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名 词(Noun),名词重点掌握： 1、名词的分类 2、名词的数 3、名词的格 4、名词的句法作用,一、名词的分类 什么是名词？ 名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。,普通名词,专有名词: English, the United Nations, Zhongshan Park,个体名词：tree, city, teacher,集体名词：class, family, team,物质名词：paper, bread, light,抽象名词：truth, health, music,名 词,可数名词,不可数名词,4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念,专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的名称的词,普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。,个体名词: 表示单个的人和事物。,2) 集体名词: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。,3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。,二、名词的数,1) 名词后直接加-s。 desks dogs apples days 以-s , -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词加-es buses watches boxes classes dishes 3) 以“辅音字母y”结尾的名词,先把y变成i,再加上-es factories countries cities babies 4) 以“元音字母y”结尾的名词，或以y结尾的专有名词直接加-s boys days Germanys,(一)可数名词的复数构成方式：,7,5)以”辅音字母o”结尾的名词，加-es heroes tomatoes potatoes Negroes zeroes Heroes and Negroes eat tomatoes and potatoes. 大多数以o结尾的外来词，缩略词直接加-s. radios photos pianos 6)以“oo”结尾的名词后加 s. zoos bamboos 7)以f和fe结尾的名词的复数有三种情况： a)直接加-s. 一个首领(chief) 在海湾(gulf)的悬崖(cliff)上发现一个屋顶(roof)上面有个保险箱(safe)。,8)以th结尾的名词后直接加-s. 长元音后读z;短元音和辅音后读s mouths paths baths months 9)不规则变化 a) footfeet toothteeth childchildren mousemice man-men,b)变f或fe 为-ves. 一个贼人(thief)的妻子(wife)冒着生命(life)危险用半(half)片树叶(leaf)似的小刀(knife)杀死了一只狼(wolf)。 c)handkerchief的复数形式有两种。 handkerchiefs handkerchieves,b) 单复数同形 sheep deer fish means c) 表示“某国人”的名词。 中日友谊是一致(单复数同形) Chinese Japanese Swiss 英法联盟a改e Englishman Frenchman 其它一般加-s Germans Americans d)复合名词的复数 boy friend gold watch passer -by sister -in-law go-between man doctor woman singer,s,es,s,s,s,men doctors,women singers,(二) 不可数名词的应用 一般情况: 不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不与不定冠词a(n)连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Milk is my favorite food. Water is very important to us all. 特殊情况： 1)如果不可数名词表示特指，则必须与定冠词(the)或其它限定词连用。 The milk in the cup has gone bad. He was pleased with my advice.,11,2) 当不可数名词表示个体时，必须使用单位名词(量词)。 a piece of advice / bread / chalk / news etc. a pair of glasses / shoes / trousers etc. two bottles of ink / milk /wine etc. 3)部分带有形容词修饰语的不可数名词可以用来表示“一种”,“一段”,“一类”等，常与不定冠词a(n)连用。 for a long time take a great interest live a hard life,12,下面不可数名词不可与不定冠词连用 good advice fine weather great fun 4)有些名词的用法随意义变化而不同。 beauty(美丽) a beauty(美人) coffee(咖啡) a coffee(一杯咖啡) glass (玻璃) a glass (玻璃杯) man (人类) a man (男人) iron (铁) an iron (熨斗) 5)有些名词表示抽象意义时是不可数名词；表示具体人或事是可数名词。 danger worry success victory etc.,抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如： 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词,可数名词) _ 惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 win success获得成功 _一个(件)成功的人(事) win honor赢得荣誉 _一个(件)引以为荣的(事) _失败 a failure失败者 by experience靠经验 _一次经历 youth青春 a youth一个青年人 have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情 _乐意 a pleasure乐事,in surprise,a success,an honor,failure,an experience,with pleasure,抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如： A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me? It is a waste of time reading such a novel. She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.,6)有些名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。 papers(报纸，稿件) works(工厂，作品) times(时代) drinks(饮料) manners(礼貌) 7) word用做“消息”“通知”不与冠词连用，也不用复数。 Word came that the meeting would be held on Friday. keep ones word have a word/a few words with sb. have words with sb. in a word leave word in other words,备注：有些名词只有复数形式。例如。 goods(货物) glasses(眼镜) compasses(圆规) thanks(感谢) clothes(衣服) remains (遗物，遗体) trousers(裤子),守信,与某人说话,与某人吵嘴,留言,简而言之,换句话说,三、名词所有格 表示名词间的所有关系“ 的” (一)名词所有格的构成方法 1.单数名词后加“s” Toms book my friends uncle 2.以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“ ”即可 Teachers Day two weeks holiday 3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加“ s” Children s Day mens shoes,4.用of加名词，构成所属关系的短语，主要用于表示无生命名词的所有关系 a picture of the classroom the door of the barns 书名_ 墙的颜色_,the title of the book,the color of the wall,5. “s”所有格的特殊表示形式有： 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后， todays newspaper ten dollars worth of coffee 五分钟的行程_ 五镑重_ 用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如： the worlds population Chinas industry New Yorks parks,five minutes walk (drive),five pounds weight,6. 