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非谓语动词 语法讲解,Non-finite,非谓语动词的类型:,Infinitive 不定式,Gerund 动名词,Participle 分词,Non-finite,Structure :,to be done,Infinitive:,to do,Negative (否定):,not to do,Passive voice:,(1). 主语 Subject,不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后, 用it作形式主语.,To get enough sleep at night is important.,It_.,It is adj. (for sb) to do sth.,It is + a pleasure/an honor/a pity to do.,It takes sb +time to do.,Non-finite,is important to get enough sleep at night,1.吸烟对你来说是不好的。,It is not good for you to smoke.,2.和你一起共进晚餐很愉快。,It is a pleasure to have dinner with you.,It only took two years to complete the project.,3.完成这项工程只花了二年时间。,巩固练习1,(2). 表语 Predicative,My job,is,Your task _(努力学习).,is to study hard,Non-finite,To see is to believe.,to teach you English.,These days everyone wants to get rich fast.,(3) 宾语 Object,常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有:,fail, happen, mean, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree，etc.,+ to do,Non-finite,like to do,manage to do,think consider find make feel,形式宾语,4.我希望很快收到你的信。,I hope to hear from you soon.,5.我决定不留下来。,I decided not to stay.,6.学生们认为玩电脑游戏很有趣。,Students thought_.,7.她觉得没有没有必要和他辩论。,She thought it unnecessary to argue with him.,it interesting to play computer games.,it + adj.+ to do,巩固练习2,The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.,(4). 宾补 Complement,五看,watch,see,look at,observe,notice,三使,let,make,have,二听,listen to,hear,一感觉:,feel,当遇到下列动词时,不定式省略to:,allow, cause, ask, advise, expect, force, permit, persuade, tell, want, warn, teach等.,Non-finite,医生建议他去南方.,The doctor advised him to go to the south.,+ sb to do,I made him do his work.,He _by me.,See sb do sth,-,sb be seen to do,He was seen _ from the tree and get hurt. fall B. to fall C. falling D. fallen,改错: He was heard talk to his mother for an hour.,to talk,was made to do his work,(5). 定语 Attributive,(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词, 则不定式中要有介词.),He is looking for_.（一间可以住的房子）,There is nothing_.,*我想要几本书在旅途中看。,Id like_.,a few books to read during the journey,-What do you think of the school? -It is a very good _. A. school to study in B. school for children to study C. studying school D. school to study,to worry about,The topics to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is concerned about the Olympics 2008.,（没有什么可担心的）,a room to live in,I came here to see you. He got up early to catch the train.,(6) 状语 Adverbial,in order to , so as to ,1.表目的,2.表原因,We were very excited to hear the news.,3.表结果,This room is big enough to hold us.,enoughto, tooto, only to, etc.,He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.,Non-finite,1._ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept,巩固练习2,翻译：1935年,他离开家再也没回来。,In 1935 he left home never to return.,1. 作主语,2. 作表语,3. 作宾语,4. 作宾语补足语,5. 作定语,6. 作状语,在句中承担的成分:,Tense and Voice （时态与语态）,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,-,to have been doing,-,(1).They pretended not to see us.,(2). He pretended to be sleeping.,(3).She pretended to have known it before.,(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/发生在它之后.),(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行),(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前),1.The boy pretended _ when his mother entered. A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read,2. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_ everything. ( 01年高考) A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told,巩固练习3,3. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.(MET93 34) A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented,4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _ for him without delay. A. to have woven B. to be woven C. to be weaving D. to weave,who, which, when, how, what,whom,whether 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。,我不知道是否要接受邀请。,I dont know whether to accept the invitation or not.,(宾语),How to solve the problem is very important.,(主语),如何解决这个问题很重要。,我的问题是什么时候开始。,My question is when to start.,(表语),Non-finite,不定式与疑问词连用:,关于省略,(1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要 省略该动词.,e.g.: Would you like to go with me ?,(2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省.,e.g.: Would you like to be a teacher?,A. Id like to B.Id like to go,Yes, _.,Non-finite,A.Id like to be. B. Id like to.,Yes,_.,1. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use. A. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned,2. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to,巩固练习4,不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 相反则带to.,(1). She could do nothing but _ .(cry) (2). I have no choice but_. (go) (3).What do you like _ besides_ . (do, sleep),cry,to go,to do,sleep,Non-finite,Exercise,1. (MET92 14) -I usually go there by train. -Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going,2.Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding,4. She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned,3. While shopping, people sometime cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. to pursue B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded,5. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 6. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make,7. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see 8. The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A. who B. when C. how D. why,9. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning,10.The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off,11. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone,12. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects,13. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 14. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make,不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。,1. 不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：,(1)动宾关系 I have a lot of work to do. (2)主谓关系 He is always the first to come. (3)同位关系 We all have a chance to go to college.,1.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. 2.I want to see you. 3.I want him to see you. 4.My hope is to see you. 5.He is the man to see you. 6.Im glad to see you. 7.I went to see you. 8.He went so early as to see you 9. To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you. 10. How to solve this problem is very important.,（作主语）,(作宾语）,（作宾补）,(作表语）,（作定语）,（作原因状语）,（作目的状语）,（作结果状语）,独立成分,和疑问词连用,Gerund,一. Structure： doing Negative： not doing,二. 时态和语态,making,having made (不作定语）,being made,having been made (不作定语,三. 在句中承担的成分:,1. 作主语,2. 作宾语,3. 作定语,4. 作表语,Collecting information is very important to business.,1.作主语:,Seeing is believing.,e.g.,-What made him so unhappy? -_ the ticket for the football match.,Having been lost B. Lost C. Because of losing D. Losing,Key : _,D,Losing the ticket for the football match made him so unhappy,对着打翻了的牛奶哭是没用的。 Crying over the spilt milk is no use. It is no use crying over the spilt milk. 类似的还有： It is no good doing sth. It is no use doing sth.,I enjoy learning English. How about meeting outside the theatre?,2.作宾语:,Vt. Prep.,+,doing,下列动词通常用ing形式作宾语：,admit, appreciate, deny, resist, stand, imagine, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, cant help, 等。 如:1） 你介意我在这儿抽烟吗? Would you mind my smoking here ? 2）这女孩被告知每天练习三个小时的钢琴. The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day 3） Good news keeps coming.,下列V.+prep.通常用ing形式作宾语,尤其注意介词to,e.g. insist on, prevent from, depend on, feel like, be fond of, succeed in, be proud of, excuse for , apologize for, look forward to, object to , be used to, be opposed to, etc.,Prep. 后通常用ing形式作宾语.,e.g. The boy stood still without _ (dare) to raise his head because of _ (break) a vase.,daring,having broken,to do 和doing 的区别:,remember to do remember doing forget to do forget doing stop to do stop doing go on to do go on doing try to do try doing regret to do regret doing mean to do mean doing,3.作表语,My hobby is collecting stamps and fishing. His job is teaching.,Whats the difference between them?,Im fishing.,My hobby is fishing.,动名词,现在分词,4.作定语:,a walking stick A swimming pool A sleeping car,区别,The walking man The swimming girl The sleeping boy,动名词修饰名词表示名词的功能,现在分词修饰名词表示该名词所处的状态,Gerund的逻辑主语:,Tom insisted on coming to the party. Tom insisted on my coming to the party. 我几乎无法想象peter在五天内横渡大西洋. I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.,动名词表示被动意义:,在动词或词组need, want, require, be worth, deserve, etc. 后的动名词表示被动意义: Your composition needs improving. Your composition needs to be improved. The book is worth reading a second time. The book is worthy to be read/of being read a second time.,-ing分词(以make为例 ),-ed 分词,Having made,making,being made,Having been made,made,X,X,X,分词在句中承担的成分:,由于分词具有形容词性和副词性,在句子中不能充当具有名词特征的主语和宾语.,1.作定语,-the sun which is rising,-ing分词和-ed分词修饰名词有 前置位 Having done Having been done e.g. 1.Used as a means of traffic in China, the bike is very useful. 2. Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing.,More exercises,+ 主句,（强调时间先后）,1)The president promised to keep all the board members_ (inform) of how the negotiations were going on 2)_(be) there more than once, the old professor offered to show us around the newly-built library. 3)_(invite)to go to camping, Paul ordered a new sleeping bag 4)_ (not know) his telephone number, she lost touch with him.,informed,Having been,Having been invited,Not knowing,分词的逻辑主语: 分词的逻辑主语一般为_,但当分词的动作执行者和句子的动作执行者不一致时，分词前必须有自己的主语，e.g. If weather permits, we will have a field trip. Weather permitting, well have a field trip tomorrow 这被称为_。 时间允许,我们将在去杭州的路上顺道看一下我叔叔. Time permitting, we will visit my uncle on my way to Hangzhou.,主句的主语,分词的独立结构,*但有些分词作状语属习惯用法，分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语可以不一致。 如：Judging from the expression on his face, he had failed the driving test again Generally speaking ,girls are more careful than boys . 类似的还有: Speaking of Talking of ,1.The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 2.The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded 3. Generally speaking, _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken,B,B,A,4._ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received,C,5.Before _, the machine must be checked. being used B. using it C. being used to D. using,A,6._ better attention , the vegetables could have grown better with the sun shining brightly in the sky and _ them light. A. Giving; given B. Given; given C. Giving; giving D. Given; giving,D,1._ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose,C,“陷入深思”有两种表达法， A. Lose oneself in thought B. be lost in thought,综合练习,5) Victor apologized his_ (not be) able to inform me of the change in the plan. 6) After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home,_ (exhaust). 7) The discovery of new evidence led to the thief_ (catch). 8) Generally_ (speak), When _(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. 9) She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_ (play) in making the earth a better place_ (live).,not being,exhausted,being caught,speaking,taken,to play,to play,10 ) Though_ (lack) money, his parents managed_ (send) him to university. 11) - How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? - The key_ (solve) the problem is _(meet) the demand _(make) by the customers. 12) With a lot of difficult problems_ (settle), the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 13) _ (suffer) such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late_ (clear) up the river. 14) Do let your mother_(know) all the truth. She appears_ (tell) everything.,lacking,to send,to solving,to meet,made,to settle,Having suffered,to clear,know,to have been told,16) Sandy could do nothing but_ (admit) to his teacher that he was wrong. 17) Mr. Reed made up his mind _(devote) all he had to_ (set) up some schools for poor children. 18) One learns a language by_ (make) mistakes and_ (correct) them. 19) Ive worked with children before, so I know what_ (expect) in my new job. 20) Tony was very unhappy for_ (not invite) to the party.,admit,to devote,setting,making,correcting,to expect,not having been invited,21)_ (give) the general state of his health, it may take him a while_ (recover) from the operation. 22) There are five pairs of shoes_ (choose) from, but Im at a loss which_ (buy). 23) Cleaning women in big cities usually get_ (pay) by the hour. 24) What worried the child most was his_ (not allow) visit his mother in the hospital 25 ) He claimed_ (treat) in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.,Given,to recover,to choose,to buy,paid,not being allowed,to have badly treated,26) _ (fetch) water before breakfast seemed to me a rule never_ (break). 27) While_ (shop), people sometimes cant help _(persuade) into buying something they dont really need. 28) She looks forward every spring to_ (walk) in the flower-lined garden. 29) Once your business becomes international, _(fly) constantly will part of your life 30) The little time we have together we try_ (spend) wisely.,To fetch,to be broken,shopping,being persuaded,walking,flying,to spend,1)I meant to buy an evening paper, but I didnt see anyone _(sell) them. 2)Just now I saw a man_ (walk) in the street, with a little girl _(seat) on his shoulder 3)The lady would love to have her luggage _(weigh). 4)The thief was caught_ (steal) goods in the supermarket again 5)-What happened to Mr. White early this morning ? -Oh，he was seen_ (knock) down and the driver_ (drive) away,selling,walking,seated,weighed,stealing,knocked,drove,巩固练习四,
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