英汉翻译

讲授人高雷 1、汉唐时期的佛经翻译 2、明清时期的西方近代科学的翻译 3、五四时期的西方人文科学的翻译 4、建国以后，尤其是改革开放以来，对西方的全面译介一、形神兼备形神兼备 例例1：七八个星天外，七八个星天外，两三点雨山前。（辛弃疾）两三点雨山前。（辛弃疾）Beyond the clouds seven or eight stars twinkle,Before the hills two or three raindrops sparkle.(许渊冲许渊冲 译）译）例2：人曾为僧；人弗能成佛，人曾为僧；人弗能成佛，女卑为婢；女又何妨成奴。女卑为婢；女又何妨成奴。A Buddhist cannot bud into a Buddha,A maiden may be made a home maid.（许渊冲（许渊冲 译）译）例3：star If you are A love compassionate,You will walk with us this year.Huddld At your feet 星啊，星啊，如果你那如果你那 爱中满含怜悯，爱中满含怜悯，来年就和我们同行。来年就和我们同行。我们面对冰河距离，如今我们面对冰河距离，如今 拥挤拥挤 在你脚底在你脚底（黄杲忻（黄杲忻 译）译）二、舍形取神舍形取神 例例1：Why the river is rich,because it has two banks.为什么河流是富有的，为什么河流是富有的，因为它总向因为它总向前（钱）前（钱）流。流。例2：台城 江雨霏霏江草齐，六朝如梦鸟空啼。无情最是台城柳，依旧烟笼十里堤。（唐韦庄）The Heartless Willows Rain on the river,lashing the waters,drenching the weedy banks.Where,now,the pomp and profusion of the Six Dynasties?A dream;a memory still alive,perhaps,in the birds that start crying every springto what avail?Most heartless are the willows.Draped in gauze,they dance,gay as ever,on the dikes around the former palace grounds.（翁显良 译）三、得形忘义得形忘义抽刀断水水更流，抽刀断水水更流，举杯消愁愁更愁。（李白）举杯消愁愁更愁。（李白）Drawing sword,cut into water,water again flows;Raising up,quench sorrow,sorrow again sorrow.（Tran.Ezra Pound)四、译者的无奈、读者的遗憾译者的无奈、读者的遗憾 例例1：石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。氏时石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。氏时适市视狮。十时，适十狮适市。氏视十适市视狮。十时，适十狮适市。氏视十狮，恃矢势，使十狮逝死。氏拾是十狮狮，恃矢势，使十狮逝死。氏拾是十狮尸，适石室，石室湿，氏使拭石室，石尸，适石室，石室湿，氏使拭石室，石室拭，氏始试食是十狮尸。食时，实识室拭，氏始试食是十狮尸。食时，实识是狮尸，实十石狮尸，试释是事。是狮尸，实十石狮尸，试释是事。例2：Able was I ere I saw Elba.Translation Studies TranslatologyPhilological phasePhilological phaseLinguistic phaseCultural phaseinterdisciplinary phase 例一：A thousand moustaches can live together,but not four breasts.千条汉子能相处；两个婆娘不相容。例二：-What flower does everybody have?-Tulips(=two lips)-人人都有什么花？-泪花。例三：Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us.Their shadows slept,or almost slept,upon that water,a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep,or if sleep,that it was sleep with dreams.渔舟三五，横泊眼前，樯影倒映水面，仿佛睡去，偶尔微颤，似未深眠，恍若惊梦。1.Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closet natural equivalent of the source language,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(Eugene,Nida)2.Translation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.3.A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.The style and manner of writing should be the same character as that of the original.A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.(Tytler 1791)参考译文参考译文1：所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近：所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先就的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先就意义而言，其次就文体而言。意义而言，其次就文体而言。参考译文参考译文2：翻译可作如下界定：用一种语言：翻译可作如下界定：用一种语言的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言的文本的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言的文本材料。