英语五种基本句型结构总结讲义

英语中的五种基本句型结构一、句型1：Subject (主语)Verb (谓语)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。3）Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.可以做主语的-主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词,短语或从句充当.一.名词、代词、数词作主语David arrived last night.大卫昨晚到达.Who is speaking, please?（在电话中）请问您是谁?Thats OK.这没问题.Two will be enough.两个就够了.Two-thirds of the workers are women.三分之二的工人是女工.二.ing形式作主语Skating is good exercise.溜冰是很好的运动.Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.Making a marriage work can take a lot of effort. Losing her new bicycle made Mary so upset.三.to不定式作主语To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动.Toloveandtobelovearethegreatesthappinessintheword.四.the+adj作主语The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.在我们国家,盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾.The unemployed usually lead a hard life.失业的人生活一般很困难.五.从句作主语What has happened proves that our policy is right.发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的.Whether well go depends on the weather.我们是否去要看天气.六.短语作主语How to do well is an important question.如何把这件事做好是一个重要问题.Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.早睡早起身体好.七、it做形式主语 1.Its no good sitting up too late. 2.It seems as if it is going to rain.二、句型2：Subject (主语)Link. V(系动词)Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。可以当表语的-形容词，介词，名词，to不定式/ing动名词一. 名词作表语Africa is a big continent. （continent. 是句中的表语、）非洲是个大洲.二. 形容词作表语I feel much better today.我今天感觉好多了.三. 数词作表语She was the first to learn about it.她是第一个知道的人.四. 介词短语作表语The patient is out of danger.病人脱险了.Mary and Tom are at the airport.五. ing形式作表语Her job is selling computers.她的工作是销售电脑.My hobby is growing flowers.我的爱好是种花.My favourite sport is playing tennis.我喜爱的运动是打网球.六不定式作表语作表语的不定式短语通常是说明主语的内容,这时主语通常是如下名词：hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, businessThe purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.新技术的目的是使生活更便利,而不是更繁琐.Her wish is to become a singer.她的愿望是当一名歌手.Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我们的计划就是在两星期内完成这项工作.七. 从句作表语This is what he said.这就是他所说的话.That is how he did it.Thats why I want you to work there.It is because you eat too much.那是因为你吃得太多了.The problem is when we can get a pay rise.问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪。The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。比较:What I am going to do is to play tennis this afternoon.我今天下午要做的事是打网球.What the police want to know is when you entered the room.警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间.ing形式作表语：注意事项在句型主 + 系 + 表中,若主语和表语都是非谓语形式时,主语和表语要取得一致.如：主语是ing形式表语也应是ing形式,主语是不定式时表语也应是不定式.Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.眼见为实.(误) Seeing is to believe.三、句型3：Subject(主语)Verb (谓语)Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词,所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当（跟可以当主语的成分一样）。例：1) 名词当宾语He took his bag and left.他拿着书包离开了。 She is doing her homework now.2) 代词作宾语We often help him. Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. 当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。3) 不定式作宾语He likes to play basketball.She plans to travel in the coming May Day.她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。4) 动名词短语作宾语We enjoy listening to the music.我们喜欢听音乐.5) 从句做动词宾语 I dont know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。She said （that）she felt sick.注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。四、句型4：Subject(主语)Verb(谓语)Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)又叫复合宾语。这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫做了一顿美餐。 I showed him my pictures.我给他看我的照片。I gave my car a wash.我洗了我的汽车。 I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。 He showed me how to run the machine.他教我开机器。Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为：1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.A: 间接宾语后置与for连用的动词有buy, make, cook, get, choose, sing, find等。Uncle Li bought me a birthday present. = Uncle Li bought a birthday present for me. 李叔叔给我买了一件生日礼物。 B: 间接宾语后置与to连用的动词有give, lend, teach, take, return, send, pass等。 Please pass him a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to him.请递给他一杯茶。 注意：若直接宾语是人称代词，通常情况下将其置于间接宾语之前。 误：Please give me them. 正：Please give them to me. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)又叫复合宾语。这种句型中的“宾语补语”统称为“复合宾语”。 谓语动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作，特点或状态， 或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1）形容词You should keep the room clean and tidy.你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。2)名词 They called him James .他们叫他詹姆斯。 We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3)不定式 His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。4）现在分词My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。5) 过去分词Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans. （have sth done）注意：使役动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，要省去不定式符号to。如：1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。What makes him think so？他怎么会这样想? I wont let you go. 我不会让你走。 I have them come tomorrow morning. 我让他们明天早上来。 复合句如果句子包含着两个或更多的“主谓结构”，其中“一个”或“更多的主谓结构”充当句子的某一些成分，就是“复合句”，这是英语中最难的语法！ 充当句子成分的“主谓结构”称为“从句”，常由“从属连词”引出，总是用陈述语气。 根据从句在句子中的作用，从句分为名词性从句（包含了主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句），形容词性从句（即定语从句），副词性从句（即状语从句）！ 1.What we need is water.(主语从句) 2.What he wants is work.(主语从句) 3.When it will be finished depends on the weather.(主语从句) 4.I dont think you are right.(宾语从句) 5.I dont know what you want.(宾语从句) 6.I dont know whether I should take his advice or not.(宾语从句) 7.You can take whichever room you prefer.(宾语从句) 8.I will eat whatever you give me.(宾语从句) 9.Im interested in what you are doing.(宾语从句) 10.This is what I want.(表语从句) 11.This is why we put off the meeting.(表语从句) 12.I will tell him when he comes back.（时间状语从句） 13.By the time I arrived at the station , the train had gone.（时间状语从句） 14.As soon as he heard the sad news ,he burst into tears.（时间状语从句） 15.Where there is a will, there is a way.（地点状语从句） 16.Because he has apologized to me, Im going to forgive him.（原因状语从句） 17.You will miss the train if you dont hurry.（条件状语从句） 18.Raise your hand if you have any question.（条件状语从句） 19.Though he is rich, he isnt happy.（让步状语从句） 20.Though he works very hard, he makes little progress.（让步状语从句） 21.Try as he might, he could not find a job.（让步状语从句） 22.I have never found a diet that works.（定语从句） 23.I was the only person in my office who was invited.（定语从句）