英语专业四级语法重点汇总

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English英语专八专四学习复习资料英语专四语法重点汇总一、 非谓语动词的主要考点1. 有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的，但是在意思上是有区别的，主要常考到的动词罗列如下：mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事） propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do忘记（要做的事）VS forget doing忘记（已做的事） remember to do记得（要做某事）VS remember doing记得（做过）go on to do继而（做另一件事）VS go on doing继续（做原来的事）stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do（对将要做的事）遗憾VS regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔2. 不定式的习惯用法典型句型整理如下：如：“cannot help but do”“不得不做某事”如：“cannot but do”“不禁做某事”如：“cannot choose but do”“不由自主地做某事”如：“can do nothing but do”“不能不做某事”如：“have no choice but to do”“只能做某事”如：“have no alternative but to do”“只能做某事”例句：The boy cannot help but be greatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor.When I start my job career, I cannot choose but look back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus.3. 动名词的习惯用法 典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下：如：be busy/active doing sth. 如：Its no good/use doing sth. 如：spend/waste time doing sth.如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. 如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. 如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. 例句：There is no use crying over spilt milk.（典型例句）牛奶洒了，哭也没用；后悔是没有用的；覆水难受I really have problem solving these mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.二、 形容词与副词与其比较级1. 形容词的句法功能形容词通常在句子中用做定语、表语与主语的语法成分，通常考到的知识点总结如下：(1) 以“a” 开头的形容词如“alone”、“alike”、“asleep”、“awake”等一般不能做前置定语，通常是做表语或后置定语的例句：Jerry didnt pass the important final exam, please let him alone for the time being.Michael came back from job just now, and his eyes were shut and he seemed to have fallen asleep.(2) 某些以副词词缀 “-ly” 结尾的词其实是形容词，不能看错是副词，例如“friendly”、“leisurely”、“lovely”等(3) 以下动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语这些典型单词罗列如下：“remain”、“keep”、“become”、“get”、“grow”、“go”、“come”、“turn”、“stay”、“stand”、“run”、“prove”、“seem”、“appear”、“look”等例句：The situation remains tense between the two countries at this juncture. 在这个节骨眼上，两国形势仍然持续紧。There is strong possibility that such a style of mutual cooperation will prove unworkable. 这种合作模式大有可能行不通。2. 某些词虽然不用比较级形式却自身带有比较概念这些典型词汇总结如下：“inferior”、“minor”、“senior”、“prior”、“prefer to”、“superior”、“major”、“junior”、“preferable”、“differ from”、“compared with”、“in comparison with”、“different from”、“rather than”等例句：After visiting at weekends, I think their villa is superior to all the other villas in the countryside.3. 有关比较级的特殊句型(1) not so muchas 与其说还不如说例句：The major reason for his suicide isnt so much his negative emotions as his incapacity to take care of himself.(2) no/not any morethan 两者一样都不例句：It is well acknowledged by the public that the heart is no any more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain altogether. (3) no /not any lessthan 两者一样都例句：I was good at almost all subjects when I was in the junior high school, and particularly speaking, mathematics was no any less good than physics at that time.(4) just asso 正如，也（会使用到倒装结构）例如：Just as chocolate is a part of my favorite food, so is the ice cream.三、 虚拟语气简明概述：虚拟语气是指说话人讲话的容与现实或事实相反，是一种主观假想的情况。时态：可表示过去、现在和将来，特征是时态相应退后。1. 与现在事实相反的主观假设：条件从句主句一般现在时 改为 一般过去时注：be动词一律改为wereshould/would/could/might + 动词原形例句：If there were an English dictionary, we could consult it for this difficult word.If my bigger brother were here, he would do us a favor to move the heavy box.2. 与过去事实相反的主观假设：条件从句主句一般过去时 改为 过去完成时should/would/could/might + have + 过去分词例句：If he had studied more diligently, he would have passed the exam undoubtedly. If my favorite teacher had been here yesterday, Iwould have paid more attention to the lesson.If the child had been more careful, he would not have made such a foolish mistake. 3. 