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附件1：外文资料翻译译文模具的八个根本元件A stamping die is a special, one-of-a-kind precision tool that cuts and forms sheet metal into a desired shape or profile.冲压模具是一个特殊的，一次性的一种精密工具，通过切割与塑形的方法使金属成为一个理想的形状或外形。 Most dies are constructed of several basic components, including die plates, shoes, die sets, guide pins, bushings, heel blocks, heel plates, screws, dowels, and keys.大多数模具构造有几个根本组成局部，包括模板，防磨装置，模套，导向销，轴衬，垫块，垫板，螺钉，销钉，和螺栓。 Dies also need stripper, pressure, and drawing pads, as well as the devices used to secure themspools, shoulder bolts, keepers, and retainers; and gas, coil, or urethane springs.模具还需要冲孔模板，压力和冲压成型板，以及可用来保护转子，肩螺栓，衔铁，保持架;和气体，线圈，或聚氨酯弹簧的工具。一、 模板，防磨装置，及模具套Die plates, shoes, and die sets are steel or aluminum plates that correspond to the size of the die (see introductory photo and Figure 1 ).模板，防磨装置，及模具套或铝板块相对应的大小模具见图片和图表1 。 They serve as the foundation for mounting the working die components.它们为越来越多的模具组件提供根底的效劳。 These parts must be machinedmilled or groundso that they are parallel and flat within a critical tolerance.这些零件必须通过机械球磨或抛光，以保证它们在一个可接受的范围内保持平行和平整。 Although grinding is the most popular, a milled surface now can be obtained that is as accurate as a ground surface.虽然磨削是目前最流行的，但碾磨成型可以说是现在最准确的。 Most die shoes are made from steel.大多数模具防磨装置是由钢材料构成，而Aluminum also is a popular die shoe material.铝也是一个受欢送的模具防磨装置材料。 Aluminum is one-third the weight of steel, it can be machined very quickly, and special alloys can be added to it to give it greater compressive strength than low-carbon steel.铝的质量是钢的三分之一，加工该材料速度非常快，而且可以添加特殊的合金进来，以便到达比低碳钢更大的耐压强度。 Aluminum also is a great metal for shock adsorption, which makes it a good choice for blanking dies.铝是一种很好的吸振材料，因而用它来做冲裁模是一种很好的选择。 The upper and lower die shoes assembled together with guide pins create the die set.上，下模具防磨装置装配在一起，与导向销配合形成一副模具。 The lower die shoe often has machined or flame-cut holes that allow slugs and scrap created in the die to fall freely through the die shoe onto the press bed.下模具防磨装置往往有加工或火焰切割孔，让未燃烧着的燃料及废料自然地通过模具防磨装置孔到达冲压机底座，以便排出。 The holes also may serve as clearances for gas springs and other die components.The die shoe thickness is based on how much force can be expected during cutting and forming.模具防磨装置厚度是基于切割和成型的力度。 For example, a coining die, one that compresses metal by squeezing it between an upper and lower die section, requires a much thicker die shoe than a simple bending die.举例来说，铸币模具，其中压缩金属受挤压，在上、下模具剖面之间，要求有一个更厚的模具防磨装置而不是一个简单弯曲模。图1 Die plates, shoes, and die sets, which correspond to the size of the die, serve as the foundation for mounting the working die components. Image courtesy of Eclipse Tool and Die.模板，防磨装置，及模具套，是其它更多组建工作的根底二、 导向销和轴衬Guide pins, sometimes referred to as guide posts or pillars, function together with guide bushings to align both the upper and lower die shoes precisely (see Figure 2 ).导向销，有时被认为是引导或支柱，功能在于能够引导轴衬，使上，下模具防磨装置恰到好处的连接成一个整体见图表2 。 They are precision-ground components, often manufactured within 0.0001 in. Although numerous specialty mounting methods can be used to install these components, there are only two basic types of guide pins and bushingsfriction pins and ball bearing-style pins.它们是精密磨光管，它的内部往往制造成0.0001英寸。尽管有许多专业的安装方法，可被用来安装这些组件，但只有两种根本类型的导向销和轴衬摩擦销和球轴承式的销。 图2 导向销指南职位或支柱 ，并引导轴衬，使上，下模具防磨装置。Friction pins are precision-ground pins that are slightly smaller than the guide bushings inside diameter.摩擦销是精确的销，它只略小于引导套管的内径。 Pins are made from hardened tool steel, while bushings often are made from or lined with a special wear-resistant material called aluminum-bronze.销是由淬硬工具钢构成，而轴衬往往是由一份特殊的耐火材料组成或构成的所谓的铝青铜。销和轴衬中通常采用The aluminum-bronze may contain graphite plugs that help to reduce friction and wear that occur to the pins and bushings.铝青铜，它可能含有石墨，有助于减少摩擦与磨损发生。 Friction pins also help to heel the die shoes and prevent them from moving from side to side.摩擦销，也有利于固定模具防磨装置，以防止它们从一边滑向另一边。 Precision or ball bearing-style guide pins comprise precision-hardened pins, ball cages, ball bearings, and bushings.