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Lecture 5 Adjectives and Adjective PhrasesI. Classification:1. in terms of word formation(1) one word adjectives: A consisting of one free morpheme Eg. good, fine, tall B consisting of a free morpheme as root plus a prefix or a suffix or both Eg. unhappy, lovely, unworkable(2) compound adjectives: eg. breathtaking, bitter-sweet, warm-hearted2 in terms of syntactic function(1) central adjectives: able to be used as modifier in a noun phrase and as subject or object complement(2) peripheral adjectives: unable to satisfy both the requirementsA able to be used as modifier in a noun phrase : attributive adjectives Eg. a live fish, utter nonsenseB able to be used as subject or object complement : predicative adjectives Eg. He felt ashamed. Tom was ill that day.3 semantically(1) stative adjectives : describing the static characteristics of animate or inanimate objects Eg. beautiful, big, short(2) dynamic adjectives : describing the dynamic properties of people or thingsEg. brave, careful, ambitious She is being foolish. You are being patient. Dont be shy./ Be careful!II. Position of adjectives when used as a modifier in a noun phrase1 before the head noun : pre-modifier2 after the head noun : post-modifier mostly occurring when(1)the headword is a no-every-some-any- compoundEg. something important, nothing special(2)some predicative adjective is used as modifier in a noun phraseEg. members present, the house ablaze(3)an adjective ending in able-ible modifies a noun which takes another adjective in its superlative degree or the word “only” as the pre-modifier Eg. the only solution possible, the best person available(4)the modifier is an adjective with a prepositional phrase or an infinitive as its complementation, or with an adverb as its modifierEg. a way different from that, a person difficult to deal with(5)an adjective is used as non-restrictive modifierEg. The man, silent, stood behind her. (6) The word “preceding”, “total”, “positive”, “following” can be put after the head noun. III. Sequence of pre-modifying adjectives1 When two or more pre-modifying adjectives co-occur on the same level, they are usually coordinated in the normal order of shorter members preceding the longer, usually with a comma or “and” between them. Eg. 1 It was a rainy, windy, freezing day.2 They are cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted men.3 It is a vast and beautiful land.2 When two or more pre-modifying adjectives appear on different levels, their normal order is like this: (determiner) adjective denoting the speakers evaluation adjective denoting size, shape, age adjective denoting nationality, origin, material adjective denoting use or purpose noun head Eg. a well-known German medical schoolan interesting little red French oil paintingIV. Active meaning or passive meaningUsually1 ing participle : active meaning; eg. interesting, terrifying-ed participle : passive meaning eg. interested, terrified2 adjectives with ful-ous-some : active meaning; eg. Delightful, tiresomeadjectives with ed-able-ible : passive meaning eg. Respectable, credibleV. Adjective phrases as complementThree kinds of adjective complementation:1 adjective + prepositional phrase eg. He was absent from the meeting.You should not be blind to the beauties of nature.2 adjective + to-infinitive Eg. He is impossible to teach.She is stupid not to follow your advice.3 adjective + that-clause Eg. Im sure that youll succeed.He is confident that he will pass the exam.Lecture5 Adjective and Adjective Phrase I目的与要求:了解形容词的分类及常见用法。