与将来事实相反的主观假设：条件从句主句一般过去时注：be动词一律改为were should/would/could/might + 动词原形 were + to do sth should + 动词原形例句：If you made great progress in the near future, you should not forget your teachers.If you were to make great progress in the near future, you should not forget your teachers.If you should make great progress in the near future, you should be grateful to your teachers.混合条件句：主句和条件从句所发生的时间点不一致，这个时候就需要根据各自的时态进行倒退来做相应修改。例句：If you had finished your homework by yourself yesterday（过去）, you would not copy others answers in a hurry（现在）.If you had asked your mother how to cook last week（过去）, you would know clearly each cooking step of the dish（现在）.虚拟语气的倒装如果从句中有were，should，had，则需要倒装。倒装方法：将if省略，再把were，should，had挪到从句的句首。 注：如果从句中没有were，should，had，则不能省略if，也不可倒装。例句：原句：If my bigger brother were here, he would help us to move the heavy box.倒装：Were my bigger brother here, he would help us to move the heavy box.原句：If the child had been more careful, he would not have made such a foolish mistake.倒装：Had the child been more careful, he would not have made such a foolish mistake.原句：If you should make great progress in the near future, you should be grateful to your teachers.倒装：Should you make great progress in the near future, you should be grateful to your teachers.虚拟语气词：should很简单，三种形式（1） It is suggested/requested/ordered, etc.（具有命令，建议，要求等口吻的动词过去分词） + that sb should （should可省略） do （动词原形） sth.注：这类动词还可以有其他三种从句形式来代替。例如：原句：It is suggested that students (should) use dictionary in exam.宾语从句： I suggest that students (should) use dictionary in exam. 表语从句： My suggestion is that students (should) use dictionary in exam. 同位语从句：I provided a suggestion that students (should) use dictionary in exam.（2） It is necessary/important/indispensable, etc. （带有主观色彩的形容词）+ that sb (should) do sth. （3） It is a pity/a shame, etc. （名词性词组）+ that sb (should) do sth.虚拟语气特殊句型：It is high （high可省略） time that 该是的时候了“that ”从句动词可以用（1） 过去时（2） should（不能省略）+ 动词原形例句：It is (high) time that we should draw up a contract. It is (high) time that we drew up a contract.（草拟合同）含蓄虚拟语气除了常规的连词if以外，还可以借助其他介词、介词词组、句子来引导虚拟语气从句。1. Without “要是没有”例句：Without the rescue of firefighters timely, our lives would not have been saved.2. But for “要不是”例句：But for your professional help, I could not have achieved such a big progress in medical community.3. Under“在某种情况下”例句：Under such circumstances, the criminal would not have perpetrated acts of violence upon children.4. With“有的前提下”例句：With the data collected one month earlier, we could finish the project more efficiently. 5. In the absence of “如果没有”例句：In the absence of law, women would continue to lack their rights to vote on their own.6. Otherwise “否则”例句：We didnt know his educational background and achievement in this field, otherwise we would have fired him. 7. If it were not for “要不是 （用于现在的情况）”例句：If it were not for the brilliant guidance of the Communist Party of China, we could not lead a happy life.8. If it had not been for “要不是 （用于过去/已经发生的情况）”例句：If it had not been for my illness, I would have attended this important meeting last Monday. 倒装：Had it not been for my illness, I would have attended this important meeting last Monday. 9. as if/as though“好像似的”按照具体的语境，既可以用虚拟语气（表示与实际情况相反、主观臆断）、也可以用述语气（表示实现的可能性较大或所说情况即是事实）例句：Time can take away our happiness and sadness as if/though it was endowed with magic power.（与现在事实相反的虚拟语气）My teacher has contributed herself a lot as if/though she was a candle, which lights others and consumes itself.（与现在事实相反的虚拟语气）The student studied industriously as if/though he had never felt tired andexhausted.（与过去事实相反的虚拟语气） The boy still stays calm as if/though he has knownthe beginning and the end of the matteralready.（就是事实，按实际的时态即可）四、定语从句简明概述：定语从句在句中充当定语的角色，修饰句中前面所提到的名/代词。被修饰的名/代词称为先行词。关系代词 （who, whom, whose, which, that）：注：没有what关系代词所代替的主要是人或物的名/代词，在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。who, whom, that 都可代替人例句：Is the boywho/thatcheated in the examination? (who/that作为从句主语，代替the boy)He is the manwhom/that we wont recruit due to his criminal records. (who/that作为从句宾语，代替the man)whose 可指代人或物注：如果whose指物的话，也可以用of which来代替。