精密或球轴承式导向销包括精密硬化销，滚珠隔离圈，球轴承，轴衬。 Unlike friction pins, these pins ride on a series of ball bearings contained in a special aluminum ball cage that permits the bearings to rotate without falling out.不像摩擦销，这些销依靠一系列的球轴承来工作，其中包括专门的滚珠隔离圈，它们允许轴承转动而不会脱落。 These pins have several advantages.这些销有假设干优点。 First, friction is reduced so the die can run at faster speeds without generating excessive friction and heat.首先，摩擦力减小，使模具的运行速度更快，而不会产生过量的摩擦和热量。 Second, they allow the diemaker to separate the upper and lower die shoes easily.第二，它们允许制模工轻松的分开上，下模具的防磨装置。 Third, because they use ball bearings, they can be manufactured with greater accuracy than friction pins.第三，因为它们使用滚珠轴承，因而制造出来的精度比摩擦销更高。 Remember, guide pins are meant to align the upper and lower die shoes, not to align a poorly maintained or sloppy ram in a press!请记住，导向销，在压力下，是为了校准上，下模具防磨装置，而不是校准不利于维护和湿滑的连杆！ Some companies try to compensate for a poorly maintained press by adding oversized guide pins or grinding the guide pin ends to a cone shape.一些公司试图补偿为维修不善压力而参加过大的导向销，或者将其磨削成锥形状。 Care must be taken when flipping die shoes over so that the guide pins are not bent.当翻动模具防磨装置的时候必须小心，这样导向销才不至于被弄弯。 三、垫块及垫板Heel blocks are special steel blocks that are precision-machined, screwed, doweled, and often welded to both the upper and lower die shoes (see Figure 3 ).垫块是特殊钢块，这种钢块是精密机械，被攻螺纹，并用暗销接合，而且往往焊接在上，下模具防磨装置上 见图3 。They contain components called wear plates and function to adsorb any side thrust that may be generated during the cutting and forming processes.它们都包含了所谓的耐磨板，以及在切割和成型工艺中吸附任何一方推力的功能。 They are especially important if the generated force is one-directional.如果所产生的力量是一个方向性的，那么它们就显得尤其重要。 Too much force generated from one direction only can cause the guide pins to deflect, which results in misalignment of critical cutting and forming components.很大的力量往往产生于一个方向，它们不仅能引起导向销倾斜，而且可能导致关键切割和成型部件未对准。图3 垫块特殊钢块连接到上，下模具防磨装置吸附任何一方推力可能产生的图4 Keys locate and heel die sections and components.螺栓的位置。大多数Most heel blocks have steel heel plates, and the heel block on the opposite shoe has a wear plate made from aluminum-bronze or some other dissimilar metal.大多数大多数 垫块是有钢垫板的，并且垫块对面的防磨装置中有由铝青铜或其他一些异种金属制成的耐磨钢板。 The plate selection process is critical.钢板钢板的选择过程是至关重要的，Using two opposing plates made of the same metal type can result in high friction, heat, and eventually galling or cold welding of the wear plates.用两种相同的金属做的对立板，可导致高摩擦，热，并最终成为咬焊或冷焊的耐磨板。 Heel blocks can be used to heel the die in any or all directions.垫块，可以用来使模具在任何或所有的方向倾侧。盒子残料通常用来在各个方位上倾侧模具 Box heels often are used to heel the die in all directions.盒子。四、螺钉，销钉，和螺栓保障Screws fasten and secure the working components to both the upper and lower die shoes.上，下模具防磨装置的螺钉，具有栓紧和保障零件工作平安的作用。 The socket head cap screw is the most popular fastener used in stamping dies.插座头帽钉是目前最流行用在冲压模具的扣件。 This hardened tool steel screw, often referred to as an Allen head screw, offers superior holding power and strength.这种淬硬工具钢螺丝钉，常常被称作是Allen头螺丝钉，它能提供优越的握力和力量。 Dowels are hardened, precision-ground pins that precisely locate the die section or component in its proper location on the die shoe.销钉都是巩固，精确的销子，在模具防磨装置的适当位置，它能够精确定位模具剖面或组件。 Although dowels have much heeling ability, their main function is to locate the die section properly.虽然销钉具备一定的侧倾能力，其主要职能还是在于合理的定位模具。 Keys are small, rectangular blocks of precision-ground steel that are inserted into milled pockets in the die shoes and sections called keyways (see Figure 4 ).螺栓通常是由小的矩形耐摩擦钢材料构成，是插入到小型铣过的模具防磨装置和键槽的地方 见图4 。 Keys locate and heel die sections and components.螺栓可以定位，并用以倾斜零部件和其它组成局部。 五、衬 Pads垫 衬A pad is simply a pressure-loaded plate, either flat or contoured, that holds, controls, or strips the metal during the cutting and forming processes.垫只是一个负载压力的板，无论是平坦或有波纹，它在切割和成型工艺期间把握，控制或卸下金属。 Several types of pads are used in stamping dies.几种类型的垫片被用在冲压模具中。 Depending on their function, pads can be made from soft low-carbon steel or hardened tool steel.根据其功能，衬垫可以由软低碳钢或淬硬工具钢制造。 