重点难点:复合形容词的构词法及其位置课时数: 2课时主要内容:1 形容词分类2 形容词与分词Adjectives are open-class words. They are chiefly used as modifying elements in a sentence. In this lecture we shall talk about classification and morphology of adjectives as well as formation and uses of adjective phrases.1 Classification of adjectivesAdjectives may be divided into one-word and compound adjectives, central and peripheral adjectives, dynamic and stative adjectives, gradable and non-gradable adjectives.dynamic and stative adjectivesSemantically, adjectives can be dynamic or stative.Most adjectives are stative adjectives, such as tall, short, big, small, and describe the static characteristics of animate or inanimate objects. Dynamic adjectives describe the dynamic properties of people or things, such as careful, generous, helpful, patient, witty.Discussion: different usages of dynamic and stative adjectives (P388) Dynamic adjectives can go with the progressive aspect of be, while stative adjectives cannot.e.g. She is being witty. She is being tall.Dynamic adjectives can co-occur with imperative be, while stative adjectives cannot.e.g. Be patient! Be pretty.Dynamic adjectives can occur in causative constructions in which it is impossible to use stative adjectivescannot.e.g. I persuaded her to be generous. I persuaded her to be pretty.gradable and non-gradable adjectivesMost adjectives are gradable adjectives. All dynamic and most stative adjectives are gradable adjectives The few non-gradable ones include some denominal adjectives that denoteclassification or provenance (atomic scientist, Chinese carpet). Some other adjectives, such as perfect, excellent, extreme, are also nongradable because their lexical meanings have already denoted a high or extreme degree.2 Adjective (phrase) as modifier in noun phrasesAs has been mentioned before, most adjectives can both as modifier and as complement. In many cases, these two s are interchangeable.e.g. The boy is intelligent. He is an intelligent boy. The boy is so intelligent. He is so intelligent a boy.Premodifying adjectivesAs modifiers in the noun phrase, adjectives usually appear after the determiner and before the headword, but sometimes they may also take a post-head position. When two or more premodifying adjectives co-occur on the same level, they are usually coordinated in the normal order of shorter members preceding the longer.It was a rainy, windy, freezing day.If there is an adverb of degree in the premodification, it may be placed where the speaker intends to.It was a rather rainy, windy, freezing day.It was a rainy, windy, thoroughly freezing day.When two or more premodifying adjectives appear on different levels, their normal order is like this: (determiner: predetermier - central determiner- postdeterminer) (若有表程度的副词,可放在形容词前)the speakers evaluation (评注) size, shape, age,etc.(大小长短高低、形状、年龄、新旧) color nationality, origin, material (国别、来源、材料) (classifier)use or purpose or v.-ing& v-ed(表用途、目的的形容词或分词等类别词) nominal (名词性定语)noun多个形容词同时修饰一个名词时,排列顺序大致如下:可以置于冠词前的形容词:all, both, such等;冠词、指示代词、所有格形容词、不定形容词:a, an, the, this, those, your, his, our, any, some等;序数词:first, second, third等;基数词:one, two, three等;表示性质、状态、质量的形容词:nice, good, sweet, useful等;表示大小、长短、形状的形容词:big, short, small, square, round 等;表示年龄、新旧、温度的形容词:young, new, old, cold, hot等;表示颜色的形容词:blue, white, brown等;表示国籍、产地、区域的形容词:British, Chinese, American等;表示材料、用作形容词的名词:iron, oil, stone, silk等;分词:floating, handmade等e.g. a large antique brown and white German beer-mug 一只 大 古代的 棕白两色的 德国的 啤酒杯译:一只德国古代棕白两色的大啤酒杯a weak small spare old man 一个瘦弱的小老头a well-known German medical school 一所著名的德国医学院an interesting little red French oil painting一幅有趣的小型法国油画his first two interesting little red French oil paintings 他的前两幅有趣的小型法国油画试译: 几条 新的主要的 城市 公路 A few new major urban highways 一双 漂亮的 俄国小 马靴a pair of beautiful little Russian riding bootspostmodifying adjectives refer to P398-400Lecture6 Adjective and Adjective Phrase II目的与要求:了解形容词的分类及常见用法。