薄冰实用英语语法详解

.wd.薄冰实用英语语法详解连载之一：名词第一章、名词的数1. 名词复数的规则变化形式词尾字母变化方式例词通常情况加-sbird-birds, shop-shops, lake-lakes-ch,-sh,-s,-x,-z加-eschurch-churches, dish-dishes, class-classes, box-boxes辅音字母+y变-y为-i再加-esfactory-factories, fly-flies, family-families, baby-babies-o加-estomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes-f或-fe变-f或-fe为-v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, shelf-shelves, knife-knives, life-lives, half-halves 有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词复数只加-s， 读作 / s /。如：gulf - gulfs 海湾chief - chiefs 首领proof - proofs 证据roof - roofs 屋顶有些以-y结尾的专有名词的复数直接加-s。如：Henry - Henrys亨利Mary - Marys 玛丽有些以辅音字母o 结尾的名词的复数直接加-s。如：piano - pianos 钢琴memo - memos 备忘录photo - photos 照片solo - solos 独唱有些以字母-o结尾的名词有两种复数形式，可以加-s，也可以加-es。如：motto - mottos/mottoes 箴言halo - halos/haloes 光环cargo - cargos/cargoes 货物grotto - grottos/grottoes 洞穴以-oo或元音字母加-o结尾的名词只加-s。如：bamboo - bamboos 竹子kangaroo - kangaroos 袋鼠video - videos 电视radio - radios 收音机只有一个/ s /音结尾的名词， 复数形式读/ ziz /。 如：house 房子2. 名词复数的不规则变化形式沿用古英语复数形式的名词。如：tooth - teeth 牙齿foot - feet 脚英尺goose - geese 鹅ox - oxen 牛mouse - mice 老鼠woman - women 妇女child - children 孩子louse - lice 虱子外来词的复数形式来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语等的名词。如：希腊语analysis - analyses 分析crisis - crises 危机phenomenon - phenomena 现象thesis - theses 论文拉丁语datum - data 数据medium - media 媒介formula - formulae 公式radius - radii 半径法语bureau - bureaux / bureaus 局；司；处madam - mesdames / madams 夫人；女士3. 复合名词的复数形式将主要成分变为复数形式。如：looker-onlookers-on 旁观者passer-bypassers-by 过路人runner-uprunners-up 亚军editor-in-chiefeditors-in-chief 总编辑将最末一个构成局部变为复数形式。如：breakfastbreakfasts 早餐afternoonafternoons 下午gentlemangentlemen 绅士go-betweengo-betweens 中间人将两个组成局部均变为复数这种复合名词中的第一个名词须是man或woman。如：man doctormen doctors 男医生woman singerwomen singers 女歌手4. 单复数同形的名词cattle 牛deer 鹿Chinese 中国人fish 鱼species 种类aircraft 飞机buffalo 水牛giraffe 长颈鹿Japanese 日本人shark 鲨鱼series 系列barracks 营房bison 野牛reindeer 驯鹿Swiss 瑞士人sheep 羊means 方式headquarters 司令部要注意：单复数同形的名词作主语时， 谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于主语数的意义。5. 只有复数形式的名词有些名词为自然复数名词，即只有复数形式的名词(往往指一些成双成对的、数量较多的或以 -ing 结尾的词)。如：trousers 裤子glasses 眼镜scales 天平arms 武器thanks 感谢sweepings 清扫物compasses 圆规pants 裤子scissors 剪刀assets 资产amends 赔偿clippings 剪下的东西spectacles 眼镜tweezers 镊子jeans 牛仔裤guts 胆量suds 肥皂沫findings 调查结果6. 不可数名词的数不可数名词通常没有复数形式，但可以借助单位词表示一定的数量。如：a piece of paper 一张纸a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡a glass of water一杯水a loaf of bread 一块面包a lock of hair 一绺头发a bar of soap 一条肥皂a ray of hope 一线希望a ripple of laughter 一阵笑声a piece of thread 一根线a can of orange juice 一罐橘汁a slice of bacon 一片腊肉a portion of soup 一份汤a grain of rice 一粒米a stick of chalk 一根粉笔a shower of criticism 一阵批评a burst of applause 一阵掌声7. 