材料。参考译文参考译文3：译文应完全复写出原作的意思。：译文应完全复写出原作的意思。译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。译文应和原作同样流畅。译文应和原作同样流畅。一、音韵美(music value)1）The electronic devices are used in computers as switches that simply turn on and off.1、这些电子器械在计算机中起着开关的作用，只是为了打开和关掉。2、这些电子器械在计算机中起着开关的作用，只是开开关关而已。2）Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.1、欢迎他的只有轻微的、分散的、三心二意的掌声。2、欢迎他的只有轻轻的、零零落落的、半心半意的掌声。二、节奏美（rhythm value）1）One of my friends is lucky enough to be housed in a building constructed in the age of Henry VIII.Almost every other day,groups of tourists will congregate outside his window,peering in curiously,as if he were part of the history.1、有一位朋友有幸住在一幢亨利八世时代的古老建筑里，隔三差五窗外就有一批指指点点的游客，把他当成古董一并参观了。2、有一位朋友有幸住在一幢亨利八世时代的古老建筑里，隔三差五，窗外就驻足成批游客，指指点点，把他，连同这古屋，一并当古董参观了。2）In the doorway,lay at least 12 umbrellas of all sizes and colors.1、在门口至少放着尺寸不同、颜色各异的12把伞。2、门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有12把，五颜六色，大小不一”。三、简约美（conciseness value）1）Any person not putting litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of$5.1、任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将处以罚款5美元。2、垃圾不入篮，罚款5美元”。四、丰润美(full-grownness value)1）Previously,if I had been really interested in a book,I would race from page to page,eager to know what came next.Now,I decide,I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar.1、以前，假如我对一本书真的有了兴趣，我就会一页一页往下赶，迫切地想知道接下去发生了什么。现在，我决定我对词汇应该变得像小气鬼一样，并且拉长每一句句子，就像一个穷人花费他的最后一美元一样。2、以前，假如我对一本书真的有了兴趣，就会一页一页的往下赶，迫切地想知道接下去发生了什么。现在，我决定对词汇要像守财奴那样，不轻易放过，也要像穷人过日子，把每个句子，当作身边的最后一块钱，省吃俭用，慢慢花费”。五、意境美（artistic conception value）1）Illness brought her a strange restlessness and made her all the more eager to cling to life and squeeze from it the last drop of happiness.It made her envy health,but it also made her sentimental over a leaf that the wind had blown into her room.1、疾病带给她一种奇怪的烦乱不宁，使她更加迫切地抓住人生，从中挤出最后一滴幸福。疾病还使她羡慕健康，可是，也同样使她看见一片被风吹进房间的树叶而感伤。2、这种病使她特别敏感不安，她越发急切于抓住人生不放，似乎是要把人生的甜蜜幸福挤到最后的一滴而后已。这病使她多么羡慕人家的健康，也使她多愁善感，见一叶飘零，随风入室，便愁绪满怀，无以自解。六、口吻美（tone value）A thousand moustaches can live together,but not four breasts.七、形象美(image value)1）The magic spades of archaeology have given us the whole lost world of Egypt 1、考古学家们的工作让我们了解整个古埃及的情况。2、考古学家手中的魔铲为我们重现了古埃及失落的世界”。2）My Heynes Tibullus was grasped at such a moment.It lay on the stall of the old bookshop in Goodge Street-a stall where now and then one found an excellent thing among quantities of rubbish.1、我的那本海涅编写的狄巴拉斯诗选就是在这样的情况下得到手的。它躺在古畿大街一家旧书屋的书摊上，你在这个书店可以时不时地在大量的垃圾货中找到绝妙的东西。2、我的那本海涅编写的狄巴拉斯诗选就是在这样的情况下得到手的。它躺在古畿大街一家旧书屋的书摊上，这家书屋是一个可以沙里淘金的去处。八、整饬美（parallelism value）1）They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving,between being stupid and acting stupid,between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable.（2002年TEM8英译汉）1、他们清楚地知道可爱和假装可爱，愚蠢和大智若愚，知识渊博和假装博学间是有区别的。2、他们明白，爱与装爱、傻与装傻、博学和装博学之间的区别。