资源描述
1. Histone modification plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression. Acetylation by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) is normally correlated with increased gene activity, whereas deacetylation via histone deacetylases (HDACs) is often associated with gene repression. 1.组蛋白修饰在基因表达调控中起着关键作用。被组蛋白乙酰转移酶类（HATs）乙酰化的组蛋白通常与基因活性的增加有关，而通过组蛋白脱乙酰基酶类（HDACs）去乙酰化的组蛋白常常和基因阻遏有关。2. The spatial expression pattern of rice HDACs genes indicated that some HDAC genes have different expression profiles. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that expression of HDA705, HDT701, and HDT702 could be affected by salicylic acid, jasmonic acid or abscisic acid. These results indicate that different HDAC genes have distinct expression patterns and members of rice HDAC families may be involved in plant response to environmental stresses.2.水稻HDACs基因的时空表达模式表明某些HDAC基因具有不同的表达谱。此外，我们的分析表明HDA705，HDT701，和HDT702的表达可以被水杨酸，茉莉酸或者脱落酸所影响。这些结果表明不同的HDAC基因具有独特的表达模式而且水稻HDAC家族成员可能参与了植物的环境胁迫反应。3. Calcium plays a crucial role as a second messenger in mediating various defense responses under environmental stresses. In vivo targeting experiment revealed that Calcineurin B-like 8（OsCBL8）localized to the plasma membrane, which was consistent with OsCBL4 and SOS3 previously reported. The OsCBL8-overexpressing transgenic rice seedlings which were generated by the Agrobacterium-mediated approach were showed more tolerance to salt stress than non-transgenic seedlings.3.钙作为第二信使在介导多种环境胁迫下的防御反应起着重要作用。在体内定位实验揭示了钙调磷酸酶B8（OsCBL8）定位在原生质膜上，和之前报道的OsCBL4和SOS3一致。通过农杆菌介导法产生的OsCBL8-超表达转基因水稻幼苗显示出相比非转基因幼苗对盐胁迫具有更多的耐受性。4. This analysis has revealed that the expression of Arabidopsis and maize COB gene family members is highly developmentally and spatially regulated at the tissue and cell type-specific level, that gene superfamily members show overlapping and unique expression patterns, and that only a subset of gene superfamily members act in response to environmental stimuli.这个分析揭示了拟南芥和玉米COB基因家族成员在组织和细胞特异性水平上的表达受到高度发育特异性和时空特异性的调控，这个基因超家族成员显示了重叠和单一表达模式，而且只有一个基因超家族的亚级成员对环境刺激作出反应。5. To identify candidate grapevine NAC genes with a role in response to stress, publicly available microarray data were obtained to calculate their expression change under abiotic and biotic treatments, with a number of VvNAC genes displaying up-regulation after stress induction. Therefore, this study has uncovered more knowledge relating to the gene structures, chromosome organizations, evolution, expression profiles and functions of VvNAC genes.为了鉴定对在胁迫中具有反应的候选葡萄NAC基因，我们取得了公开可用的微阵列芯片数据去计算它们在非生物和生物处理下的表达量的改变，由于一部分VvNAC基因在胁迫诱导后显示为上调表达。因此，本次研究揭露了更多关于VvNAC基因的基因结构，染色体组，进化，表达谱和功能的知识。6. FT causes early flowering with determinate inflorescence in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) and belongs to a small flowering gene family. We have also reported the FT homolog of PmFT, suggesting that it relates to monocarpic mass flowering and inflorescence architecture.6.在拟南芥中FT基因造成了早期开花和有限花序而且属于一个小开花基因家族。我们也报道了和FT基因同源的PmFT，表明它和结一次果的大规模开花和花序结构有关。7. The (Leu) zipper (bZIP) proteins characteristically harbor a bZIP domain composed of two structural features: a DNA-binding basic region and the Leu zipper dimerization region. They have been shown to regulate diverse plant-specific phenomena, including seed maturation and germination, floral induction and development, and photomorphogenesis, and are also involved in stress and hormone signaling.7.赖氨酸拉链（bZIP）蛋白典型地包含一个bZIP结构域，这个结构域由2个特殊结构组成：一个DNA结合基础区域和亮氨酸拉链二聚化区域。它们被显示出调控多种植物特异性现象，包括种子的成熟和萌发，花的诱导和发育，和光形态发生，而且也参与了胁迫和激素信号转导。8. Overexpression of VvTFL1A does not affect flowering time but the determination of flower meristems, strongly altering inflorescence structure, which is consistent with the biological roles assigned to similar genes in other species.8.VvTFL1A基因的超表达不影响花期但是影响花分生组织的决定，强烈改变花序结构，和对比过的其它物种的相似基因的生物学功能一致。