集体名词的数单数类集体名词，如：humanity 人类clothing 衣服glassware 玻璃器具machinery 机械mankind 人类equipment 设备jewelry 珠宝poetry 诗baggage 行李furniture 家具luggage 行李pottery 陶器复数类集体名词，如：faculty 全体人员folk 人poultry 家禽people 人民cattle 牛police 警察单复数同形类集体名词形式为单数，但可以表示单数和复数两种意义，如：government 政府jury 陪审团band 乐队class 班级generation 一代crew 机组人员board 董事会committee 委员会audience 观众army 军队cabinet 内阁company 公司第二章、名词的格 1. s 属格单词形式构成方式举例普通单数名词在词尾加sHenrys cat 亨利的猫词尾已有 -s的复数名词在词尾只加一个 the two boysmother那两个男孩的母亲词尾不带 -s的复数名词在词尾加sChildrens day儿童节复合名词在最后一个词的词尾加shis mother-in-laws letter他岳母的信表示几个词共同的所有关系在最后一个词的词尾加sMary and Toms books玛丽和汤姆共有的书表示几个词各自的所有关系在每个词的词尾都加sMarys and Toms books玛丽和汤姆各自的书s属格常用于构成表示有生命的东西的名词的所有格，但也可以构成某些表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格。表时间a weeks time 一周的时间表距离ten miles distance 十英里的距离表度量衡及价值five dollars worth of meat 价值五美元的肉表国家、城市等实体Chinas future 中国的未来表群体the committees decision 委员会的决定表自然现象the earths gravity 地球的引力表拟人a wolf in sheeps clothing 披着羊皮的狼某些固定说法at deaths door 濒于死亡; in ones minds eye据想象2. of 属格用法举例用于无生命的东西the name of the song歌名the legs of the table桌子的腿用于名词化的词the livelihood of the poor穷人的生计with the help of the teacher在教师的帮助下表动宾关系the use of nuclear energy利用原子能the occupation of the city占领城市表同位关系the three of them他们三个人the City of New York纽约市(1) 当表示有生命的东西的名词本身带有短语或从句作定语时，则不用s属格，要用of属格。如：What is the name of the girl sitting near the door?坐在门附近的那个女孩叫什么名字(名词girl后有现在分词短语作定语)We have the support of the people of the whole world我们得到了全世界人民的支持。(名词people后有of短语作定语)The advise of the old man I met during a journey is very important for me.在一次旅游中遇到的一位老人的建议对我很重要。(名词man后有定语从句)(2) of属格适用于某些名词化的表示人的形容词。如：the livelihood of the poor 穷人的生计the struggle of the oppressed 被压迫人民的斗争3. 双重属格双重属格与s属格及of属格都有所区别，如下例a friend of my mothers 的含义是表示我母亲还有其他朋友，而用s属格表示出的my mothers friend指强调母亲和这个朋友的关系，不涉及其他人。再如a picture of Jims是指吉姆所拥有的照片中的一张，而a picture of Jim是指一张吉姆的照片，意指照片上的人是吉姆。用 法举例表示局部a friend of my mothers我母亲的朋友a picture of Jims吉姆的一张照片表示感情色彩this lovely child of your sisters你姐姐的这个得意的女孩第三章、名词的性 1. 一些性别名词举例英语名词的性往往自身就可以说明，在单词形式上没有性的特征和变化。如：(1) 表示人的性别名词：阳性阴性阳性阴性man 男人woman 女人boy 男孩girl 女孩prince 王子princess 公主god 神goddess女神bridegroom 新郎bride新娘hero 英雄heroine 女英雄lad 少年lass 少女monk 和尚nun 尼姑sir 先生madam 女士usher 引座员usherette 女引座员king 国王queen王后son 儿子daughter 女儿brother 兄弟sister 姐妹nephew 侄子niece 侄女 (2) 表示动物的性别名词：阳性阴性阳性阴性fox 狐狸vixen 母狐狸bull 公牛cow 母牛stallion 公马mare 母马gander 公鹅goose 母鹅buck/stag 雄鹿doe 雌鹿lion 公狮lioness 母狮pig 公猪sow 母猪tiger 雄虎tigress 母老虎ram 公羊ewe 母羊boar公野猪sow母野猪cock 公鸡hen 母鸡leopard 公豹leopardess 雌豹2. 一些补充说明(1) 英语中有很多名词分不出阴阳性，如果需要说明所指人或东西的性别，则往往在这类名词前加man/male或he- 来表示阳性/男性， 加woman/female或she- 来表示阴性/女性。