2）It begins when a feeling of stillness creeps into my consciousness.Everything has suddenly gone quiet.Birds do not chirp.Leaves do not rustle.Insects do not sing.1、起初，有一种平静的感觉悄然袭上我的心头。刹那间，万物都沉寂无声。鸟儿不再啁啾，树叶不再沙沙作响，昆虫也停止了欢唱。2、起初，有一种平静的感觉悄然爬上我的心头。世间万物，顿时沉寂。鸟儿不再啁啾，树叶不再婆娑，昆虫不再吟唱。九、朦胧美（mistiness value）1）Aside from damaging the islands international image,Liao said the skimpily clad women caused car accidents and spurred juvenile crime.He said they attracted the attention of teenagers who got into fights,even though sex isnt generally on offer.1、除了有损此岛的国际形象之外，廖说，这些穿“三点式”服装的女子常诱发小轿车的交通事故，导致少年犯罪。他说，这些女子对十几岁的青少年颇具诱惑力，而常引起斗殴，即使这些女子通常不出卖其肉体。2、除了有损此岛的国际形象之外，廖说，这些穿着暴露的女子常诱发交通事故，他说，这些女子对十几岁的青少年颇具诱惑力，而常引起斗殴，即使这些女子通常不从事色情交易 十、创造美（creativity value）1）If my mother had known of it,shed have died a second time.1、如果我母亲知道这事，她一定会气得死第二次的。2、假如我的母亲知道这件事情，她一定会气得从棺材里面跳出来”。2）为女民兵题照（毛泽东）飒爽英姿五尺枪，曙光初照演兵场。中华儿女多奇志，不爱红装爱武装。Militia Women -Inscription on a PhotoSo bright and brave,with rifles five feet long,At early dawn they shine on a drilling place.Most Chinese daughters have desire so strong,To face the powder and not to powder the face.3）When I was as young as you are now,towering in confidence of twenty-one,little did I suspect that I should be at forty-nine,what I now am.1、我在你这个年纪，二十出头，充满自信，意气风发，哪里会想到49岁今天的我呢？2、我在你这个年纪，二十出头，小荷尖尖，意气风发，哪里会想到49岁今天的我呢？我有你这么年轻的时候，二十一岁，壮志凌云，半点没有想到，四十九岁，这个年龄的样子。翻译下列材料，注意划线部分翻译下列材料，注意划线部分1.The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy.His son or daughter whom he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful.Those who are nearest and dearest to us,those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name,may become traitors to their faith.2.I took home a briefcase full of troubles.As I sat down on that hot and humid evening,there seemed to be no solutions to the problems thrashing around in my brain.So I picked up a book,settled into a comfortable chair and applied my own special therapysuper-slow reading.参考译文参考译文1：世上的莫逆之交可能反目成仇。倾心：世上的莫逆之交可能反目成仇。倾心呵护抚养成人的儿女到头来可能不念养育之恩。呵护抚养成人的儿女到头来可能不念养育之恩。我们的至爱亲朋，我们以幸福与名声相托的人，我们的至爱亲朋，我们以幸福与名声相托的人，也许会背叛其当初的誓言。也许会背叛其当初的誓言。参考译文参考译文2：我带着满满一皮包伤透脑筋的问题回：我带着满满一皮包伤透脑筋的问题回到家里。黄昏时分，既闷热，又潮湿，我坐下来，到家里。黄昏时分，既闷热，又潮湿，我坐下来，满脑子翻腾起伏的问题，似乎找不到解决的办法。满脑子翻腾起伏的问题，似乎找不到解决的办法。我只好拿起一本书，坐在舒适的椅子里，施展自我只好拿起一本书，坐在舒适的椅子里，施展自己的特殊疗养法了己的特殊疗养法了那便是超慢速阅读。那便是超慢速阅读。1、现在分词处理She joined the party,wearing a white dress.她穿着白裙子参加了晚会。2、过去分词处理Defeated,the Japanese invaders surrendered.因为战败，日本侵略者投降了。3、形容词处理Any country,big or small,must be equal.国家无论大小，一律平等。4、名词处理A famous singer,she is very popular in China.她是中国非常著名的歌唱家。5、动词处理Sink or swim,Ill have a try.不管成功与否，我要试一试。6、不定式处理 To make our country more strong,everyone should make their contribution.为了祖国更加强大，每个人都应作出自己的贡献。1）、名词或代词+现在分词结构Time permitting,well go visiting.2）、名词或代词+过去分词结构His work done,he went home.3）、名词或代词+副词结构she reached out her hands,palms up.4）、名词或代词+形容词结构she entered the room,face red with cold.5）、名词或代词+名词结构 His first novel a success,he wrote another.6）、名词或代词+介词结构The teacher came into the room,books in hand.7）、名词或代词+不定式结构We have many visitors,some to see us off,some to fetch things,some to do both.14、With以上七种独立主格，来处理从属部分。