Contoured pads must fit very closely to the mating die section.等高垫必须配合非常密切，以便配合模具剖面。 Precision requirements determine whether the pads are positioned with guide pins and bushings or left unguided.精度的要求决定了垫片是否认位于导向销和轴衬，而非位导向。 Stripper Pads/Plates. Stripper pads are flat or contoured spring-loaded plates that pull, or strip, the metal off the cutting punches (see Figure 5 ). 模板垫/板。模板垫片是平坦或波形的弹簧负载板，它从剪切冲头上拉或卸下钢材料。 见图5 。 When it is cut, metal naturally tends to collapse around the body or shank of the cutting punches; this is especially true during piercing.当它被切断，金属自然坍塌在切割钻孔周围或剪切冲头的钻头部位。这种情况尤其发生在冲孔的时候。 The stripper pad surrounds the cutting punches and mounts to the upper die shoe.模板垫环绕在切割钻孔周围，并安装到上模具防磨装置上。 As the punch exits the lower die, the spring-loaded pad holds the metal down flush with the lower die section, which allows the cutting punches to withdraw from the sheet metal or piece part.当冲头退出下模具 ，弹簧负载垫随金属向下冲洗，并随下模具运动，它使切削钻孔退出金属板或零部件。 图5 Keys locate and heel die sections and components.螺栓的位置，和模具部件。Often stripper pads are inserted with a small block of steel called a pad window.模板垫片常常插入一小块称为垫孔的钢。 This pad window usually is small and lightweight and can be removed easily to allow the die maintenance technician to remove the ball lock-style pierce punch from the retainer without removing the entire stripper pad.垫孔通常是小而轻便，可轻易移走，使模具维修技师在消除球锁式冲床穿透时不至于移除整个模板垫。 Stripper pads also function to hold the metal flat or to the desired shape during the cutting process.模板垫同样在切削加工过程具有控制金属的平坦或到形成理想的形状的功能。 Pressure Pads/Plates. During the wipe bending process, the metal must be held down tightly to the lower die section before the forming punch contacts the metal. 压力垫/板。在弯曲过程中，在用以成形的冲头接触到金属之前，金属必须稳稳地固定在下模具部位。 Pressure pads must apply a force that is at least equivalent to the bending force (see Figure 6 ).压力垫，必须提供的力量至少相当于抗弯力 见图6 。 Most pressure pads use high-pressure coil or gas springs.大局部压力垫用高压力的线圈或气体弹簧。当When loaded with very high-pressure springs, contoured or flat pads also can form sheet metal.负载非常高的压力弹簧，等高或平面垫，也能形成金属板材。 These pad types often are referred to as power punches.这些垫被称为重击型垫。图6 During the wipe bending process, the metal must be held down tightly to the lower die section before the forming punch contacts the metal.在消灭弯曲过程中，金属的，必须控制下来，紧紧到下模具节，然后才形成冲压接触金属。 Pressure pads must apply a force that is at least equivalent to the bending force.压力垫， 必须提供的力量是至少相当于弯曲的力量。Draw Pads. Draw pads control metal flow during the drawing process (see Figure 7 ). 冲压成型板。冲压成型板在成型过程中控制着金属的流动， 见图7 。 In drawing, the amount of pressure, or downward force, exerted on the sheet metal determines how much metal is allowed to flow and enter the draw die cavity.在成型过程中，压力或向下的力量，施加于金属板材，决定着多少金属允许流入模腔。 Too much pressure may stop the metal from flowing and cause splitting; too little downward force may allow excess metal to flow inward and cause loose metal or wrinkling.压力太大可能会阻止金属流动，并造成破裂;太少向下的力量可能让多余的金属流动松散或起皱。 Draw pads, often referred to as binders or blank holders, usually are made from hardened tool steel.冲压成型板，往往被用于粘合剂或控制齿轮，通常是由淬硬工具钢制造。 They can be flat or contoured, depending on the piece part shape.它们可以持平或等高，这取决于其零部件的形状。 Most drawing dies use a single draw pad; however, in special cases, some use two.多数成型模板使用单一冲压成型板，但在特殊情况下，一些会用两个。图7 Draw pads control metal flow during the drawing process.冲压成型板和控制金属流动，在绘画的过程。6.六六、 Spools, Shoulder Bolts, and Keepers转子，肩螺栓，以及衔铁 Spools, shoulder bolts, and keepers are used to fasten pads to the die shoes while allowing them to move up and down.转子，肩螺栓，以及衔铁，是用来栓紧垫和模具防磨装置，同时也允许它们上升和下降。 They are secured to either the top or bottom die shoe with screws and often dowels for precision location.它们使顶部或底部模具防磨装置与螺丝钉固定，往往销钉作精确定位。 Of all of the components used for securing pads, spools are the most common, especially in larger dies ( Figure 1 and Figure 8 ).所有的部件用于固定垫板，转子是最常见的，尤其常见于较大的模具中 图1和图8 。图8 Spools, shoulder bolts, and keepers are used to fasten pads to the die shoes while allowing them to move up and down. Image courtesy of Anchor Lamina Corp.