如：man teacher 男教师woman writer女作家male elephant 公象female monkey母猴woman doctor女医生woman scientist 女科学家man servant 男仆人female cook 女厨师female student 女学生male nurse 男护士he-goat 公羊she-wolf 母狼(2) 有些中性名词习惯上被认为属于阳性或阴性。通常被视为阳性的中性名词有：sun(太阳)，ocean(海洋)，winter(冬天)等。通常被视为阴性的中性名词有：country(国家)，nation(民族)，ship(船)，car(小汽车)，earth(地球 night(夜晚)，moon(月亮)等。随着英语语言的变化和开展，这种习惯性的认识也渐渐发生了变化。如当说到country 时， 已逐渐使用it来指代，而很少用she或her了。(3) man 的通性用法除了表示“男人外，还可以表示“人、人类的意思。如：Any man can do that谁都能做那件事。Man must stop polluting the environment人类应该停顿破坏环境。薄冰实用英语语法详解连载之二：冠词第一章、定冠词1. 定冠词特指某个某些人或某个某些事物Many people came here to visit the old castle.很多人来这里参观这座古城堡。The man in black is a magician.穿黑色衣服的那个人是个魔术师。2. 定冠词用于第二次提到或复述上文提过的人或事物He was given a pen and a form. He is going to use the pen to fill out the form.他拿到一支笔和一张表。他要用这支笔填这张表。They went into a small pub. The pub was crowded with people.他们进了一家小餐馆，那个餐馆里挤满了人。3. 定冠词用于交际环境中各方彼此熟悉的人或事物The car is badly damaged.这辆车损坏严重。交际各方都知道是哪辆车Please close the door.请关上门。交际各方都知道是哪个门4. 定冠词用于可数名词前表示某一类人或事物The wheel is said to be the first invention of man.据说，轮子是人类的第一项创造。The horse is a useful animal.马是一种有用的动物。5. 定冠词用于某些名词或形容词前，表示一类人、一个民族、阶级或阶层the Chinese 中国人the poor 穷人the nobility 贵族the boutgeoisie 资产阶级the old 老年人the college students 大学生the dead 死者the unemployed 失业者the deaf 聋人the intellectuals 知识分子the rich 富人the railway worlers 铁路工人6. 定冠词表示世界上独一无二的事物the sun 太阳the moon 月亮the earth 地球the North Pole 北极the universe 宇宙the globe 全球，全世界the world 世界the atmosphere 大气层7. 定冠词用于某些专有名词前面用定冠词的专有名词例 词江河、海洋、海峡、海湾、山脉、群岛、沙漠等名词前the Changjiang River 长江the Thames 泰晤士河the Nile 尼罗河the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河the Pacific 太平洋the Hudson River 哈得逊河the India Ocean 印度洋the Red Sea 红海the Dead Sea 死海the Baltic 波罗的海the Mediterranean Sea 地中海the English Channel 英吉利海峡the Taiwan straits 台湾海峡the Bay of Biscay 比斯开湾the Persian Gulf 波斯湾the Straits of Dover 多佛湾the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾the Alps 阿尔卑斯山the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山脉the Philippines 菲律宾群岛the Gobi Desert 戈壁沙漠the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉大沙漠以普通名词构成的国家或机构名称前the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国the United Kingdom 联合王国the Sudan 苏丹the United states 美国the Hague 海牙the yemen 也门the State council 国务院the Communist Party of China 中国共产党the National Peoples Congress全国人民代表大会the Ministry of Education 教育部the State Department 美国国务院the Senate 参议院美国the House of Representatives 众议院美国the House of Lords 上议院英国the House of Commons 下议院the Democratic Party 民主党the Republican Party 共和党the Conservative Party 保守党the Labour Party 工党the Associated Press 美联社the University