例句：Our conversation was stopped by a manwhose hair is blonde.I lent him this bookwhose pages curled up due to my constant use. =I lent him this bookthe pages of which curled up due to my constant use.which, that 代替事物例句：Well never forget the atrocious violencewhich/that was committed by Japanese soldiers.Is that fashion show (which/that) you were talking about just now?（作宾语时可省）关系副词 （when, where, why）：关系副词分别代替的先行词为时间、地点和原因，在从句中充当状语的角色。注：when, where, why 也可用“介词 + which”来代替。例句：This was the momentwhen/at which the two sides reached a deadlock again and terminated their negotiation.Xian is one of the most famous cultural cities where/in which millions of worldwide tourists will choose to make a tour.Is this the reasonwhy/for which there is a severe shortage of funds for our research?注：that 是可以代替关系副词的，即that可取代“when, where, why”和“介词+which”的形式。（在口语中that可省略）注：介词后面的关系词不能省略，而且that前不能有介词例句转换：This was the momentthat the two sides reached a deadlock again and terminated their negotiation.Xian is one of the most famous cultural cities that millions of worldwide tourists will choose to make a tour.Is this the reasonthat there is a severe shortage of funds for our research?限制性/非限制性定语从句重点概括整理：限制性定语从句先行词是不能省略的，因为省了先行词的话，句子的意思就会变得不完整和不明确，缺少必要的说明解释。而非限制性定语从句是先行词的额外说明，是可以省略的，省了也不会影响句子的意思和整体性，并且与主句之间常用“，”隔开。比较例句：This is the book(which/that)I bought yesterday. （限制性）This book, I bought yesterday, is very inspiring. （非限制性）通常是非限制性定语从句的情况分析：Steven Spielberg, (whom) I admire very much in Hollywood movie-making field, won another Oscar Award this year. （专有名词/人名）My beloved dog, (which) I bought 5 years ago, has caught a bad cold recently. （有物主代词的时候） This experiment, which was conducted last weekends, proves to be a big success. （有指示代词的时候）Her child was always absent-minded in learning and failed in exams, which made her disappointed once again. （由which代替整句主句）关系代词that的特殊用法总结（只能用that的情况）：先行词既包含人又包含物，只用that，不用which例句：The volunteers were talking about the nonprofit organization and its staffthat made an indelible impression on them.当不定代词作为先行词（如anyone，anything，nothing，any，everything，something，little，few，much，all等），只用that，不用which例句：He shared everything with us thataroused his interest in chemistry at school.先行词用the only/very 修饰时，只用that，不用which例句：The girl is the only student that will blush with shyness when talking with boys.先行词是序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that，不用which例句：The first English awardthat I won was an English debate competition held by Foreign Languages Institute at my university. This wasthebusiestperiodthat we spent last year in project-consulting and research industry.在There be句型中，只用that，不用which 例句：There was a ship that passed through a strait.五、名词性从句简明概述：名词性从句在句中相当于名词词组/成分。由于它在复合句中能作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此名词性从句（总称）又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。引导名词性从句的连接词重点概括如下：1. 连接词：that, whether, if （只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不作任何成分）注： that-从句作主语时，常用it作先行词放在句首作为形式主语，而将that-从句放在句末，避免头重脚轻。 1. It is necessary (a.) that 2. It is known -ed分词 that 3. It is a pity (n.) that 4. It seems (vi.) that 2. 连接代词：what (whatever), who (whoever), whom, whose, which (whichever)3. 连接副词：when, where, why, how 注：连接代词和连接副词作主语时，也常用it作先行词放在句首作为形式主语。例句：It is doubtful why his parents are determined so persistently to send the young boy abroad for further study.It has not been decided yet who will take the responsibility to negotiate with the government. 注（1）：引导主语从句的连接词不可省略例句：That the candidate was selected as the Party Chairman made us excited. 注（2）：引导同位语从句的连接词不可省略例句：We worried about the forecast that there would be only a few affordable apartments prepared for blue-collar workers in tier-one cities（一线城市）in the following three years.注（3）：表示“是否”的时候，只用whether不用if的情况1. 