转子，肩螺栓，以及衔铁用来栓紧垫，以模具防磨装置，同时也允许它们提出上升和下降。7.七七、Retainers保持架 Retainers hold or secure cutting or forming die components to both the upper and lower die shoes (see Figure 9 ).保持架能使上、下模具防磨装置保持或平安切割成形模具部件 见图9 。 One of the most popular retainers is a ball-lock retainer, a high-precision, accurately manufactured die component that secures and aligns both cutting and forming punches.其中最流行的保持架约是一个球锁保持架，高精密，准确地制造模具组件，可以使切割和成型冲头得以平安使用，并排列成一行。It uses a spring-loaded ball bearing to locate and secure the punches, which feature a precisely machined teardrop or ball seat.它是用弹簧负载球轴承位置，并确保钻孔，其中具有精密加工的泪状物或球座。 The spring-loaded ball bearing locks into the teardrop shape and prevents the punches from coming out of the retainer.弹簧式球轴承锁住泪状物，并防止冲头从保持架中漏出。图9 保持架使上，下模具防磨装置保持或平安切割成形模具部件。球锁保持架的好处是他们允许模具维护师移除和快速重新安装打孔器The advantage of ball-lock retainers is that they allow the die maintenance technician to remove and reinstall punches quickly.球所 。 The punch is removed by depressing the spring-loaded ball bearing and pulling up on the punch.该冲床去除抑制弹簧负载的球轴承，并拉动了冲床。 Specialty retainers also can be made to hold and align irregular punch shapes, as well as headed-style punches and pilot pins.特殊的保持架，也可以钻孔和销来对准不规那么形状。 八8.八八 八、 Springs弹簧 Springs supply the force needed to hold, strip, or form metal.弹簧供给保持、卸下或成型金属时所需要的力量。 Many different springs are used in stamping dies (see Figure 10 ).许多不同的弹簧用于冲压模具 见图10 。 Spring selection is based on many factors, including the required force and travel, the springs life expectancy, and, of course, cost.弹簧选择，是基于许多因素，包括所需的力量和用途，弹簧的预期寿命，当然还有本钱。 Among the most popular are gas springs, which, when filled with nitrogen, can supply a great deal of force.其中最受欢送的是气体弹簧，其中，当其充满氮气，可供给大量的力量。 They also have an excellent life expectancy.它们也有一个很好的预期寿命。图10 弹簧供给卸下或成型金属需要保持的力量。Other types are coil and urethane springs, often called marshmallow springs.其他类型的盘簧和聚氨酯弹簧，通常被称为软性弹簧。 Coil springs are very popular when a reasonable amount of force is needed and budget constraints are present.螺旋弹簧是很受欢送的，它有一个所需的合理的力量和可以展现出的预算的强制力量。 Urethane springs work well in short-run or prototype stamping operations.聚氨酯弹簧在短期运行或原型冲压业务中很好用， 并且They also are inexpensive.它们还很廉价。 附件2：外文原文复印件 Die basics with eight basic componentsA stamping die is a special, one-of-a-kind precision tool that cuts and forms sheet metal into a desired shape or profile. Most dies are constructed of several basic components, including die plates, shoes, die sets, guide pins, bushings, heel blocks, heel plates, screws, dowels, and keys. Dies also need stripper, pressure, and drawing pads, as well as the devices used to secure themspools, shoulder bolts, keepers, and retainers; and gas, coil, or urethane springs.A stamping die is a special, one-of-a-kind precision tool that cuts and forms sheet metal into a desired shape or profile. The dies cutting and forming sections typically are made from special types of hardenable steel called tool steel. Dies also can contain cutting and forming sections made from carbide or various other hard, wear-resistant materials.Most stamping dies are constructed of several basic components, including die plates, shoes, die sets, guide pins, bushings, heel blocks, heel plates, screws, dowels, and keys. Dies also need stripper, pressure, and drawing pads, as well as the devices used to secure them: spools, shoulder bolts, keepers, and retainers, as well as gas, coil, or urethane springs1. Die Plates, Shoes, and Die SetsDie plates, shoes, and die sets are steel or aluminum plates that correspond to the size of the die (see introductory photo and Figure 1). They serve as the foundation for mounting the working die components. These parts must be machinedmilled or groundso that they are parallel and flat within a critical tolerance. Although grinding is the most popular, a milled surface now can be obtained that is as accurate as a ground surface.Most die shoes are made from steel. Aluminum also is a popular