重点难点:形容词(词组)修饰名词是时的位置课时数: 2课时主要内容:3 形容词(词组)作名词修饰语4 形容词词组作补语3Adjective (phrase) as complement (refer to P402-404)4 Discussion for some details about the place of adjectives in the sentence形容词作定语修饰some, any, no, every和body, thing等构成的复合不定代词时,应放在其后面。1. Is there anything wrong with your bicycle? 你的自行车有毛病吗? 2. Anyone intelligent can understand it. 任何有头脑的人都能理解这一点。以前缀a-开头的某些表语形容词(如alike, alive, alone, afraid, awake, aware, alight, afloat, asleep)必须放在后面作定语,相当于省去了关系代词和系动词的定语从句。 3. He was the only person (that was) awake at the moment. 他是那时唯一醒着的人。4. The house (which was) ablaze is next door to me. 那幢着火的房子就在我隔壁。以后缀-ible或-able结尾的某些形容词(acceptable, adaptable, available, imaginable, possible, obtainable )放在所修饰的名词前或后意义不变,但是名词前有形容词最高级或修饰时,要放在后面。 5. I doubt whether we can complete our contractin the time available (in the available time). 我怀疑我们是否能在现有时间内完成我们的合同。 6. This is the only book available. 这是仅有的一本书了。 7. That is the greatest difficulty imaginable. 那是所能想像得到的最大的困难。形容词短语作定语一般要后置,相当于一个省略了关系代词和系动词的定语从句。 8. A man (who is) so difficult to please must be hard to work.英语中有些形容词既可作前置定语也可作后置定语,但所表达的意思不同。 9. The doctor concerned is on holiday. 主管医师在休假。The concerned doctor rang for an ambulance. 心情焦虑的医生打电话叫救护车。10. This is a very involved explanation. 这是一个非常复杂的说明。 We have discussed the issue with the people involved. 我们已经与有关的人讨论了这个问题。11. This is a proper question. 这是一个恰当的问题。 The question proper has not been answered. 问题本身没有得到回答。12. thepresent member 目前的成员 the member present 当时在场的成员13. the responsible man可依赖的人the man responsible应负责的人Exercises1. He is one of _ . a. the greatest alive author b. the greatest alive authors c. the greatest authors who are still alive d. the greatest author who are still alive2. Radio, television and press _ of conveying news and information. a. are the most three common means b. are the most common three means c. are the three most common means d. are three the most common means3. He was _. a. the happiest alive man b. the alive happiest man c. the happiest man alive d. the alive man happiest4. The doctors have tried _ to save his life. a. everything humanly possible b. humanly possible everything c. humanly everything possible d. everything possible humanly5. This is _. a. best available means b. the available means best c. the best means available d. available best meanslesson 5 形容词和副词(一) 内 容 提 要形容词和副词在语法结构中主要用于比较级和最高级.形容词和副词的构成形式基本上一样,它们的形式与单音节,双音节和多音节有关,当然还有其特殊形式.形容词和副词比较级的基本用法分为同级比较,比较级和最高级三种形式.但这三种形式都有它们特殊的表达方式以及它们的惯用法.对以下要点大家须一一掌握. 形容词比较级和最高级的形式一,形容词比较级和最高级的构成形容词的比较级和最高级变化形式规则如下构 成 法 原 级 比 较 级 最 高 级 一般单音节词末尾加0er 和 0est strong stronger strongest 单音节词如果以0e结尾,只加0r 和0st strange stranger strangest 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有 一个辅音字母,须先双写这个辅音字母,再加0er和0est sadbighot sadderbiggerhotter saddestbiggesthottest 少数以0y,0er(或0ure),0ow,0ble结尾的双音节词,末尾加0er和0est(以0y结尾的词,如0y前是辅音字母,把y变成i,再加0er和0est,以0e结尾的词仍只加0r和0st) angryclevernarrownoble angriercleverernarrowernobler angrestcleverestnarrowestnoblest 其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most different moredifferent mostdifferent 二,形容词比较级或最高级的特殊形式:1. 三个或三个以上音节的形容词只能加more和most只能说 more beautiful而不能说beautifuller; 只能说the most beautiful而不能说beautifullest.但是,以形容前缀0un结尾的三音节形容词不适合上述情况,如unhappy,untidy,我们可以说:unhappierunhappiest, untidieruntidiest2. 由0ING分词和0ED分词演变过来的形容词(包括不规则动词如knowknown)只能加more或most来表示它们的比较级和最高级more(most) striking, more(most) interesting, more(most) wounded, more(most)worn等.3. 英语里有些形容词由于其词义而不可能有比较级形式absolute fatal main right universal chief final naked simulta- utter entire foremost perfect neous vital eternal inevitable possible sufficient whole excellent infinite primary supreme wooden 三,不规则形容词的比较级和最高级形式goodwell better bestbadill worse worstmanymuch more mostlittlefew less leastfar farther farthestfurther furthest副词比较级和最高级的形式副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样一般 副词hardharder hardestfastfaster fastestlatelater latestearlyearlier earliest特殊 副词well better bestmuch more mostbadly worse worstlittle less least 但是,开放类副词即以后缀0ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加0er或0est,如quickly more quickly most quickly quietly more quietly most quietly 注: early中的0ly不是后缀,故可以把0y变0i再加0er和0estlesson 6 形容词和副词(二)内 容 提 要形容词与副词比较级和最高级的基本用法一,原级比较的基本用法1. 