后有“or not”例句：It is unknown to all whether the new policy can improve the standard of peoples lives or not.2. 引导表语从句例句：The keynote is whether childrens safety can be guaranteed.3. 引导主语从句并在句首例句：Whether the experiment could be conducted (or not) remained unknown to the students.4. 作介词宾语例句：The child is fearful of whether another war will break out at any moment.六、倒装简明概述：倒装句由全部倒装和部分倒装组成。全部倒装是把句中的谓语部分全部挪到主语前面，时态通常是一般现在时和一般过去时；部分倒装则是将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词倒装于主语之前。如果谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需要我们帮助补充助动词，如do，does，did，并将它们放在主语的前面。全部倒装（时态通常是一般现在时和一般过去时）：A. 句中如有副词here, there, now, then, away, hence, thus, etc.位于句首，谓语动词为come, go, be, stand, fall, lie, etc. 典型例句：Away ran the child.There lives a tiger.Here is your money.B. 表示方位/运动方向的副词（如in, out, away, off, up, down, etc.）位于句首，谓语表示运动的动词（如come, go, jump, run, swim, stand, rush, etc.）。例句：Away swam a whale.C. 地点状语位于句首例句：Under the tree rested an old lady.D. There be 句型例句：There is（注意主谓一致）a radio, two television sets and ten chairs in this room.There are many TV programs in prime time（黄金时间段）. 注：全部倒装只有在主语是名词的前提下才能全部倒装，如果主语是人称代词则不能全部倒装。对比例句：Away ran the child. Away he ran.There lives a tiger. There it lives.部分倒装：A. 句首有否定或半否定的词语（注：如果否定词不在句首，则不需要倒装），Eg: No, Not, None, Nobody, Nowhere, Never, Little, Few, Seldom, Hardly, At no time, In no way, Not until, Not onlybut also, Hardlywhen, Scarcelywhen, No soonerthan, etc.例句：Nowhere can you find a place better than your home.In no waycould you destroy the incontrovertible evidence. At no time can a country use force towards a vulnerable group.Never have I scolded my child even if he has made any mistakes.重点：Not until总结：主句倒装，从句不倒装；否定词不在句首不需倒装 例句对比：Not until that time（名词短语）did I know why she chose to leave me without any hesitation. = Ididntknow why she chose to leave me without any hesitation untilthat time.Not untilthe child made a full recovery from the heart operation（从句）did his father go abroad on business. = The father didnt go abroad on business untilthe child made a full recovery from the heart operation.重点：Not only but also1. Not only A but also B，若A和B是名词性短语，则不需要倒装例句：Not only students but also teachers should keep studying continuously and absorb new knowledge to broaden their minds. 2. Not only A but also B，若A和B都是分句的话，则A倒装，B不倒装。对比例句：Not only should we reconstruct economy, but also create more positions for the unemployed.We should not only reconstruct economy, but also create more positions for the unemployed.重点：Hardlywhen; Scarcelywhen; No soonerthan对比例句（注意时态：前过完后过去时）：Hardly had I left homewhen my dog barked.I had hardly left home when my dog barked.Scarcely had we gone out of the classroom when it began to rain.We had scarcely gone out of the classroom when it began to rain.No sooner had the Chairman declared the result of the contest than the contestant shivered with excitement.The Chairman had no sooner declared the result of the contest than the contestant shivered with excitement.B. Only 位于句首要部分倒装1. Onlyby this means/in this way（短语）can you notice the importance of efficient study methods.2. Onlyafter making the same mistake twice（从句）will he learn a lesson.（主句部分倒装，从句不倒装）C. Sothat句型中若so位于句首，则需要部分倒装例句：So angry was the boy that he decided to break off friendly relations with his friends（断绝友谊）.D. May在表示祝愿的句子中位于句首，要部分倒装例句：May God bless you!May this transportation handbook help you to travel in Singapore.E. 虚拟语气的倒装如果从句中有were，should，had，就需要部分倒装。将if省略，再把were，should，had挪到从句的句首。（虚拟语气中已经讲明）七、主谓一致简明概述：主谓一致即主语与谓语在语法单复数形式上保持一致。本章节重点罗列了英语专四考试中经常会考到且常出现的几种情况以供大家参考、复习。 以“s”结尾的书名、杂志名、国家名、组织名，虽然字面上是“复数”形式，但其实只能作为一个独立的个/整体。所以作主语时，谓语动词要为单数。典型例句：The United Stateshas 50 states.The Forbes（福布斯杂志）wasfounded in 1917.The United Nationshastaken steps to ameliorate this situation.并列结构作主语例句对比：Studying and working are both indispensable and should be balanced evenly. （当A和B分别指两个不同概念的时候，谓语要用复数）The diplomat and university professor has taught me a lot. （当A和B由and连接，A前有“the”，B前却无定冠词时，两者表示指代的为同一人或事物，谓语需用单数）就近原则：There be“There be”中“be”的单复数取决于最靠近它的名词。