die shoe material. Aluminum is one-third the weight of steel, it can be machined very quickly, and special alloys can be added to it to give it greater compressive strength than low-carbon steel. Aluminum also is a great metal for shock adsorption, which makes it a good choice for blanking dies.The upper and lower die shoes assembled together with guide pins create the die set. The lower die shoe often has machined or flame-cut holes that allow slugs and scrap created in the die to fall freely through the die shoe onto the press bed. The holes also may serve as clearances for gas springs and other die components.The die shoe thickness is based on how much force can be expected during cutting and forming. For example, a coining die, one that compresses metal by squeezing it between an upper and lower die section, requires a much thicker die shoe than a simple bending die.2. Guide Pins and BushingsGuide pins, sometimes referred to as guide posts or pillars, function together with guide bushings to align both the upper and lower die shoes precisely (see Figure 2). They are precision-ground components, often manufactured within 0.0001 in. Although numerous specialty mounting methods can be used to install these components, there are only two basic types of guide pins and bushingsfriction pins and ball bearing-style pins.Friction pins are precision-ground pins that are slightly smaller than the guide bushings inside diameter. Pins are made from hardened tool steel, while bushings often are made from or lined with a special wear-resistant material called aluminum-bronze. The aluminum-bronze may contain graphite plugs that help to reduce friction and wear that occur to the pins and bushings.Friction pins also help to heel the die shoes and prevent them from moving from side to side.Precision or ball bearing-style guide pins comprise precision-hardened pins, ball cages, ball bearings, and bushings. Unlike friction pins, these pins ride on a series of ball bearings contained in a special aluminum ball cage that permits the bearings to rotate without falling out. These pins have several advantages. First, friction is reduced so the die can run at faster speeds without generating excessive friction and heat. Second, they allow the diemaker to separate the upper and lower die shoes easily. Third, because they use ball bearings, they can be manufactured with greater accuracy than friction pins.Remember, guide pins are meant to align the upper and lower die shoes, not to align a poorly maintained or sloppy ram in a press! Some companies try to compensate for a poorly maintained press by adding oversized guide pins or grinding the guide pin ends to a cone shape. Care must be taken when flipping die shoes over so that the guide pins are not bent. 3. Heel Blocks and Heel PlatesHeel blocks are special steel blocks that are precision-machined, screwed, doweled, and often welded to both the upper and lower die shoes (see Figure 3). They contain components called wear plates and function to adsorb any side thrust that may be generated during the cutting and forming processes. They are especially important if the generated force is one-directional. Too much force generated from one direction only can cause the guide pins to deflect, which results in misalignment of critical cutting and forming components.Most heel blocks have steel heel plates, and the heel block on the opposite shoe has a wear plate made from aluminum-bronze or some other dissimilar metal. The plate selection process is critical. Using two opposing plates made of the same metal type can result in high friction, heat, and eventually galling or cold welding of the wear plates. Heel blocks can be used to heel the die in any or all directions. Box heels often are used to heel the die in all directions.4. Screws, Dowels, and KeysScrews fasten and secure the working components to both the upper and lower di
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