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What is a speech?Presenter:丁蕾 08041220 In wikipedia,speech is the vocalized form of human communication.It is based upon the combination of lexicals and names that are drawn from very large(usually to about 10,000 different words)vocabularies.In dictionary,speech is the act of delivering a formal spoken communication to audiences.Generally speaking,speech is an act of adressing in certain ceremonies of welcoming,appreciation,farewell,congratulations,opening,closing and so on.To have a good speech,the speaker not only should have very good English but also should know the customs and manners about the country.Why&How secretaries should know well about speech?The work the secretaries concerning foreign affairs do determines that they will often take part in many activities with foreigners,and on many occasions,they may be required to give a public speech in English.In order to make the speech attactive and acceptable,the secretaries should know what they are going to say.First,make a good preparation and write down the speech beforehand.Then,ask for managers advice.Next,have at least two copies,one for manager and the other for the filing.Different types of public speeches Introductory Speeches Introduce someone or something to the public Welcoming Speechees Welcome the honored guests who are coming either for visiting or for technological communication.Answering Speeches Show the appreciation of kindness Toast Speeches Before the banquette,one of the hosts show best wishes to the guests Farewell Speeches Party Speeches Be given to all kinds of parties,especially in some important occasions like Christmas party,New Year party and so on.Elements in speechPresenter：赵文08041202Main factors of speech1.subject:speaker2.object:audiences3.medium：language，body languageand demonstrate tools 3 steps of speaking Introduction&OpeningThe beginning of a presentation is very important Good opportunity to build rapport and gain their attention Eg.Ask a question Joke Picture/Slides/Media Tell a Story State a problem Let audience to introduce himself ContentStatement of message Quick exampleVisual aid,game quiz,poem,song repeat the point and apply it to the audienceSignposting:1.Now lets move on to Before going on,Id like to mention that2.to start with laterto finish up.Moving on the next point:So much forWeve looked atDeveloping a point:1.Furthermore?.2.Translated into real term Conclusion Can contain recommendations/Suggestion/calls for action May contain new and important information States the logical consequences of what has been said(persuasive presentation)Eg:Ok finally Id like to turn toSo to sum up First SecondThirdThenNextRight,Let stop there08年专八mini lecture=Good morning,everyone.Todays lecture is about the popularity of English.As we all know,English is widely used in the world.Although English is NOT the language with the largest number of native or first language speakers,it has really become a lingua franca.Then,what is a lingua franca?The term refers to a language which is widely adopted for communication between two speakers whose native languages are different from each others,and where one or both speakers are using it as a second language.For example,when an Indian talks to a Singaporean using English,then English is the lingua franca.Then,actually how many people speak English as either a first or a second language?Some researchers suggested a few years ago that between 320-380 million people spoke English as a first language,and anywhere between 250-350 million as a second language.And of course,if we include people who are learning English as a foreign language all over the world,that number may increase dramatically.Then,we may ask a question:how did English get there?That is,how did English gain the present status of popularity?There are,in fact,a number of interlocking reasons for the popularity of English as a lingua franca.Many of the reasons are historical,but they also include economic and cultural factors that have influenced and sustained the spread of the language.Lets go through the reasons one by one.First is the historical reason.This is related to the colonial history.As we know,when the Pilgrim Fathers landed on the Massachusetts coast in 1620,after their journey from England,they brought with them not just a set of religious beliefs,a pioneering spirit or a desire for colonization,but also their language.Although many years later the Americans broke away from their colonial master,the language of English remained,and still does.It was the same in Australia,too.When Commander Philip planted the British flag in Sydney Cove on 26th Jan.1788.it was not just a bunch of British convicts and their guardians,but also a language.In other parts of the former British Empire,English rapidly became a unifying or dominating means of control.For example,it became a lingua franca in India,where a variety of indigenous languages made the use of any one of them as a whole-country system/problematic.So,the imposition of English as the one language of administration helped maintain the colonizers control and power.Thus,English traveled around many parts of the world in those days,and long after that colonial power has faded away,it is still widely used as a main or at least an institutional language in countries as far apart as Jamaica and Pakistan,Uganda,and New Zealand.That is the first factor.Now,the second major factor in the spread of English has been the spread of commerce throughout the world:the spread of international commerce has taken English along with it.This is the 20th-century phenomenon of globalization.Therefore,one of the first sights many travelers see when arriving in countries as diverse as Brazil,China,for example,is the yellow twin-arched sign of a McDonalds fast food restaurant,or some other famous brands outlets.And without doubt,English is used as the language of communication in the international business community.And the third factor related to the popular use of English is the boom in international travel.And you will find that much travel and tourism is carried on,around the world,in English.Of course,this is NOT always the case,as the mutilingualism of many tourism workers in different countries demonstrate.But,a visit to most airports on the globe will show signs not only in the language of that country,but also in English,just as many airline announcements are broadcast in English,too,whatever the language of the country the airport is situated in.So far,English is also the preferred language of air traffic control in many countries and is used widely in sea travel communication.Another factor has something to do with information exchange around the world.As we all know,a great deal of academic discourse around the world takes place in English.It is often a lingua franca of conferences,for example,and many journal articles in fields as diverse as astronomy,child psychology and zoology have English as