1、英语重形合，汉语重意合An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。2、英语前重心；汉语后重心Tragedies can be written in Literature since there is tragedy in life.生活中既然有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。3、英语静态语言；汉语动态语言英语静态特征在于句法和词汇两个方面，前者常使用非谓语或非限定动词以及省略动词；后者常使用动词名词化、动词的同源名词、动词的同源形容词、介词以及副词等。而汉语则青睐动词。I fell madly in love with her,and she with me.我疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了我。4、英语重物称；汉语重人称A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Tom in.汤姆进门时，带来一缕雪茄烟雾。5、英语多被动；汉语多主动It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.长期以来，大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最主要的。6、英语多复合长句；汉语多简单短句Illness brought her a strange restlessness and made her all the more eager to cling to life and squeeze from it the last drop of happiness.It made her envy health,but it also made her sentimental over a leaf that the wind had blown into her room.这种病使她特别敏感不安，她越发急切于抓住人生不放，似乎是要把人生的甜蜜幸福挤到最后的一滴而后已。这病使她多么羡慕人家的健康，也使她多愁善感，见一叶飘零，随风入室，便愁绪满怀，无以自解。7、英语重后饰；汉语重前饰It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias.借助于想象与持不同偏见的人进行辩论，是一个很好的办法。8、英语重短语；汉语轻短语英语句法的基本主体是：短语或词组；汉语更偏重以单词为基本的句法成分。You must stand up for your friend.你得支持你的朋友。9、英语重时体；汉语轻时体Im now living in a very pleasant flat.My wife is always changing her clothes.我现在住在一间非常舒适的公寓里；我夫人总是在更换服装。10、英语重形态；汉语轻形态More recently he introduced himself into the debate on welfare reform by insisting that unwed motherhood,not joblessness,was the key problem.最近，由于坚持认为是未婚母亲而不是失业才是问题症结所在，他使自己卷入关于福利改革的争论中去。1.As the weather was fine,we decided to climb the mountain.2.As water can float a ship,so can it swallow the ship.3.Put into an old Chinese proverb,it means that one will never find it difficult to do anything until one has experienced it.4.A notion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them.5.As soon as the cinema is in darkness,spotlights are focused on the curtains which are drawn slowly apart,often to the accompaniment of music to reveal the title of the cinema.参考答案：1.天气很好，我们爬山去了。2.水能载舟，也能覆舟。3.用中国的一句老话来说：事非经过不知难。4.在美国有一种根深蒂固的观点，说是只有那些抚养得起子女的人才应鼓励其生育。5.在电影院变成一片漆黑的一刹那间，聚光灯照在徐徐打开的帷幕上，常常在音乐的伴奏下，显露出影片的片名。Translation and Culture Definition:The way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of express.(Newmark)Cultural Categories1.ecology culture:transference2.material culture:transference/cultural equivalence3.social culturework and leisure4.organizations,customs activities,procedures,concepts5.political and administrative:functional equivalence6.religious7.artistic8.gestures and habits 1.Therere one thousand and one questions,and no answer.2.One thousand and one night.3.twenty-and-twenty times.1、问题很多，但没有答案。