原级比较由as+形容词或副词(或再加名词或短语)+as 构成原级相同比较句,表示两者比较;其否定式,即程度不及比较句型为not so(as) +形容词或副词+as,而且asas结构前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的词修饰2. as (so)+名词+as+名词进行名词比较,这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比较词,但如果第一名词前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语,应当用so而不用as二,比较级1. 比较级由形容词(副词)比较级+than+,构成表示在两者中间一方比另一方更加.连词than后可接句子,也可接名词,代词,名词短语,介词短语,动词,动词不定式,0ING结构和0ED结构,有时也可省去than.2. 注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致三,最高级1. 最高级用于三者以上比较,形容词的结构形式是定冠词+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句(如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place等)2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词the四,同步练习1) Walking briskly for thirty minutes will burn as many calories as . A to run for fifteen minutesB running for fifteen minutesC you run for fifteen minutesD fifteen0minute walking解析:B为正确答案.2) The gorilla(大猩猩), while A not quite as curious than B the chimpanzee(黑猩猩), shows more persistence C and memory retention(记忆力) in solving D a problem. 解析:B错.改为 as ,和前面的as和形容词原形curious 一起构成同程度比较.3) Alaska is twice A as larger B as C the next largest D state, Texas.解析:B错. 改为as large.4) Thomas Jeffersons achievements as an architect rival his contributions a politician. A suchB moreC asD than解析:C对.动词rival(胜过,匹敌)前后是两个相比较的成分achievements(成果)和 contributions(贡献),由于前面的名词后出现了短语 as an architect,故空白处也应用as,使前后对比成分一致.5) I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter.A thatB soC thisD as解析:B为正确答案.6) Natural mica(云母) of A a superior B quality is cheapest C to obtain than synthetic D mica. 解析:C错.应改为比较级cheaper.比较级后并不一定跟接连词than,有时在其间有名词或名词短语(被形容词所修饰),介词短语,不定式或其他成分隔开.7) She is older than . A any other girl in the groupB any girl in the groupC all girls in the groupD you and me as well as the group解析:A为正确答案.She作为单个不能跟全组比(C和D不对),也不能跟全组所有相比,因为她也是其中一员,自然她不能跟自己相比.这里She比较的是这组中的任何一个,所以A对.8) Josephine McCrackin joined A the Santa Cruz Sentinel in 1905 and, until her death fifteen years late B , remained C active in journalistic D work.解析:B错.应改为比较级later,因此处实为与1905年相比晚15年,故应使用比较级.9) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than . A oursB with usC for ours it hadD it did for us解析:D为正确答案.10) Sound travels air. A faster through water than through B faster than through water andC through water faster andD where it is faster through water than through 解析:A为正确答案.11) Gerbrand von den Feckhout, one of Rembrands pupils, followed A the style of his teacher so implicitly that B his paintings C are sometimes confused with his master D . 解析:D错. 改为his masters.12) The more A fearsome of all the B animals in C the Western D Hemisphere is the grizzly bear. 解析:A错. 改为most.13) Of all economic A problems, inflation continues to be B a C most significant in its daily impact on D people and business. 解析:C错.改为the, significant是多音节形容词,在此处应用最高级形式(在前面加 the most),注意句中的of all .14) ,the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction. A All the activitiesB The activitiesC Of all the activitiesD It is the activities解析:C为正确答案.本句空白处缺状语,A和B全为名词短语,不符合条件;D为句子,和空白后面的句子没有任何联系,故亦应排除.只有C正确,和后面的最高级the most familiar前后呼应.lesson 7 形容词和副词(三)形容词和副词的特殊表达法一,形容词与副词的同级比较: 由as(so)as引出,其否定式为not so或not asas,此外还应注意下列含有as结构或短语的句子1. as such:表示上文所指明的事或人He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是个孩子,必须被当作孩子对待.2. as much:表示与同量Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行.I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是价格再贵一倍,我也会愿意把它买下的.He as much as admitted the whole story. 他几乎全部承认了.3. as many:表示与一样多I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中发现了六个错.