双重所有格： 当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如 a, an, this, that, these, those, which, what, any, some, several, no, few, another, two, three, four等修饰时，用双重所有格，双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的。 a poem of Lu Xuns Which novel of Dickens are you reading? 他/她的一个朋友_ 我哥哥的一些朋友 _,a friend of his/hers,some friends of my brothers,(二)名词所有格的几个注意点 1.可用名词所有格表示地点, 地点名词习惯上省略 my aunts ( home） (我姑姑家） go to the teachers ( office) (去老师办公室） 2.有些名词的所有格可用两种形式 the cats name / the name of the cat Chinas capital/ the capital of China,3.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加“s” Lucy and Lilys room 请区别: Lucys and Lilys rooms,四、名词的用法,_：The children are playing under the tree. _: a) She opens the window at five every morning. b) He looks after the child. _: Her daughter is a singer. _: They name the boy Tom. 主补 He is considered an excellent writer. _: That is a bicycle factory. _: Well have a meeting this evening . _: The city, Beijing, is our capital .,主语,宾语,表语,宾补,定语,状语,同位语,23,名词做定语 表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。 e.g. stone figures（石像）；paper money（纸币）；country music（乡村音乐）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校门口）；book stores（书店）；traffic lights（交通灯）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress（晚礼服）。 但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。 e.g. sports meet（运动会）；the United States government（美国政府）；students reading-room（学生阅览室）；goods train（货车）；two men doctors（两个男医生）。,名词做主语时,应注意名词的数，避免主谓不一致。 Her family is a large one and her family are all teachers. 她家是一个大家庭,她的家人都是老师。 There is a pair of glasses on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜,25,主谓一致,1.语法形式上的一致,主语为单数形式，谓语就用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语就用复数形式,例如：Jane and Mary _alike.,The number of the students in our school _3500.,2.意义上的一致,1)主语虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语用复数,例如：The people _ waiting for the bus.,单数形式代表复数意义的词有：,people, police, cattle,are,is,are,26,2) 主语形式为复数，而意义为单数，谓语用单数,例如： The news _very exciting .,形复意单的词有：news, works(工厂)和一些-ics结尾的学科名称，如physics, politics, economics等,3.就近原则,就是谓语的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语,如连词 or, eitheror, neithernor. not onlybut also等连接的并列主语,例如：Not only the students but also the teacher _the film. (like),likes,Either your sister or your friends _it.(know),know,is,27,4.应注意的几个问题,A)名词作主语,1）某些集体名词，如family, team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如果就其中的一个个成员个体而言，谓语动词用复数形式,例如：His family _very large.,The whole family _watching TV,这类词有：audience, class, club, company, crew, crowd, government, group, public, team, party,is,are,28,另外，population 这个词使用情况类似,85 percent of the population in China _peasants.,The population of China_ large.,“a group/crowd of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也是既可用单数，也可用复数前者强调整体；后者强调个体,2）某些集体名词，如people, police, cattle 等，只当复数看待谓语动词必须用复数,The police are searching for the murderer.,The people in China _living a happy life.,are,is,are,29,3）单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单复数,The sheep _over there.,Some sheep _over there.,4) 当名词词组的中心词为表示度量衡、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些名词看所一个整体，谓语用单数。,Three years has passed.,The Selected Poems of Li Bai _published long ago.,20,000 dollars _a large amount of money.,is,are,was,is,30,5)不定代词each,every,no所修饰的名词即使以and 或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式,Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in the future.,6)如果主语有more than one 或many a构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式,More than one student has seen the film.,Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.,但是“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式,More members than one _against your plan.,are,31,7)一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors 等，但是如果主语用a kind of, a pair of等加名词构成时，谓语一般用单数,Her clothes _fit her well.,A pair of shoes _on the desk.,8) this kind of book=a book of this kind 谓语用单数。 this kind of men=men of this kind,单数,复数,“all kinds of +复数名词”谓语动词用复数,are,is,32,This kind of man _dangerous.,Men of this kind_ dangerous.,is,are,9)复数形式的单复数同形的名词作主语时，按照意义一致的原则。