2、天方夜谭 3、许多次 4.The old man informed us that his wife had had 13 children,one in every month of the year,and one over besides._Maugham(毛姆)4、老人告诉我们，他老婆生了13个孩子，名字是用12个月的名称起的，还少1个名字。5.It was a fairly large house of yellow bricks,with a red roof,built about 5-and-twenty years before.5、这栋大房子,黄砖红顶,大约建于25年前.6.A long sigh of content broke from their 2-and-thirty throats.7.Ill drink a hundred and nine-thousand bottles of beer.6、他们32个人由衷地发出了满意的感叹。7、我要喝很多啤酒。8.He lived not a hundred miles off.9.Its a thousand pity!8、他住的不太远。9.太遗憾了。10.I am advanced 70 now.11.My grandson is full of 12.10、我现在虚岁70了。11.我孙子周岁12了 12.Hed soon be in the 2nd 15.13.Were all in the first 11.14.nine-to-five Nine-to-fiver 12、他不久将加入第二个橄榄球队。13、我们是第一出场的足球队。14、长白班；上长白班的人 15.Youre the last person I expected to find here.16.He is a practicing doctor.15、我不想在这儿遇见你。16、他是个挂牌出诊的医生。17.Ill see you home.18.Shell see her grandmother out.19.Even scientists must have moments of relaxation.17、我开车送你回家。18、她要给奶奶送终。19、科学家也难免有疏忽的时候。20.An army marches on its stomach.21.Wild goose;cat;landlord.22.Be my tongue for a moment.20、人马未动，粮草先行。21、沾花惹草；恶毒的女人；房东 22、为我做会翻译。23.It is more blessed to give than to receive.24.cool hand;blue eye;red eye 23、施比受更为有福。24、厚颜无耻；青睐；廉价的酒。Translate the following passage:Attitudes toward Work A person may have an idea about himself that will prevent him from doing good work.He may have the idea that he is not capable of it.It is easy to get such an idea even though there is not justification for it.A child may think he is stupid because he does not understand how to make the most of his mental faculties,or he may accept another persons mistaken estimate of his ability.Older people may be handicapped by the mistaken belief that are incapable of learning anything new because of their age.A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort,because he feels that it would be useless.He wont go at a job with the confidence necessary for success,and he wont work his hardest,even though he may think he is doing so.He therefore is likely to fail,and failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence参考答案：工作态度 人们对自己的认识有时会妨碍他们出色地工作。他可能会认为自己无法胜任，尽管有时毫无根据，人们还是很容易产生这种想法。孩子会认为自己很愚蠢，因为他不知道如何充分利用自己的智慧，也或者是因为他接受了别人对他能力的错误估计。上了年纪的人也可能会受制于错误观念，认为由于年纪的关系，自己已经无法再学会任何新的东西一个相信自己无能的人不会作出真正的努力，因为他觉得努力毫无用处。他不能怀着成功所需的自信进行工作，也不会竭尽全力，即使他觉得自己已经尽力。所以，他很可能会失败，而失败则会使他更加确信自己的无能。Fuzzy Language and Translation余光中曾说：大翻译家都是高明的“文字的媒婆”，他得具有一种能力，将两种并非一见钟情甚至是冤家的文字，配成情投意合的一对佳偶。从这个意义上来说，翻译如婚配，是一种两相妥协的艺术，概而言之，译者所面对的两种文字表达，或是“一见钟情”，或是“冤家对头”。1做一名出色的“（文字）媒婆”，英汉之互译，面对精确美感与模糊美感，无非有四种基本的翻译手法：以精确译精确、以精确译模糊、以模糊译精确和以模糊译模糊。1参见余光中：余光中谈翻译，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2002年版。一、以精确译精确一、以精确译精确 1）I like looking at children on the verge of some new event and knowing how they feel,I like looking at pregnant women and being able to share their mixed feeling.I like being familiar with things that once made me apprehensive.I like not being afraid to display my ignorance and ask for help.I like the confidence middle age brings.