大学英语写作正文的常见写法.ppt

Lecture Nine,文章正文段的常见写法,模式一,做某事的好处 做某事的坏处 例如： 1992年12月CET-4：The Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports 1.体育运动的好处。 2.体育运动可能带来的副作用。 3.我参加体育运动的体会。,CET-6 Motorcycles and City Traffic 1.近年来中国城市中的摩托车 2.摩托车的优点和缺点 3.你对我国城市中摩托车发展前景的看法,1996年1月CET-4： The Two-Day Weekend 1.双休日给大学生带来的好处 2.双休日可能给大学生带来的问题 3.我应该怎样过好双休日,常用写法一,Doing sth. has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of doing sth. can be illustrated from the following. To begin with, Secondly, Last but not least, However, there are also some disadvantages of doing sth. First of all, Another disadvantage is In addition, ,常用写法二,There are several advantages of doing sth. In the first place, In the second place, What is more, Just as everything has two sides, doing something can also cause some problems. For one thing, For another, For still another, Furthermore, ,There are some positive aspects of doing sth. Doing sth. can result in many good aspects. There are also some negative aspects of doing sth. Doing sth. can also lead to/ bring about/ give rise to some positive aspects.,Example One: Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports,With the improvement of peoples living standards, an increasing number of people have become aware of the importance of good health and more and more people have been interested in taking part in sports.,Sports benefit us in many aspects. (There are many positive aspects of taking part in sports.) To begin with, when doing sports, we get the chance to train all parts of our bodies. There is no doubt that proper sports activities keep our physical fitness. Furthermore, sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health. Through participation in sports, everyone can learn that on the playground he not only struggles for himself but also fights for his team. Sports teach us about consideration, cooperation and optimism.,On the other hand, sports may do some harm to those who do not plan their activities properly. (However, there are also some negative aspects of doing sports.) Too much training may hurt their bodies, exhaust their vigor and even cause them to be sick.,In all, I love sports. Through going in for sports, I not only gain a well-balanced life, but also get more chances to move closer to nature. Sports add happiness to my everyday life.,The advance of science and technology makes people have more free time. Nowadays, we have 5-workday week. Therefore, our university and college students can have much more leisure time.,Example Two: The Two-day Weekend,The two-day weekend really benefits college students a lot. Most important of all, we have more time to learn more social knowledge by taking part in social activities or doing part-time jobs. In addition, we can have more time to relax ourselves. For example, we can do some physical exercise, watch TV at home and so on.,In the meantime, the two-day weekend also will bring some problems. In the first place, some college students always idle away their time, playing cards, drinking and even gambling. In the second place, doing part-time jobs will distract studentsattention from their study.,Taking into account all these factors, we can safely come to the conclusion that college students will get/ gain more benefits from the two-day weekend. As a student, I myself consider it very beneficial to us college students. If possible, I will find time to do many interesting things such as doing a part-time job or participating in social practice. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. It is really true.,模式二,有些人认为.如：（做）某事有必要 有些人认为相反 如：（做）某事没有必要,1992年1月CET-4： Is Failure a Bad Thing? 1. 失败是常有的事。 2. 人们对失败有各种不同的态度。 3. 我对失败的态度。,1993年6月CET-6 My View on Opportunity 有人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？写出你的观点，说明你的理由并举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。,1995年1月CET-4： Can Money Buy Happiness 1. 有人认为金钱是幸福之本(source of happiness) 2. 也有人认为金钱是万恶之源(root of all evil) 3. 我的看法,1995年6月CET-6 Should Firecrackers Be Banned? 1.有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么？ 2.有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么？ 3.我的看法。,1996年6月CET-4： Global Shortage of Fresh Water 1.人们认为淡水是取之不尽的（提示：雨水，河水，井水） 2.实际上淡水是非常紧缺的（提示：人口增加，工业用水增加，污染） 3.我们应该怎麽办,1997年6月CET-6 My View on Job-Hopping 1.有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为 2.有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为 3.我的看法,1998年6月：Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? 1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。 2. 我认为数字和运气无关。,1999年6月：Reading Extensively Or Intensively? 1.