二,表示几倍于的比较级:用twice (两倍),four times (四倍),ten times (十倍)加上as as 结构This one is four times as big as that one. 这个是那个的四倍大.(这个比那个大三倍.) Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我们的校园比你们的大两倍. He has books twice as many as she does. 他的书比她多一倍.三,the same +名词+as表示同等比较四,比较级前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等词语表示不定量,far, completely,still表示程度或更进一步五,与比较级有关的特殊词用法1. no more than 表示只不过,并不比(等于not any more than)Man cannot live without food any more than plants can grow without sunshine. 人没有食物不能生存,植物没有阳光也不能生长.There is no difficulty with this task any more than with that one. 这项任务没有困难,那项任务也没有困难.2. no less than 表示不亚于There are no less than five hundred people present at the New Year party. 出席新年晚会的有五百人之多.(出席的人较多)3. not less than 表示不少于There are not less than five hundred people present at the New Year party. 出席新年晚会的只有五百人.(出席的人较不多)4. more often than not 表示多数情况下On Friday mornings, he comes late more often than not.多数情况下,他星期五来得晚.5. all the more 因而更加We really admired him all the more for his frankness. 我们更加钦佩他的坦率.6. (be) better off 较富裕,环境较好7. had better 最好Come, you had much better have the thing out at once. 来,你最好把这东西弄出去.8. less than 不到The first steam locomotive could have a top speed of only thirteen mph(miles per hour) and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less than half that speed.第一列蒸汽火车最快每小时只有13英里,那时的大船还不到这个速度的一半.9. little more than 差不多The grain in their barn is little more than that of ours. 他们仓的粮食跟我们仓的粮食差不多.10. more than 超过,不止I have waited for your for more than two hours. 我等了你两个多小时.11. more or less 大体上,或多或少The work is more or less finished. 工作大体算完成了.Most of them came here to near money, more or less Mr.Wang worked for his cause.他们大都来挣钱的,但王先生有点像为事业而工作.12. other than 除了They imposed no pre conditions other than that the meeting should be held in their capital. 除了会议要在他们的首都开之外,他们没有提出任何先决条件.13. rather than 而不是,与其宁愿(rather than表示与其宁愿时,如果位于句首引导句子,有虚拟的成分,相当于 would rathe than,所以rather than后面跟动词原形)Read what interests you; read what you have time for magazines and newspapers rather than novels. 读你感兴趣的东西,读你有时间读的东西,如杂志和报纸而不是小说.Rather than allow the potatoes to go bad, she sold them at half price. 她以半价把土豆给卖了,而没有让它们烂掉.Rather than cause trouble, he left. 为了不惹事,他还是走了.14. so much the better 就更好了If she will help us, so much the better. 如果他能帮我们,那就更好了.15. so much the worse 就更糟了So much the worse for you if you still are absent from class. 如果你继续逃课的话,就对你更不利了.16. the morethe more(less)越是,就越六,比较中的省略1. 在asas中,as从句可省略整个谓语部分,保留主语She sings as well as her sister. 她跟她的姐姐唱得一样好(省去了does).2. 可以省去谓语部分,保留主语和be,have等助动词Susan has done as much housework as you have. (省去了done.)3. 可以省去主语和谓语,只剩下状语It is not as cold in Beijing as in Datong. 北京的天气没有大同冷.4. than从句也可以省去整个谓语部分,保留主语They say that blood is thicker than water, that our relatives are more important to us than others. 他们说血浓于水,亲属对我们来说比其他人更重要.5. than从句省去部分谓语,保留主语和be,have或助动词The white collar workers earn more than the blue workers do. 白领工人比蓝领工人挣得多.这时 我们可以进行倒装,即将than后从句中的be,have或助动词移到该从句的前边After all, big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones. 相对来说,大变动比小变动毕竟容易些.The fact is that some drug addicts are much better able to cure addiction in each other than are psychiatrists; some convicts can run better rehabilitation programs for convicts than do correctional officers; some patients in mental hospitals are better for each other than is the staff. 事实上,有些吸毒成瘾者与吸毒成瘾者之间戒瘾比精神病医生的作用还好;有些罪犯在改造其他罪犯方面比教改人员强;医院里的病人与病人之间的沟通比医务人员与病人间的沟通还强.6. than从句可以省去主语和部分谓语,保留宾语Grandma gives more candies to her grandson than her granddaughter. 奶奶给孙子的糖比给孙女的多.(省去了she gives candies to)7. than从句可以省去主语和谓语,保留状语There are more books in this library than in that library. 这个图书馆的书比那个多.(省去了there are many books) She is much better than yesterday. 她比昨天好多了.(省去了she was) S
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