资源描述
1,第十三讲:语境与语言学习(1),高登亮,3,6.1语境在语言学习中的作用,概述:传统的语言教学和语言学习理论和方法,特别是外语教学和外语学习的理论和方法存在一种偏向,即“熟能生巧”(Practice makes perfect),或视使用语言的环境,盲目地要求学生多记、多练。因而,学生死背硬记语言规则和脱离语境的词句,结果学生学到的大量的语言知识却难以运用到特定的语境中,不能灵活、得体地地使用语言。,4,韩礼德曾经指出:“选择错误的语域,混淆不同的语域,是外国人学习另一种语言时最常犯的错误。”实践证明,语言学习和言语交际能力的培养与提高离不开语境,离开了语境的语言学习便成了无米之炊。因此,外语学习必须重视发挥语境的作用,以便提高学习者的语言学习效率。,5,另外,外语作为一种语言从来就不是孤立存在的,词出现于句,句出现于语篇,而语篇出现于特定的交际场合。语境制约着语言单位的选择、意义的表达与理解。词语必须在上下文中才能体现出它的精确意义。同样,一个句子在不同的语境中可能表达很多不同、甚至相反的意思,理解该句的准确意思必须结合语境。由于语境总是与一定的交际场合发生联系,交际场合的正式程度、社会文化特征对语言的表达也产生系统的、规律性的制约。因此,学习者在学习语言过程中对语境的作用应给予高度的重视。,6,6.1.1语境有助于理解语言模糊或歧义现象,句子意义来自句子本身各个组成部分的词汇意义和语法意义,而话语的意义则来自句子意义与语境的结合。听话人要了解话语的意义,除了要利用自己的语言知识去获得句子本身的意义之外,还必须利用语境所提供的信息进行思辨、推理,从而取得语境效果,获得说话人企图传达的信息。例如: (1)唉,我这个孩子不会讲话。(何自然,1997),7,该例能表达下列几种意思: 1这个孩子是个哑巴,真的不会讲话; 2. 这个孩子因腼腆而不会说应酬话; 3. 这个孩子生性内向,不善言表; 4. 这个孩子不懂礼貌,说话不知轻重,出口伤人。,8,(2)the girls story 英语属格结构本身的意义是不确定的,例(2)“the girls story”可以表示下列三种不同的意思: 1.the story told by the girl 2.the story about the girl 3.the story for the girl,9,6.1.2语境有助于理解话语的暗含或反语,所谓的“暗含”或反语是语用者通过语境表达的一种言外之意,听话者必须根据语境才能准确理解其意。 (3) A: Can you tell me the time? B: Well, the milk man has already come. (何自然,1997) (4) A: Its a lovely day for a sports meet. B: Its a lovely day for a sports meet indeed.,10,6.1.3语境有助于对多义词的判断和学习,在英语中,一个词可能会有多种含义。同一个词,由于语境不同,常常表达了完全不同的意思。因此,在阅读过程中,要判断某词所表达的确切意思,必须把这个词与它所在的语境联系起来看,这样才能正确地理解它的含义。,11,(5)1.The little boy had dirty hands.(小男孩的手很脏。) 2.At her right hand stood two boys.(在她右边站着两个男孩。) 3.He writes in a clear hand.(他的书法写得很清楚。) 4.The hands of the clock is broken.(这钟的指针断了。) 5.Mr. Hunter suddenly failed, and all hands in the mill were turned off.(罕特先生突然破了产,工厂的所有职工都被解雇。),12,6.You must have your hands full in that kindergarten.(在那个幼儿园里,你一定是个大忙人。) 7.He had no hand in the matter.(他跟那事情毫无关系。) 8.The terminal examination is at hand.(学期考试快到了。) 9.Would you please give me a hand?(请给我帮个忙,好吗?) 10.Did this letter come by hand or through the post?(这封信是专人送来的呢,还是从邮局寄来的?),13,再如strike: (6)1.There were no milk deliveries because of a strike.(由于罢工,牛奶没人送。) 2.He made a fist as if to strike me.(他握紧着拳头,像是要给我一拳。) 3.They have struck oil.(他们发现了石油。) 4.What struck me about him was his patience.(他那极大的耐心给我印象最深。) 5.This clock strikes the hour.(这钟报时。),14,6.1.4 语境有助于修辞的把握,修辞离不开语境,正如陈望道先生所言:“修辞以适应题旨情景为第一义,不应是仅仅语辞的修饰,更不应是离开情境的修饰。”“凡是成功的修辞,必定能够适合内容复杂的题旨,内容复杂的情境,极尽语言文字的可能性。”(陈望道,1976) 语言表达的各种方式、手段的形成要依赖言语环境,离开了具体的语言环境,便无修辞可言。,15,(7)Smith is a plumber. (8)The rock is becoming brittle with age. 例(7)、例(8)两句是一般的陈述句,可从字面上解释。但在一定的语境中,它们都是隐喻修辞。比如,如果我们知道Smith不是管道工,而是一位外科医生,那么,例(7)就是一句隐喻性话语。如果我们用例(8)来谈论一位退休教授,那么,例(8)也就成为一个隐喻句。 (9)The men are pigs. 这个句子在大多数语境中只能作隐喻性解释。但如果是在女妖Circe (荷马史诗奥德赛中把人变成猪的妖妇)的宫殿中,这个句子由Ulysses所说,那它就只能作字面解释。,16,6.1.5语境有助于理解与文化背景有关的词语,不同的社会有不同的文化传统习惯。不同社会背景的人们在进行交际时,尽管可以使用同一种语言,也可能产生理解上的问题。