a kind of default language.The last factor I cite here concerns popular culture.In the western world,at least,English is a dominating language in popular culture.Pop music in English can be heard on many radios.Thus many people who are not English speakers can sing words from their favourite English medium songs.And many people who are regular cinemagoers or(TV viewers)can frequently hear English in subtitled films coming out of the USA.Now,to sum up,in todays lecture,we have reviewed some of the reasons or factors that lie behind the popular use of English as the number one world language.Before we finish,I would like to leave a few questions for you to think about:Is the status of English as the number-one world language assured in the future?Will it split into varieties that become less mutually intelligible?OR will some other language or languages take the place of English as world language in future?These questions are not easy to answer,I know,but they are definitely worth pondering over after the lecture.OK,this brings us to the end of todays lecture.Thank you for your attention.How to prepare a speech?Presenter:冯静08041221 Impromptu:usually 20 mins for preparation Prepared:usually prepared scripts,recitePreparation(Critical Thinking)Format is used to deliver CONTENT!And CONTENT comes from your knowledge!How much do you know about China,International Issues and business issues which is going on?Direct linkage through the speech!Get back to the motion/topic!Impromptu SpeechClear Format Beginning several sentences to start the whole speech,usually introduction,status quo,what are you going to change/meaning of the motion/speech Body part:usually 3 point each paragraph begins with an argument (Transitions!)Assertion Reasoning Evidence Linkage Conclusion:The effect of the motion/What youve brought to the audienceExerciseKeep asking WHY?Try to analyse it from different perspectives!Eg.Abortion/Obesity/Individuals Government International Society Domestic SocietyIf owning a car bring you benefit?Why or why not?Why talk about this motion？What is the status quo?What problems will it bring to us?What benefits will it bring to us?Format Beginning When thinking of what can you tell?Today Im going talk something about The reason why we carry this topic on to stage is because Lets see the status quo Later Ill show with the following 3 points 123 Body My 1st-3rd point is.+Reasoning+Evidence Conclusion Here is my conclusion for today According to the 3 points Ive mentioned today 123 I believePrepared Speech Stucture:doesnt necessarily be with 3 points may be free style,but still should be logical and easy for the audience to catch up with.For each idea/argument Assertion Reasoning Evidence Linkage Language Sound Welcoming!Should be well polished!Transition!So important!How to deliver a speechPresenter:俞丹枫Introduction If you are nervous or inexperienced,you will probably want to choose to read your speech from a script or from notes.heres a look at each option.Major Options Reading From a Script Using Notes Reciting From MemoryReading From a Script Reading your entire speech from a script confidence ensuring that nothing is forgotten.the least desirable optionReason more difficult to see your audience harder for them to get emotionally invested in you.extremely difficult to deliver your speech to your audienceUsing Notes not confident enough to recite your speech the use of notes is a more desirable optionContent keywords or points of your speech maintaining the thread of your speech for the most part speaking directly to the audience.Reciting From Memory reciting from fortable speaking publicly,and not prone to loss of concentration being careful not to slip into a boring recitation.Summary If you strongly favor one option,then go for it.If using any written(or printed)materials during your speech be aware that the text should be in large print and clearly ordered.Speech Delivery TipsPresenter:张雨文08041223Speech Delivery Tips Well presented appearance Be polite Be clear Be short Be yourself well presented appearanceBe polite Dont use rough words and always keep in mind and courteous.Remember to use appropriate polite expressions on different occasions.Do not fidget or make other nervous gestures with your hands Do not keep your hands in your pockets Make eye contact with your audience.Be clearThe speech should be developed right around the topic.Dont talk something irrelevant and try your best to make the speech logical and easy to be understand.Speak clearly,and adjust your voice so that everyone can hear you.Be short On the most occasions,a public speech should not be too long.The speakers are generally told about how long they are expected to speak,so do not exceed the time limit.Try to take your time speakingBe yourself Confident smile Nice voice Speak with passion Allow your own personality to shine in your speechDifferent Speech StylesPresenter:周倩07013109Different Speech Style People who give speeches typically do so with an identifiable style.The style of speech is normally dictated by the purpose and circumstance of the speech itself.Some people choose a speech style because it is more comfortable and allows them to deliver a speech more effectively,while others are more comfortable adjusting speech style based on specific situations,including subject matter,purpose and audience.Social SpeechIt is very much like teaching those you are speaking to.This speech style is typically focused and to the point because the speaker aims to be clear and educate.Social speeches can be dry,but the speech is presented to best highlight the subject matter.Politicians and employers are likely to give informative speeches.Different Speech StylePersuasive&Infective SpeechA persuasive speech is meant to garner support from the audience,or to persuade the audience about a particular subject.Politicians are known for persuasive speech making.Persuasive speeches can be relaxed in tone or intense,but a persuasive speech almost always carries some extreme emotion,which the speaker uses as a tool.The persuasive speech style can be called a motivational speeche.g.罗永浩、李阳、俞敏洪Different Speech StyleNews or AnnouncementNews or announcement speech styles are characterized by the same direct manner as an informative speech style.This speech style leaves little room for personal input,unless it is in the context of a debate.The object of the news or announcement speech style is to inform an audience about an event,which is why this style resembles the informative speech style.e.g.BarackObama 温家宝Different Speech StyleEntertaining SpeechAn entertaining speech is relaxed in nature.This speech type allows the speaker to veer off course and tell anecdotes that may be personal in nature,meant to tie together the speech being given.This type of speech may be given by a best man at a wedding,a speaker at a comedic roast or an awards ceremony.Different Speech Style个人观点供参考，欢迎讨论
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