of London 伦敦大学公共建筑名称前the Beijing Station 北京火车站the Great Hall of the people 人民大会堂the National Gallery 国家美术馆the History Museum 历史博物馆the Great Wall 长城the Military Museum 军事博物馆the Workers Gymnasium 工人体育馆the Capital Theatre 首都剧场the British Museum 不列颠博物馆the Louvre 罗浮宫报刊、杂志、书籍、会议、条约前The Peoples Daily 人民日报The Daily Mail 每日电讯报The New York Times 纽约时报The Times 泰晤士报The Washionton Post 华盛顿邮报The Economist 经济学家杂志The Atlantic 大西洋杂志The Odyssey 奥德赛The Paradise Lost 失乐园The 16th Party Congress 党的十六大The Atlantic Pact 大西洋公约The Geneva Agreement 日内瓦协议姓氏的复数形式前the Browns 布朗一家the Smiths 史密斯一家the Wangs 王家 在海岛、山峰以及湖泊等地理名词前不加定冠词。如：Christmas Island 圣诞岛Mount Jolmo Lungma 珠穆朗玛峰Lake Baikal 贝加尔湖但是与“of连用时这类名词要加定冠词。如：the Lake of Geneva 日内瓦湖the Island of Taiwan 台湾岛8. 定冠词用于形容词最高级前This is the most interesting book I have ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的一本书。He was the poorest man here years ago,but now he is a rich man.几年前他是这儿最穷的人，但现在他成了富人。9. 定冠词用于序数词前The first thing to be done now is to have a square meal.现在要做的第一件事就是大吃一顿。She is in the third group. 她在第三组。10. 定冠词用于表示标准或单位的名词前sell by the pound 论磅出售rent a house by the month 按月租房buy coal by the ton 论吨买煤sell eggs by the dozen 论打出售鸡蛋11. 定冠词用在play后与乐器连用play the piano 弹钢琴play the violin 拉小提琴play the flute 吹笛子12. 定冠词用于某些习语中tell the truth 说真话put the blame on sb 归咎于某人keep the peace 维持治安in the dark 在暗处on the average 平均keep the house 居家不外出in the air 在空中on the spot 当场in the sun 在阳光下on the alert 警觉on the right在右边in the distance在远处act the lord 逞威风on the contrary 相反by the way 顺便说一句out of the question不可能in the right 有道理take the field 出征carry the day 获胜in the future 未来in the end 最终take the consequences 自食其果on the air 播送burn the midnight oil 开夜车to the point 切题beside the question 离题play the fool 做傻事on the rise/fall 增长/下降on the whole 总的说来on the increase/decrease 增长/下降in the open 在户外in the morning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/晚上第二章、不定冠词1. 不定冠词指任何一类人、动物或事物An ocean is bigger than a sea. 洋比海大。A car must be insured. 汽车一定要上保险。2. 不定冠词表示某个人或物There is a Mr Bush to see you. 有位布什先生要见你。English is a useful tool in our communication.英语是我们交流中一种有用的工具。3. 不定冠词用在某些数字表示的短语中a million years一百万年a score of people 二十人a dozen eggs 一打鸡蛋a thousand people 一千人4. 不定冠词用在价格、速度、比率等短语中5 pence a dozen 5便士一打60 kilometers an hour 每小时六十公里twice an hour 每小时两次forty hours a week 每星期40小时5. 不定冠词用于某些习语a long time 很长时间a few 有几个a little 有一点get a grip of 掌握in a wordord 总而言之in a temper 生气keep an eye on 照看have a gallop 快马加take a walk 散步at a loss 不知所措have a try 试一下make a fool of 捉弄all of a sudden 突然on a large scale 大规模地make a racket 大声喧哗in a hurry 急忙want a go 试一下as a matter of fact 事实上take a break 休息一下take a bow 谢幕as a rule 通常put an end to 完毕as a result 因此as a whole 一般地说come to an end 完毕have a good time 玩得痛快with a view to 为了with a will 决心have a cold 患感冒its a pity that . 