watching TV（he had swept the floor/ he would play football after school）。3. 如宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实、自然现象或科学真理等，从句不受主句时态限制，仍用一般现在时。例如：Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.练习：选择填空1. I dont know _ he will come tomorrow. _ he comes, Ill tell you A. if; Whether B. whether; Whether C. if; That D. if; If2. I want to know _. A. whom is she looking after B. whom she is looking C. whom is she looking D. whom she is looking after3. Did you know _?A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking for C. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after4.I dont know _. Can you tell me, please? A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two players C. the two players are how old D. how old the two players are5. I cant understand _. A. what does Christmas mean B. what Christmas does mean C. what mean Christmas does D. what Christmas means九、反意疑问句反意疑问句定义:反意疑问句即附加疑问句。表示提问人没有把握,需要对方证实。 反意疑问句构成:由“陈述句 + 附加疑问句”两部分构成。一般有两种形式：前肯后否或前否后肯。1前肯后否，后部分由“助动词be动词情态动词not前部分主语代词”译为“不是吗？”回答方法与一般疑问句一样，译文相同。如：She was ill yesterday, wasnt she? He can ride a bike, cant he? 注意：（1）两部分的人称时态应保持一致。（2）前部分肯定句中有助动词be动词情态动词，后部分也要使用助动词be动词情态动词，一般现在时或一般过去时，找出助动词dodoes或did.（3）前部分主语代词是there be 句型，主语为there. 前部分主语代词是指人的不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。前部分主语代词是指物的不定代词everything, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there? There will some trouble, wont there? Everyone knows the answer, dont they? Everything is ready, isnt it?2前否后肯, 后部分由“助动词be动词情态动词前部分主语代词”译为“是吗？”回答方法与一般疑问句，译文相反。You didnt go, did you?Yes, I did. （不，我去了。）No, I didnt.（是的，我没去。）注意：确定前部分为否定的方法。（1）谓语结构中有否定副词no，not, never，seldom, hardly等。（2）名词前有表示否定的adj, few，little修饰。（3）主语由否定代词nothing，nobody等否定词充当。There is little milk in the bottle, is there?He is never late for school, is he?He can hardly believe you, can he?There is nothing new in todays newspaper, is there?It seldom rains here in spring, does it?3祈使句省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。如： Don
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