初译：我喜欢看着孩子们遇到新闻奇事时的反应，了解他们的心境，我分享孕妇们错综复杂的情感。我沾沾自喜于熟悉了往昔使我忧心忡忡的事情。我乐于暴露自己的无知，不怕向人求教。我喜欢随着中年而来的自信心。改译：我喜欢孩子们面对新事物而能揣摩其感觉；我喜欢注目孕妇而能体味其复杂心境；我喜欢亲近曾令我疑惧的事物；我喜欢坦陈无知并求教他人；我喜欢人到中年，从容自信。2）Its not her body.Its just betel nut,the mildly narcotic seed from the fruit of the betel pepper which truck drivers and laborers use to help them stay awake.原译：她们并不卖身，而是在卖槟榔果，这是槟榔树果实中略含麻醉作用的种子，卡车驾驶员和体力劳动者常用它们来帮助他们保持头脑清醒而不感到困倦。改译：她们并不卖身，而是在卖槟榔果，这是槟榔树果实中略含麻醉作用的种子，卡车驾驶员和体力劳动者常用它们来提神。二、以精确译模糊二、以精确译模糊 汉语在“模糊中传递语义，朦胧中孕育意境”，而英语则反其道而行之，逻辑与分析携手，语义清朗，表述精确。1）There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem,more than transient everydayness.译文：他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐的问题。2）二十岁的时候，老妈打电话，不等说完三句就恨不能挂了电话。三十岁之后，一听到妈的声音就禁不住哭出声来：“妈呀，您老的所有担心现在都应验了”初译）At the age of twenty,when mother phones me,I am anxious to hang up immediately.After the age of thirty,on hearing mothers voice on the phone,I cannot help crying out,“Mom,all that you worry about have come true.”改译）At the age of twenty,while talking with my mother over the phone,I would hang up before my mother had hardly any utterance.After thirty the voice of Mom invariably triggers my weep and wail,“Mom,your worries about my marriage have all come true.”三、以模糊译精确三、以模糊译精确 英语表达把数理关系誉为语言的形式美，因而数字得到了较为频繁的运用，这些数字并不表示明确的数量概念。汉译时，往往不宜直译，只是用模糊语言表达出来。1）She loved him too well not to detect from the deepened line between his eyes and a score of other minute signs that he had received an unexpected blow.原译：她太爱他了，不可能不从两眼间那道加深了的纹路和二十来种其他琐细的形迹上瞧出来，他受到了一个意外的打击。改译：她深爱着他，能轻易地从他眉宇间那变深的纹路和许多别的琐细形迹上瞧出来，丈夫受到了一个意外的打击。2）she too was a determined woman in her different way,and she measured Madam Defarge with her eyes,every inch.原译：她也是一个很有决断、个性鲜明的女人。这时，她用眼睛估量了达伐奇太太的每一英寸。改译：她也是一个很有决断、个性鲜明的女人。这时，她张大眼睛，把达伐奇太太从上到下、仔仔细细地打量了一番。3）It was an old woman,tall and sharply still,though withered by time,on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.原译：他站住，转过身来，定眼一看，是个年迈的妇女。她身材很高，仍然一副好模样，虽然受了时间的折磨而有点憔悴。改译：他停下脚步，转过脸来，目光落到一位老妇人身上。她高高的个儿，虽然饱经风霜，但却风韵犹存。四、以模糊译模糊四、以模糊译模糊 俗语（idiom）之流行，之被欣赏，之被接受，一个重要原因是其含义朦胧，在表情达意的同时，给人一种模糊美。故以俗语译俗语，常可以模糊译模糊。1）No matter what sunscreen product is used,reapply it after swimming,toweling,or any vigorous activity that causes heavy perspiration.Toweling off can remove even water-resistant sunscreens.原译：不管使用什么牌子的防晒霜，在游泳，擦汗以及任何能导致汗流浃背的剧烈运动后都要重新涂抹。用毛巾擦汗，即使是防水的防晒霜也能被擦掉。改译：不管使用什么牌子的防晒霜，在游泳、搓擦或任何能导致大量出汗的剧烈运动后都要重新涂抹。因为，即使是防水的防晒霜也能被擦洗掉。2）As unpaid chairman for two years,I was plagued by budget problems,noisy wrangles and irate fellow residents ringing my doorbell about leaks or insufficient heat.原译：我当了两年的义务主任，这期间什么收支问题，口角吵嚷，还有一些脾气急躁的住户上门嚷着水管漏水、暖气不足等等，闹得我不亦乐乎。改译：我当了两年的义务主任，这两年里，什么预算问题、吵架问题，还有一些脾气急躁的住户上门来按门铃，要解决渗漏问题，或供暖问题等，搞得我心烦意乱。3）He sought for a word that should not offend the ladies ears.His eyes were flashing and his pale face was paler still in his emotion.