真可惜in a way 有些have a rest 休息一会儿make a living 谋生have a word with 与谈话make a fire 生火make a fortune 发财make a study of 研究take an interest in 对感兴趣第三章、零冠词1. 零冠词用于抽象名词前Misfortunes never come singly. 祸不单行。Wisdom is better than strength. 智慧胜于力量。Sports is good for health. 运动有益于安康。2. 零冠词用于物质名词前The windows are all covered with boards. 窗户全用木板堵上了。Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。3. 用零冠词的专有名词有称号或头衔的人名William Shakespeare 威廉-莎士比亚Miss Smith 史密斯小姐Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白女王村落、乡镇、城市等Craford Village 克拉福村New York City 纽约城London 伦敦区、州、县、省、国家、洲等Florida 佛罗里达州Quebec 魁北克省France 法国Europe 欧洲Asia 亚洲山峰、湖泊、海港、海岛等Fragrant Mountain 香山Lake Success 成功湖Pearl Harbour 珍珠港Port Said 塞得港街巷、花园、公园、广场、市场等Wall Street 华尔街Madison Avenue 麦迪逊路Changan Boulevard 长安街Hyde Park 海德公园Piccadilly Circus 皮卡迪里广场Trafalgar Square 特拉法加广场Market Drayton 德雷顿市场别墅、教堂、城堡、车站等Nest Cottage 内斯特别墅New Cross Station 新十字车站Westminster Abbey 西敏寺(威斯敏斯特教堂)Canterbury Cathedral 坎特伯雷大教堂Holy Mother Church 圣母教堂Windsor Castle 温莎城堡上帝、圣经等God 上帝Paradise 乐园第一字母有时可小写Heaven 天国第一字母有时可小写Hell 地狱常小写作hellScripture 基督教圣经=the BibleHoly Writ 基督教圣经Genesis 创世纪行星、星座等Mercury 水星Venus 金星Jupiter 木星Uranus 天王星Neptune 海王星Polaris 北极星Little Bear 小熊座公司、工厂、农场、大专院校等Dala Farm 达拉农场Oxford University 牛津大学Eaton College 伊顿公学Winchester College 温切斯特学院议会、政府、总部包括军、师、旅、团、营等Congress 国会美国Parliament 议会英国Government 政府Brigade Headquarters 旅部语言English 英语German 德语Chinese 汉语Japanese 日语French 法语杂志、报纸等The New York Times 纽约时报Life 生活Language 语言New Statesman 新政治家Saturday Evening Post 星期六晚邮报月份、星期、节假日等January 一月February 二月Sunday 星期日Monday 星期一New Years Day 新年New Years Eve 除夕Christmas Day 圣诞节Thanksgiving 感恩节National Day 国庆节Childrens Day 儿童节4. 零冠词表示类别零冠词用于复数名词前时表示类别Dogs are faithful animals. 狗是忠实的动物。Apples are cheap in this area. 这个地区苹果很廉价。5. 零冠词用于学科名称前mathematics 数学chemistry 化学astronomy 天文学psychology 心理学6. 零冠词用于表示年份四季等的名词前Day was fading into dark. 白昼逐渐消失在黑暗中。It was late afternoon before he reached home.黄昏时候他才到家。If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天到了，春天还会远吗7. 零冠词用于某些习语in effect 事实上by accident 偶然in hospital 住院by air 乘飞机on duty 值班on foot 步行under way 在进展中in advance 事先out of question 毫无疑问薄冰实用英语语法详解连载之三：代词第一章、代词的种类及5种 根本代词的用法1. 