有人认为读书要有选择 2.有人认为应当博览群书 3.我的看法,2000年6月：Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? 1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是 2.也有人持不同意见 3.我的看法和打算,常用写法一,When it comes to , different people may have totally different ideas. Some people think , while others disagree.,常用写法二,As far as doing sth. is concerned, people hold various ideas. There are some people who believe , while there are also many others who dont think so.,常用写法三,People who are for have their own reasons. People who are against also have their own reasons.,常用写法四,Some people have good reason to think Other people have also good reason to disagree.,Example: Is Failure a Bad Thing?,Failure is a common thing in our daily life. Whenever we make up our mind to do something, there are always two probable results: success and failure. Although most people want to succeed, failure cant be avoided.,However, people hold different attitudes towards failure. Some people regard failure as a bad thing. After a failure, they may become discouraged and even give up their hope for success. They think people will laugh at them because of their failure.,On the other hand, there are still many other people who believe that failure is not a bad thing. They are not seriously affected by failure. In spite of their failure, they continue to do their best in what they do until they finally succeed.,In my opinion, whether a failure is good or bad somewhat depends on how one copes with the failure he has experienced. If you take a pessimistic attitude towards your failure, it will be a head-on blow to you and even do you severe harm. On the contrary, if you take an optimistic attitude towards failure, it may benefit you tremendously. You can find the correct way to success on the basis of your objective analysis of your failures. Remember, failure is not a crime, but failure to learn from failure is.,模式三,提出问题 分析问题 解决问题,分析问题的常用句型,There are many reasons why . There are many means through which college students can get to know the society. The existence of the problem of can be attributed to the following main reasons.,解决问题的常用句型,To deal with this problem successfully, the government, the department concerned has taken many effective measures. Various measures/ steps/ actions should be taken to handle the problem of The following measures can be adopted/ carried out to cope with the problem of ,1997年6月CET-4：Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus 1.大学生了解社会的必要性 2.了解社会的途径（大众传媒，社会服务等） 3.我打算怎麽做,1997年12月：Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 1.目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为什么会有这种现象？ 2.举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人，社会等的危害。 3. （措施）,CET-6 How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic Outline: 问题：城市交通拥挤 解决方案 (solution) 1、建造(lay down)更多道路 优点：1）降低街道拥挤程度；2）加速车流(flow of traffic) 缺点：占地过多 2、开辟(open up)更多公共汽车线路 优点：减少自行车与小汽车 缺点：对部分人可能造成不便 结论：两者结合,Example: Fighting Against Fake Commodities and Inferior Goods,Nowadays, fake and inferior goods are a common occurrence in our market. They have not only had bad effects on the society and people, but also laid roadblocks to the development of the national economy. The government and consumers must work together to get rid of the roadblocks.,Fake commodities are harmful to us in many aspects. For one thing, they are dangerous to consumers. Fake goods ranging from foods, clothes to radios, TV sets, 2. Possible reasons for the decline of car accidents in the city; 3. Your predictions of what will happen this year.,Months in 1990,Number of car accidents,96-CET-6 Health Gains in Developing Countries 1.以下图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命life expectancy)和婴儿死亡率( infant mortality)的变化情况。 2.说明引起变化的各种原因。,Life Expectancy,Infant Mortality,years old,deaths per 1,000 births,2002.6,Topic: Student Use of Computers Base your composition on the chart and the outline given. 1下图所示为1990年、1995年、2002年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化； 2请说明发生这些表化的原因（可以从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）； 3你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。,Average number of hours a student spends on computer per week,Hours/week,Year,图表作文,用图象、表格、数字等传达信息。 将图象、表格、数字转换成说明性文字，属于说明文。 应注意对所给数字进行比较，从中找出变化规律，分析造成变化的原因并得出结论（预测未来发展趋势），或对其所反映的事实结果进行评论。,图表作文的基本写作要求,充分利用图表中的信息，把握文字和说明，找出图表所要表达的主题。 仔细分析图表提供的信息加以比较和归纳，选出具有代表意义的信息。避免过多引用。 通过对图表的分析，进行概括性的评论（变化趋势和造成原因）的说明，最后得出结论。,写作技巧,分三段：引言段、正文段和结论段 引言段：引出话题、说明图表所反映的总体情况。 正文段：对具体数字进行分析比较，归纳出增减速度发展趋势和原因等。 