9. The complete alignment of PEBP sequences was manually edited using BioEdit 5.0.9 version. The phylogenetic relationships of nucleic sequences were investigated using neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI) methods.9.完整的PEBP序列对比通过使用BioEdit 5.0.9版本被手动编辑。核苷酸序列的进化关系通过使用邻接法(NJ)，最大简约法（MP）最大似然法（ML），和贝叶斯推理（BI）进行调查。10. Amino acid uptake into cells and cellular compartments depends on membrane-integral transporter proteins, and amino acid transporters have been identified in many organisms. In Arabidopsis the amino acid permeases （AAP）family consists of eight members(AtAAP1-8) that generally transport neutral and acidic amino acids with moderate affinity, with the exception of AtAAP3 and AtAAP5 that also transport basic amino acids.氨基酸吸收进入细胞和细胞区间依赖于膜整合转运蛋白，而且氨基酸转运蛋白在多个有机体中被鉴定出来。在拟南芥中氨基酸通透酶（AAP）家族由8个成员（AtAAP1-8）组成并且通过中等亲和力广泛转运中性和酸性氨基酸，除了AtAAP3和AtAAP5也转运基本氨基酸以外。11. The Phosphate transporter 1 (PHT1) gene family has crucial roles in phosphate uptake, translocation, remobilization, and optimization of metabolic processes using of Pi. Gene duplications expand the size of gene families, and subfunctionalization of paralog gene pairs is a predominant tendency after gene duplications.11.磷酸转运蛋白1（PHT1）基因家族对磷酸吸收，转运，利用，和代谢进程的最优化起着重要作用，通过使用Pi.基因复制来扩大基因家族的大小，而且同源基因对在基因复制后的亚功能化成为了主导性趋势。12. In plants, sRNAs are classified into microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), according to their biogenesis and precursor structures. miRNAs are small RNA molecules that play important regulatory roles in plant development and stress responses. Plant miRNAs recognize their targets through near-perfect complementarity to direct RISC-mediated cleavage, although in some cases translational inhibition and DNA methylation can be the mode of action of miRNA-mediated gene silencing.在植物中，sRNAs被归至miroRNAs (miRNAs)和小干扰RNAs (siRNAs)，根据它们的生物起源和前体结构。miRNAs是小RNA分子在植物发育和胁迫反应中起着重要作用。植物miRNAs通过与RISC-介导的切割近乎完美的互补来识别它们的目标，虽然在某些情况下翻译的抑制和DNA的甲基化可以成为miRNA-介导的基因沉默的作用模式。13. The transfer of sucrose to the sink organs often requires its cleavage by two key enzymes: invertase (Inv), which hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose, and sucrose synthase (Sus), which is capable of catalyzing a reversible reaction but preferring to convert sucrose and UDP into fructose and UDP-glucose.13.蔗糖向水下器官的转移常常需要2个关键酶的切割：转化酶（Inv），水解蔗糖为葡萄糖和果糖，还有蔗糖合酶（Sus），可以催化可逆反应但是偏向转换蔗糖和UDP为果糖和UDP-葡萄糖。14. Peptide transporter (PTR) family whose member can transport di-/tripeptides and nitrate is important for plant growth and development. Chromosomal distribution and sequence analysis indicate that nearly 70% of OsPTR members are involved in the tandem and segmental duplication events.14.肽转运蛋白（PTR）家族成员由于可以转运二/三肽和硝酸盐而对于植物生长和发育起着重要作用。染色体分布和序列分析表明接近70%的OsPTR成员参与了串联和部分重复事件。15. ZmPTR1 protein sequence is highly homologous to the previously characterized di- and tripeptide Arabidopsis transporters AtPTR2. ZmPTR1 gene is expressed in the cells of the scutellar epithelium during germination and, to a less extent, in the radicle and the hypocotyl. Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing ZmPTR1 performed better than control plants when grown on a medium with Ala-Ala dipeptide as the unique N source. 15.ZmPTR1蛋白序列与之前描述的拟南芥二肽和三肽转运蛋白AtPTR2高度同源。ZmPTR1基因在种子萌发时期的盾状上皮细胞中表达，还在一个更低程度的组织如胚根和下胚轴中表达。超表达ZmPTR1的拟南芥品系在用丙氨酸-丙氨酸二肽作为唯一N源的培养基中的生长比对照组植株表现更好。16. Oligopeptide transporters (OPTs) are a group of membrane-localized proteins that have a broad range of substrate transport capabilities and that are thought to contribute to many biological processes. The OPT proteins likely do not have a common biological function and may be involved in four different processes: long-distance metal distribution, nitrogen mobilization, heavy metal sequestration, and glutathione transport.16.寡肽转运蛋白（OPTs）是一群膜定位蛋白具有广泛的转运底物的能力而且被认为有利于很多生物学进程。OPT蛋白很可能不具有普遍生物学功能而且可能参与了4个不同的进程：长距离金属的分布，氮的调动，重金属的隔绝，和谷胱甘肽的转运。