如works, species, Chinese, Japanese，means等,This /The glass works_ set up in 1999.,was,These glass works_near the river.,are,当它们前面有 a, such a, this, that 修饰时，谓语用单数；有all, such, these, those 修饰时，谓语用复数,33,10)如果all, most, half, rest修饰不可数名词时，谓语用单数；如修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数,All of my classmates_hard. (study),study,All of the milk_for you. (leave),is left,11)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致,Between the two rooms_a picture. (hang),hangs,B)由连接词连接的名词作主语,12）用and 或bothand 连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式,Both walking and riding_good exercises.,are,34,但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后的名词无冠词,Truth and honesty_the best policy. (be),is,His teacher and friend_a doctor. (be),is,13)当主语后面有as well as, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to, rather than, like, along with等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单复数依主语而定,The teacher as well as the students _excited.,The room with its furniture _rented.,Mr. Smith, together with his three children _going to come to this party.,is,is,is,35,14)以or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则,Either you or I _to go. (be),am,Neither you nor I nor anybody else _anything about it. (know),knows,C) 代词作主语,15）名词性物主代词连接的动词，既可用单数也可用复数，取决于它所代替的名词的单复数,Your shoes are black, while mine are brown.,16)such,the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指代的内容来决定单复数,36,Such _our plan. / Such_his words.,is,are,17)关系代词who, which, that等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致,Those who want to go please sign your names here.,He spent the money that is given by his mother on books.,18)疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所表达的意思来决定单复数,-Who _(live) in the next door?,-Its Tom,-Who _ (live) in the next door?,-Its Tom and Jack.,Which is (are) your book(s)?,live,lives,37,19)不定代词any,either,neither,none,all,some, more等作主语时，有以下两种情况：, 单独作主语时，视其在句中的意义，可用单数也可用复数,All are present now. Now all has changed., 但是与of连用，若of后的宾语是单数，动词用单数；但是如果后的宾语是复数，则单复数谓语动词都可以，单数更常见,Do(es) any of you know his address?,None of my friends smoke(s).,38,D)分数、量词作主语,20）“分数/百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a quantity of, half of+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后的名词的数保持一致。这是因为短语后的词是中心词，前面的量词是修饰语,About three-fourths of the surface of the earth _with water. (cover),is covered,Three-fifths of the workers here_women. (be),are,比较a number of+复数名词与 the number of+复数名词,A number of the students_the film.(see),have seen,The number of the students present_200. (be),is,39,注意:(large) quantities of 修饰可数或不可数名词时，谓语动词常用复数,Large quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.,21)a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰不可数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数；large amounts of 修饰不可数名词，谓语常用复数,A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.,Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.,22)表示数量one and a half的后，名词要用复数形式，但是谓语动词用单数,One and a half bananas is left on the table.,40,23）half of, (a) part of 修饰可数名词单数及 不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数；修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数,E)名词化的形容词作主语,24）如果主语是“the+形容词/过去分词”结构担任，位于通常用复数 例如the old, the blind, the poor, the rich, the wounded, the blind, the unemployed等,The blind _ in a special school. (study),study,这类形容词如果要表示个体，就要与名词象man ,person 或表示人的单数连用，如 an old man, the wounded soldier,The wounded (soldier) were (was) sent to hospital.,41,F)从句作主语,25）由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数；但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语用复数,What we need _more time. (be),is,What we need _doctors. (be),are,26)在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one ，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式,He is one of the experts who/that _invited .(be),were,但当one前有the only等修饰时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式,She was the only one of the girls who_late for school. (be),was,42,G) 不定式、动名词（短语）作主语用单数形式； There be句型中be的单复数取决于be后的第一个词的数。 There _ a book, two pens on the desk. There _ two pens, a book on the desk.,is,are,43,Bye,
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