,17,(10)Would you have your dinner right away?” (11)to bear ones cross (背十字架) (12)the forbidden fruit (禁果) (14)the last straw (最后一根稻草) (13)the sour grape (酸葡萄),18,616语境有助于口语能力的提高,语境对语言交际的制约作用,表现在语言交际的各个方面。特别在口头交际中,人们为了使交际顺利进行,必须根据具体的语境选择恰当的语言表达形式。,19,(16)Ethel: You want to stay here and watch the boat while I run into the store. Norman: I got no call to watch to the boat. Ethel: Come with me, if you want to. Norman: No, thank you so much. (15) 1. How do you do? 2. How are you? 3. Hello. How are you? 4. Hi, Tom. 5. Good morning, Mr. Smith.,20,思考题,*语境在语言学习中能起到哪些作用?,21,62语境与词汇学习,概述:词汇是语言的基本单位,词汇的变化最迅速、也最频繁,因为词汇对社会生活的发展最敏感,社会生活的每一变化都会通过词汇反映出来,词汇随着它所反映的事物的变化和人们对事物的认识的加深而发生词义变化。词汇是外语学习中最重要的一个方面,大概也是最大的难题之一。随着学习难度的增大,人们普遍认识到一方面扩大词汇量的紧迫性,另一方面也感到在特定的场合中正确使用词汇的必要性。根据语言的特点,只有在适当的语境中学才能把词汇学的快、掌握的牢固。所以,在语境中学习词汇可以达到多快好省的效果。,22,词汇作为认知的最基本单元,其理解过程不只是单纯的解码过程,而是一个语用推理过程,即在词义与语境知识之间找到最佳关联,从而使词汇意义达到足够的语境效果的过程。理解词和词义的相互关系与认知者的百科知识和解读策略有关,由于词汇意义的理解过程是一个认知语境参与的过程,而认知语境的操作离不开“知识草案”和“心理图式”的参与,心理图式作为认知语境的一部分影响词汇意义的理解。尤其是遇到词语的基本意义与语境有矛盾时,应对词义作出多种假设,尽可能扩大和深化认知,同时对语境和词义的关系进行思辨和推理,尽量从句中另一已知词汇来推测词义,并从自己背景知识的网络系统中找寻最具有关联的意义,从而达到对词义的准确理解。,23,621利用语境确定词义,(1)“Rats and mice and such small deer, Have been Toms food for seven long years.” (2)Tom is drawing a truck. (3) The coffee spilled, get a mop. (4) The coffee spilled, get a broom.,24,(5)They have made a play of his first novel,but after reading the book,I found the play a great disappointment. (6)During a holiday in Scot,I need only to wear a suit and a thin shirt. (8)How do you do? (7)Old lady: “What do you have for gray hair?” Assistant: “Great respect,madam!”,6.2.1利用语境确定词义,25,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,(11)She did not know that she was being overlooked by the woman next door(supervise) His calculation was wrong because he overlooked one tiny point(neglected) (10)overlook: Aneglect Bdisplay Csupervise Ddislike,26,1定义法 在阅读中,常会碰到一些非常生疏偏僻的单词,有些词甚至在常用的英汉词典也难以找到。这时我们可用定义法,即借助于在上下文中作者给该词定义线索,大致猜出该单词的含意。引出表示定义的标识语(indicator)主要有to be, means,be defined as,be called,be considered to be, (can)be described as,等等。,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,27,(12)In common usage,a relation means two or more things having something in common. (13)In mathematics we define a relation as a set of ordered pairs of the form(X,Y)Sometimes a description or rule is also included that states the relationship between x and y.,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,28,2解释法 有时单词难以确定其意义,可以通过语法结构分析,判断词与词之间的关系,找出对该词的解释部分或同位语。起解释标志的结构通常是“that-clause”、“who-clause”,引出解释短语的标识语通常有:furthermore,then,namely,for example,what is more,that is,in other words,破折号,括号()等等。