代词的种类类 别举 例人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them物主代词形容词性物主代词my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their名词性物主代词mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself相互代词each other, one another指示代词this, that, these, those, such疑问代词who, whom, whose, what, which关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as, but不定代词 some, any;somebody, someone, something;anybody, anyone, anything;everybody, everyone, everything;nobody, no one, nothing;many, few, a few;much, little, a little;all, both;each, either;none, neither;one;other, another2. 人称代词的用法(1) 人称代词主格在句中作主语：The light is bad here. I cant see clearly.这儿的光线不好，我看不清。She hesitated a moment, and then sat down beside me.她犹豫了一会儿，然后在我身边坐下来。We should keep calm even we are in danger.即使在危急时刻我们也要保持冷静。(2) 人称代词宾格在句中作宾语和表语：There was nobody to tell him, to hint him, to give him at least a word of advice.没有人告诉他，或暗示他，或起码给他一句忠告。(宾语)Are you for it or against it? 你是赞成还是反对(宾语)Oh, its you. 啊，是你呀。(表语)If I were her, I would take the advice. 我要是她就承受这个建议。(表语)在并列主语中，I总放在最后。如：You and I 我和你He and I 我和他You, he and I 你我他3. 物主代词的用法(1) 形容词性物主代词在句中作定语My computer has been updated. 我的电脑已经升级了。She turned away her eyes. 她把目光移开。Their ideals have changed. 他们的理想变了。(2) 形容词性物主代词与own连用表强调I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼所见。Mind your own business. 不要管闲事。(3) 名词性物主代词在句中作主语、宾语或表语Hers is a pretty colorless life.她的生活是一种相当平淡的生活。主语This is your coat. Mine is in the room.这是你的外衣。我的在房间里。主语She would shut herself up in her room, Julio in his.她常把自己关在房间里，朱利奥也是一样。 (宾语)My pen is broken. Please lend me yours.我的钢笔坏了，请把你的借给我。(宾语)Whose book is this? 这是谁的书Its mine. 是我的。(表语)I knew that the house was hers. 我知道那房子是她的。表语4. 反身代词的用法(1) 反身代词在句中作宾语、表语、同位语等I want to build myself a country house.我想给自己建一座乡间别墅。(宾语)He is always thinking of himself. 他总是想着他自己。(宾语)They quarreled among themselves. 他们之间发生了争吵。(宾语)Bob is not quite himself today. 鲍勃今天感到不适。(表语)Be yourself, please. 请自然一点。(表语)The representatives of the strikers wanted to see the boss himself.罢工工人的代表想要见老板本人。(同位语)I fixed the windows myself. 我自己装的窗户。(同位语)(2) 反身代词与某些动词连用表示某种特定意义Help yourself to some fruit. 请吃点水果。He shaves himself once a day. 他一天刮一次脸。Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday?你昨天为何没去上学(3) 反身代词用于某些固定习语中：1 by oneself 单独干；单干。He said he wanted to go out to have a walk by himself.他说他想单独出去散步。I managed to do it by myself. 我是自己做成这件事的。This is a machine that works by itself.这是一台自动化的机器。2 for oneself 替自己；为自己；自己。Well have to judge for ourselves. 我们得自己来判断。He demanded the right to decide for himself.他要求得到自己做决定的权力。3 of oneself 自动地。The enemy will not perish of himself. 敌人不会自行绝灭的。4 between ourselves 勿与外人道私下说的话。All this is between ourselves. 这些都不能告诉别人。Between ourselves, Mr. Black has gone abroad.不要和外人讲，布莱克先生已出国了。5 among themselves 之间。They had a heated discussion among themselves.他们之间进展了热烈的讨论。6 in oneself 本性；自身。He is not bad in himself. 他本质不坏。This is a good idea in itself. 