比较例句：There aretwo tables, one chair left in that classroom.There is one chair and two tables left in that classroom.There isone or two things Id like to share with you now.就近原则：eitheror; neithernor; A or B; 连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数由最靠近它的主语决定对比例句：Either you or that boy is to be punished.Neither that boy nor you are to be punished.就近原则：not onlybut also对比例句：Not only you but also that girlwants the toy.Not only you but also Iam keen on jazz music.就近原则：Here对比例句：Here is one penand two drawings on the desk.Here aretwo drawings and one pen on the desk.就近原则：notbut“不是而是”例句：Not the subject teacher but the colorful textbookswhet my appetite for more study.谓语单数：none of + 可数名词/不可数名词 + V单neither of + 可数名词/不可数名词 + V单either of + 可数名词/不可数名词 + V单注：在口语中有时上述三种情况也可以用V复（但只是在后跟可数名词的时候），但是考点大部分是以考查V单为重点总结：none of + 可数名词+ V单/复neither of + 可数名词+ V单/复either of + 可数名词+ V单/复例句：None of rice is to be wasted.Neither of the two hotels boasts/boast a swimming pool.Either of you takes/take the responsibility to clean the oven. 就远原则：with, along with, together with, like, except, but, more than, no less than, as well as, in addition to, as much as, rather than, etc.例句：Her body except her feet has been recovered from the accident.The two boys rather than that girl were giving an instrumental performance just now.A good attitude together with superior English-speaking skills leads to the success of the competition. Experienced health-care professionals in addition to state-of-the-art facilities guarantee the high quality of the hospital.谓语单数：主语由every, each, some, no, any, no one, one, thing等构成的复合代词例句：Each of us enjoys the fashion show.He felt that something strange was leaning towards him.谓语单数：表示距离，金钱，时间，度量的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看做一个整体，因此谓语要用单数形式例句：Another two hoursis enough to get fully prepared for the contest.Two centimeterswas permitted for average error of manufacturing this kind of machine in ancient times.看具体情况而定：如果名词单复数同型，就要根据语境中的实际意义与修饰这些词的词来确定其谓语形式。这些词如：aircraft, species, series, deer, fish, sheep, headquarters, means, etc. 例句：Many possiblemeans have been tried to settle the dispute.Each aircraft is equipped with the most advanced technology.（根据所修饰的词each来判断）Sheep areraised for their wool and meat.（按语境中的含义）看具体情况而定：some, all, most, any, half, enough, the rest, the remainder, etc. 和疑问代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever, whichever, etc. 的谓语单复数由其指代的词的含义来决定。例句：Whoare shouting there?Whatever was the matter?Six students went abroad for further education from the key high school, but most are junior students.Rice flour is one of the ingredients to make the cake and most is cheap.看具体情况而定：集合名词的谓语单复数要根据所代表的含义来决定。这些词有：family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee, army, club, couple, enemy, group, government, jury, party, personnel, staff, team, union, etc. 当它们表示一个整体的概念时，谓语用单数形式；当表示集体中的每一个成员时，谓语则用复数形式。例句：Her familyare happy to help others.（她家庭中的每一个成员）The juryis made up of twelve people.（陪审团作为一个整体的概念）谓语复数：集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry, folk, youth在任何情况下都用复数形式。例句：The policeare on the scene（在现场）. Peoplelead a safe and happy life in Canada due to sound law and order.谓语单数：the number of + 名词复数 + V单an amount of + 不可数名词 + V单a quantity of + 不可数名词 + V单谓语复数：a number of + 名词复数 + V复amounts of + 不可数名词 + V复quantities of + 不可数名词 + V复就近原则：half of, part of, most of, a portion of等词的谓语单复数通常与of后面的名/代词保持一致。例句：A portion of seafoodwas reserved for him.Most of teenagerstend to spend money like water.Part of her timeis prepared for taking care of her children.谓语单数：Many a + 名词单数 + V单例句：Many a page of the dictionary has curled up from constant and neglectful use.谓语单数：More than one + 名词单数 + V单例句：There is more than one oil-producing