,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,29,(16)This energy of motion, or kinetic energy is never truly conserved (15)It has given us an entirely new view of life as summed up in the world evolution,that is, the theory of the development of more complicated forms of life (plants,animals) from earlier and simpler forms. (14)He sold a panacea that he claimed was good for relieving stomach distress,headaches,fever,muscular disorders,seasickness and every other disease,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,30,3例证法 为了把某个词或词组说得更具体明白,作者可能列举一些类似词语。这些类似的词语常有个特征,它所列的对象属于这一生词的同类别。常用的引出例证的标识语有:for example, such as, like, mainly, especially筹。,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,31,(19)Household appliances, especially TV sets,washing machines and tape-recorders are not selling well these days (18)Although the hazards of the trip were manyfor example,the unbearable heat,the lack of water, the possibility of getting lost, the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakesCollins, nevertheless decided that she must go,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,32,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,(17)Different occupations differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old,33,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,4对比法 在阅读中,有时碰到某个生词,我们可以通过上下文的语义对比关系,确定该生词的含义。引出对比的标识语主要有but,yet,however,unlike,on the contrary等。 (20)Unlike her gregarious sister, Mary is a shy and unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends (21)We never believed that he would resort to subterfuge in order to achieve his goal;we always regarded him as an honest man,34,5重复法 有时,句子中出现的生词,作者会在该生词的前或后的句子中,以词或词组的形式出现,从另一个侧面进一步阐述该词的意思。这些意思重复的词或词组可能是学过的,以此获得生词的意思。 (22)Etymologists are concerned with finding the derivation of wordsTo do this,they trace a word back to its original form and meaning (23)If you want to concentrate on listening to music,you will have to stop daydreaming and focus on the composers line of musical development,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,35,6因果关系法 一定的原因必然会导致某个结果或一定的结果肯定产生于某个原因,它们之间存在着一定的逻辑关系。所以,可以通过分析因果关系获得词义。 (26)She is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eyes (25)Because of exorbitant animal production,each Westerner requires two or six times more grain per day than does his counterpart in developing countries,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,36,8段落法 有时对某一个单词或表达无法从上下文的一两个句子中进行猜测,必须通读整个段落才能猜出。这种猜词方法有助于帮助我们分析和理解整个段落甚至整篇文章。 (27)Insect fecundity is frightening. Many species lay hundreds or thousands of eggs after each mating. Some insects pass through their entire life cycles, from egg to adult, in a matter of days or weeks, producing dozens of generations a season. This gives insects an enormous evolutionary advantage over man.,6.2.2利用语境猜测词义,37,思考题,1.语境在语言学习中能起到哪些作用? 2.简述利用语境学习单词、扩大词汇量的几种方法。,38,GOODBYE,THANKS 4 UR ATTENTION !,更多资源,
展开阅读全文