这主意本身不错。5. 相互代词的用法(1) 相互代词在句中用作宾语We did not know each other before. 我们以前互不认识。They have been separated from one another for a long time.他们分开很久了。(2) 相互代词在句中作定语They looked into each others eyes for a silent moment.他们彼此一时相对无言。The two old men often call each others nickname when they meet.这两个老人见面时常常互相喊绰号。(3) 补充在汉语中有时没有“相互“彼此的词，而译成英语时却要使用相互代词。如：They dont often see each other now. 他们现在不常见面。Do you often write to one another? 你们常通信吗They have known each other before. 他们以前就认识。6. 指示代词的用法(1) 指示代词this， that， these， those在句作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等Are these your books? 这些是你的书吗主语This is my first visit to America. 这是我第一次到美国来。主语Whos that speaking? 请问是哪位打 用语主语I will keep this in mind. 我会记住这一点的。宾语You can choose one from these. 你可以从这些里面选一个。宾语My idea is this. 这就是我的想法。表语Oh, its not that. 噢，问题不在那儿。表语Do you know that man? 你认识那个人吗定语These flowers are very beautiful. 这些花非常漂亮。定语He said he didnt want that much. 他说他不需要那么多。状语The book is about this thick. 那本书大约有这么厚。状语(2) 指示代词this和these指时间与空间上较近的事物，that和those指时间与空间上较远的事物This building was built last year, that one was built many years ago. 表空间这栋大楼是去年建的，那栋是很多年前建的。Those stars are too far away to be seen with naked eyes. 指空间那些星星离得太远，肉眼看不见。During the whole of this time, Scrooge had acted like a man out of his wits. 表时间在整个这段时间，斯克鲁吉像是失魂落魄似的。That stormy night, the witness was killed in the hospital.表时间那个暴风雨之夜，证人在医院里被杀了。(3) that和those指代前面提到过的事物，this和these指代随后要讲的事物That view point is proved to be wrong, and this is what people are thinking correct now. that指前，this指后那个观点被证明是错误的，下面才是人们认为正确的观点。Those are the problems we should solve. those指前这些就是我们应该解决的问题。Written on the placard are these words: we want peace. these指后牌子上写着这样一些字：我们要和平。(4) those作定语从句的先行词Those who were present at the meeting were all celebrities.出席会议的都是名流。Those who are able to work were given jobs.能工作的人都给分配了工作。(5) 指示代词such在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等Such is life. 生活就是这样。主语Such often occurred in the past. 这种事情过去经常发生。主语Take from the drawer such as you need.从抽屉里拿你需要的东西吧。宾语Just before Christmas they wanted help with trees and such.正是在圣诞节前他们需要帮手来布置圣诞树之类的东西。宾语The waves were such as I never saw before.这样的海浪，我从未见过。表语The foreign visitors said they had never seen such plants before.外宾说他们以前从未见过这类植物。定语(6) 补充当名词后有限制性定语时，名词前不用this或that表示“这个或“那个，要用the。如：May I have a look at the skirt you bought yesterday?我能不能看一下你昨天买的裙子skirt后有定语从句you bought yesterday，其前要用the。What do you think of the proposals put forward by Mr. Wang?你觉得王先生提的建议怎么样proposals后有过去分词短语put forward by Mr. Wang作定语，其前要用the第二章、疑问代词和关系代词1. 疑问代词的用法(1) who1 who的意思是“谁，是主格，通常作主语。如：Who is that woman? 那个妇女是谁Who are those people? 那些人是谁2