原译：他想挑一个太太们听了不会脸红的词儿。他目光炯炯。苍白的脸由于冲动而显得愈加苍白了。改译：他想挑一个太太们听了顺耳的词儿。他目光炯炯，苍白的脸由于冲动而显得愈加苍白了。Translate the following passage:I want a wife I belong to that classification of people known as wives.I am A Wife.And,not altogether incidentally,I am a mother.Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene fresh from a recent divorce.He had one child,who is,of course,with his ex-wife.He is obviously looking for another wife.As I thought about him while I was ironing one evening,it suddenly occurred to me that I,too,would like to have a wife.Why do I want a wife?I would like to go back to school so that I can become economically independent,support myself,and,if need be,support those dependent upon me.I want a wife who will work and send me to school.And while I am going to school I want a wife to keep track of the childrens doctor and dentist appointments参考答案：我想要个妻 我属于人称妻子的那类人，我的确身为人妻。当然啦，还得附带声明，我还身为人母。前不久，我的一位男性朋友出现在我的面前，他离婚不久。他有过一个孩子，当然，孩子丢给前妻了。显而易见，他正在物色下一任妻子。一天傍晚，我在熨烫衣服的时候，忽然想到了他。我忽生一念：我也想有个妻子呀。那么，我为何会忽生此念呢？我想重返校园，经济独立，自给自足。而且必要时，还能养活那些有赖于我的人。我想有个妻子，她既有工作又能送我读书。当我在校园时，我想有个妻子，她能牢记孩子们的医生和牙医的看病预约 内容提要:1、习语与语言 2、习语与历史 3、习语与地理环境 4、习语与风俗习惯 5、习语与宗教信仰 6、习语与寓言神话 7、习语与文学艺术 8、习语与体育娱乐 1、习语与语言：1）习语的民族性。习语是人民大众在劳动中创造出来的，与人和人生活的环境密切相关。因此，习语与一个民族的地理环境、历史背景、经济生活、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、心理状态、价值观念等有着不可分割的关系。习语是镜子，反映一个民族的文化特色。如：As stubborn as a mule Dumb bell To fish in the air To drink like a fish To be at the end of ones rope 2)、习语的民间性。英语中的谚语更是来自各行各业。如：铁匠们说：A good anvil does not fear the hammer.(好砧不怕锤打。）鞋匠说：The cobblers wife is the worst shod.（鞋匠的老婆没鞋穿）木匠说：Such carpenter,such chips.（什么木匠出什么活）裁缝说：Cut the coat according to the cloth.（看布裁衣）农夫说：As a man sows,so shall he reap.（种什么，收什么）渔民说：The best fish swim near the bottom.（好鱼居水底）猎人说：A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.淘金者说：All is not gold that glitters.牧马者说：Make hay while the sun shines.（晒草要趁太阳好）主妇们说：A stitch in time saves nine.3)、习语的和谐性。习语常用声音的和谐来达到易懂易记、顺口入耳、生动有力的目的。许多英语习语利用头韵（alliteration）和尾韵（rhyme）来增加习语的语音美感和修辞效果。如：As busy as a bee As still as a stone At sixes and sevens Fair and square Safe and sound Like father,like son Out of sight,out of mind 2、习语与历史 1）罗马人征服对习语的影响。如：Do in Rome as the Romans do;All roads lead to Rome;Burn ones boats;Worth ones salt.2)、条顿人征服对英语习语的影响。如：go through fire and water.（穿越水火），盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的判罪法：将嫌疑犯的手浸在沸水里，如果手无损，既定为无罪。喻“冒一切危险”。3)、斯堪的那维亚人的入侵对英语习语的影响。如：Rain cats and dogs;（北欧神话：狗和狼象征风；猫象征雨）Six of one and half a dozen of the other.（12进制是丹麦人征服英国是带进的，沿用至今。）4）、诺曼底人的征服对英语习语的影响。如：Take heart;（鼓起勇气）Stew in ones own juice;(自作自受）Return to ones muttons;（回到实际问题；言归正传）Put all ones eggs in one basket;（孤注一掷）5）、北美殖民地独立对英语习语的影响。如：Pipe of peace（言和；和解）北美印第安人习俗；Indian Summer（小阳春）晚秋好天气；John Hancock（亲笔签名）与独立宣言有关。6）、两次大战对英语习语的影响。如：Forlorn hope（渺茫的希望）荷兰语；The fifth co