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专题十四语义猜测挖命题【考情探究】考点内容20182017201620152014合计预测热度语义猜测此题型主要考查考生通过阅读上下文,结合中学生应有的常识,根据已知的信息对语篇中画线的单词、短语或句子在此文本中的意思进行推测的能力。120216分析解读尽管江苏高考英语试题不是每年都会考到语义猜测题,但这种形式是对学生语言素养的检测。在试题命制上,会从单个单词的考查到短语、句意的猜测,从生词的猜测到熟词生义的猜测,还会考查对替代词所替代内容的判断。因此,考生除了具备依据特定语境对某一单词、句子或句中某一部分的准确理解能力之外,还需具备有关构词法的基本知识。过专题【五年高考】A组自主命题江苏卷题组Passage 1(2018江苏,B)词数:322In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有)a special meat soup called consomm. Although the main attraction was the soup, Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat:diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had:those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart (莫扎特). When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also have an effect:diners who got the scent of lavender (薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad”tables, crowding, high pricesdont necessarily. Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door, sayspent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about badtables,”given that theyre profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.1.The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .A.not aware of eating more than usualB.not willing to share food with othersC.not conscious of the food qualityD.not fond of the food provided2.How could a fine dining shop make more profit?A.Playing classical music.B.Introducing lemon scent.C.Making the light brighter.D.Using plates of larger size.3.What does the last paragraph talk about?A.Tips to attract more customers.B.Problems restaurants are faced with.C.Ways to improve restaurants reputation.D.Common misunderstandings about restaurants.答案1.A2.A3.DPassage 2(2017江苏,B)词数:346Red-backed fairy wrens(鹪鹩),which live in northern and eastern Australia, lay three or four eggs at a time.Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger. But When it comes to embryonic learning(胎教), birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk:Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched,the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular“feed me!”call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的)strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?”Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”1.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means“”.A.be the worstB.be the bestC.be just as badD.be just as good2.What are Kleindorfers findings based on?A.Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.B.The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.C.The data collected from Queenslands locals.D.Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.3.Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which.A.can receive quality signalsB.are in need of trainingC.fit the environment betterD.make the loudest call答案1.B2.A3.CPassage 3(2017江苏,D)词数:690Old Problem, New ApproachesWhile clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions(排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: “There is no one-size fits all adaptation.”Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphels inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200,000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphels ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.Increasing Earths reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses(which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”.More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like thiseither by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.1.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies .A.adaptation is an ever-changing processB.the cost of adaptation varies with timeC.global warming affects adaptation formsD.adaptation to climate change is challenging2.What is special with regard to Rezwans project?A.The project receives government support.B.Different organizations work with each other.C.His organization makes the best of a bad situation.D.The project connects flooded roads and highways.3.What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?A.Storing ice for future use.B.Protecting the glaciers from melting.C.Changing the irrigation time.D.Postponing the melting of the glaciers.4.What do we learn from the Peru example?A.White paint is usually safe for buildings.B.The global warming trend cannot be stopped.C.This country is heating up too quickly.D.Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.5.According to the author, polluting industries should .A.adapt to carbon pollutionB.plant highly profitable cropsC.leave carbon emission aloneD.fight against carbon pollution6.Whats the authors preferred solution to global warming?A.Setting up a new standard.B.Reducing carbon emission.C.Adapting to climate change.D.Monitoring polluting industries.答案1.A2.C3.A4.D5.D6.BPassage 4(2015江苏,D)词数:596Freedom and ResponsibilityFreedoms challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic.We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom.Before that there was no freedom.There were great civilizations,splendid empires,but no freedom anywhere.Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.In Greece,in Athens(雅典),a little city in a little country,there were no helpless masses.And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed,and the unwritten,which must be obeyed if free men live together.They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert.The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted.A man was free if he was self-controlled.To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom.They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair.Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens,not because it was forced on him from the outside,but because the city was his pride and his safety.The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers.It cannot be discovered once for all.If people do not prize it,and work for it,it will go.Constant watch is its price.Athens changed.It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance,a spiritual change which affected the whole state.It had been the Athenians pride and joy to give to their city.That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds.There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work.Now instead of men giving to the state,the state was to give to them.What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them;and with this as the primary object,ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing.Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility.There could be only one result.If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good,they would cease to be free.Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom.It is to be had on no other terms.Athens,the Athens of Ancient Greece,refused responsibility;she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.But,“the excellent becomes the permanent,”Aristotle said.Athens lost freedom forever,but freedom was not lost forever for the world.A great American,James Madison,referred to:“The capacity(能力)of mankind for self-government.”No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek.Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind,but once man has a great and good idea,it is never completely lost.The Digital Age cannot destroy it.Somehow in this or that mans thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action.One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime.1.What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Countries where their people need help.B.Powerful states with higher civilization.C.Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.D.Governments ruled with absolute power.2.People believing in freedom are those who.A.regard their life as their own businessB.seek gains as their primary objectC.behave within the laws and value systemsD.treat others with kindness and pity3.What change in attitude took place in Athens?A.The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.B.The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.C.The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.D.The Athenians looked on the government as a business.4.What does the sentence“There could be only one result.”in Paragraph 5 mean?A.Athens would continue to be free.B.Athens would cease to have freedom.C.Freedom would come from responsibility.D.Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.5.Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?A.The author is hopeful about freedom.B.The author is cautious about self-government.C.The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.D.The author is proud of mans capacity.6.What is the authors understanding of freedom?A.Freedom can be more popular in the digital age.B.Freedom may come to an end in the digital age.C.Freedom should have priority over responsibility.D.Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.答案1.D2.C3.A4.B5.A6.DPassage 5(2014江苏,B)词数:399However wealthy we may be,we can never find enough hours in the day to do everything we want.Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost,which simply refers to whether someones time or money could be better spent on something else.Every hour of our time has a value.For every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be doing another,or be sleeping or watching a film.Each of these options has a different opportunity costnamely,what they cost us in missed opportunities.Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium.Why not,you might reason,watch the game from home and use the leftover money and time to have dinner with friends?Thisthe alternative use of your cash and timeis the opportunity cost.For economists,every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgoin terms of money and enjoymentin order to take it up.By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on,you ought to be able to make better-informed,more reasonable decisions.Consider that most famous economic rule of all:theres no such thing as a free lunch.Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free,the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities.Some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging:imagine spending your entire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something more profitable or enjoyable.Yet,in a sense its human nature to do precisely thatwe assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.In the business world,a popular phrase is “value for money.”People want their cash to go as far as possible.However,another is fast obtaining an advantage:“value for time.”The biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something,so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time.By reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing other activities,such as sleeping and eating.In return,however,this passage will help you to think like an economist,closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decisions.1.According to the passage,the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to.A.making more moneyB.taking more opportunitiesC.reducing missed opportunitiesD.weighing the choice of opportunities2.The “leftover.time” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time.A.spared for watching the match at homeB.taken to have dinner with friendsC.spent on the way to and from the matchD.saved from not going to watch the match3.What are forgone opportunities?A.Opportunities you forget in decision-making.B.Opportunities you give up for better ones.C.Opportunities you miss accidentally.D.Opportunities you make up for.答案1.D2.C3.BB组统一命题、省(区、市)卷题组Passage 1(2018课标全国,C)词数:294Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In re
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