17. Amino acid transporters (AATs) are the integral membrane proteins which mediate the transport of amino acids across cellular membranes in higher plants, and play an indispensable role in various processes of plant growth and development, including long distance amino acid transport, response to pathogen and abiotic stresses.17.氨基酸转运蛋白（AATs）是膜整合蛋白并在高等植物中介导氨基酸的跨细胞膜运输，而且在植物生长和发育的多种进程，包括长距离氨基酸运输，病原体反应和非生物胁迫中起着不可缺少的作用。18. Starch is one of the most abundant constituents of the worlds crops. The majority of starch harvested in crops is consumed directly as food or feed, but a significant proportion is also directed into industrial applications, with increasing proportions being used as feedstock for bioethanol production. 18.淀粉是世界农作物组成成分最充裕的一类成分之一。大多数被收获的作物的淀粉被直接作为食物和饲料而消耗，但是随着被用作生产生物乙醇的原料的淀粉比例日益增加，有相当比例的淀粉也被直接应用于工业。19. This quantity reflects the fact that ribosomes are the sits at which ammo acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA,reading the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein.19.这个数量反映了核糖体是氨基酸为了运出或者用于细胞进程而被召集成为蛋白质的座位的事实。在蛋白质合成的时候，二个亚基在一个mRNA链上向前移动，读取编码的基因序列然后翻译成蛋白质。20. The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short stretches known as Okazaki fragments. The enzyme DNA polymerase links free nucleotides as they line up on the template formed by the original strand of the parent molecule.20.前导链合成是连续的，而后随链则由被认为是冈崎片段的短链合成的。DNA聚合酶连接自由的核苷酸使之在由原始母链核苷酸形成的模板链上排列起来。21. Overseas training for young scientists has also been crucial to the revitalization of the plant sciences in China. Almost without exception, Chinese plant biologists currently engaged in notable and productive research have been trained or at least worked abroad- predominantly in North American, Western Europe, and Japan- after China launched its Open Door Policy in 1978. 21.年轻科学家们的海外培养也对中国植物科学的振兴起着关键作用。几乎无一例外，目前从事显著和富有成效研究的中国植物学家在1978年中国进行改革开放以后曾经在海外（主要在北美，西欧，和日本）被培养过或者至少工作过。22. Although challenges remain, China has made strides toward its long-term goal of modernizing its scientific enterprise. In plant biology, these efforts are perhaps most evident in the increased funding allocations support for returning scientists, infrastructure improvements, and the strengthening of institutions and the university system.22.虽然存在挑战，中国在实现现代化科学产业这个长远目标上已经取得了长足进步。在植物学中，这些努力可能在为了回国科学家而增加资金拨款支持，基础设施建设的完善，和加强科研机构和大学的系统中最为明显。23. During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis,as the absorbing molecule returns to the ground state, the “excess”excitation energy is transmitted to other molecules and stored as chemical energy. Light striking any one of the pigment molecules is funneled to a special chlorophyll a molecule, termed a reaction-center chlorophyll, which directly participates in photosynthesis.23.在光合作用的光反应时期，随着光吸收分子回到基态，多余的激发能量被传递到其它分子然后被储存为化学能。光照射到任何一个色素分子就像经过漏斗一样传到一个特殊的叶绿素分子，称为反应中心叶绿素，它直接参与光合作用。24. Meiosis is a special form of cell division that takes place in the reproductive organs that produce sex cells. The advantages of this type of reproduction are that it preserves the parents successful genetic complement,requires little or no specialization of reproductive organs, and is more rapid than sexual reproduction.24.减数分裂是发生在生殖器官中产生性细胞的一种细胞分裂的特殊形式。这种生殖方式的优势是它保留了亲本成功的遗传互补，需要很少或者没有特化的生殖器官，而且比有性生殖更迅速。25. The major current hypothesis holds that life arose spontaneously an the early earth by means of chemical evolution from nonliving substances. Evidence suggests that RNA, which can form spontaneously under conditions mimicking those of the early, was the first informational molecule.25.目前主导的假说认为生命通过非生命物质的化学演化而自发的出现于早期的地球。证据表明第一信使RNA可以在模拟早期地球环境条件下自发的形成。4. Repeat sequences are thought to have no direct functions, but they shed light on chromosome structure and dynamics. Over time, these repeats reshape the genome by rearranging it, thereby creating entirely new genes or modifying and reshuffling existing genes.
展开阅读全文