结论段：对图表所反映的主题发表评论（个人看法、展望、预测等）,惯用词汇,Table, diagram, graph, chart Show, demonstrate, indicate Statistics, rate, speed, ratio, percentage, figures, (statistical) data Increase, decrease, reduce, decline, rise, go down, go up Be on the rise/increase, decrease/ decline Sharply, slowly, drastically, dramatically, approximately,惯用表达和句型,As can be seen from the table As shown in the graph As is demonstrated in the diagram As indicated by the results of a survey The table shows that The figures show that The ratio of A to B is,惯用表达和句型,A study in XXXX showed that As you may see from the table From the above chart we can see Take a careful look at the table, and we will find The number increased(decreased) by From all the facts given above, we can conclude that,惯用表达和句型,After a careful analysis of the data, we can draw the following conclusion. As a result of careful observation and analysis, a tentative conclusion as follows can be reached. The rapid increase growth/ decline/ change of XXXX can be attributed to various factors.,惯用表达和句型,From the table/graph, it is obvious/ apparent that the number of XXXX has been on the decline/ increase over the past few years. The last few years witnessed a drastic/ dramatic increase/ decrease in the number of hours that college students spend on computers.,An Example:Student Use of Computer,Students tend to use computers more and more nowadays. Reading this chart, we can find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharply. In 1990, it was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 5 hours, and in 2000, the number soared to 20 hours.,Obviously computers are becoming more and more (increasingly) popular. There are several reasons for this (the popularity). First, (First of all, Above all) computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the fast development of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact with friends in remote places through the Internet. Besides, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enables more students to purchase them.,However, there still exist some problems, such as poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on. And how to balance the time between using computers and studying is also a serious problem. Anyhow, we still benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly. (And I am firm in my belief that in the future, young students will make more effective use of computers to benefit themselves. ),书信作文,Letter Writing,2001.6,Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the weeklong holiday. 1 表示欢迎 2 提出对度假安排的建议 3 提醒应注意的事项,2002.1,A letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. 假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。,书信作文的写作要求,只要求写正文body，而信头heading，信内地址inside address，称呼salutation，信末客套话complimentary closing，签名signature等都已给出。,书信作文的写作技巧,也分三段来写：开头，正文，结尾。 开头：介绍写信的原因，最近的情况。 正文：写信的具体内容。 结尾：期待盼望的话或再次提醒。,开头常用语,I am very glad to have received your letter dated XXXX. Please pardon me for not answering your letter immediately. Your letter dated XXXX gave me much pleasure. I am happy to know from your last letter that XXXX.,结尾常用语,Hoping to hear from you soon. Looking forward to your reply soon. Awaiting your reply. Wishing you every success. With best regards. Please give my best wishes/regards to XXX (please remember me to XXXX),正文段的写法,同其它文章的正文段写法。 围绕主题，提出主题思想（主题句），分层次议论（列举，举例等），说明主题。,注意事项,人称多为“我”。 I suggest, I think, I advise that you do In my opinion,it is a good idea to do 适当使用祈使句（建议） Be careful, be confident, relax yourself,An Example,Dear Mr. President, I am very lucky to attend this world-famous university, but I am afraid I am not content with the canteen service on campus.,(There are various aspects of the canteen services that need to be improved/bettered.) Firstly, the quality of the dishes should be improved. Undoubtedly, there are a lot of delicious dishes, but all the year, they are the same. More and more students are complaining about eating the same food each day. So I think the most urgent problem is variety.,Secondly, the price is a bit too high. Many of us hope that the canteen can provide us with not only delicious but also cheaper food. Finally, the environment is so noisy that we cannot enjoy our meals in good mood. I suggest that there be some soft music to help us relax.,Those presented suggestions are not just of my own, but also of many other students. We hope our respectable president will pay attention to our suggestions (and take effective measures to deal with the problem). By the way, the canteen workers are very patient and always smiling. So I think if our university offers them better conditions, they will offer us better service.,