2022年考博英语-同济大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷48（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-同济大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Ever since its discovery, Pluto has never really fitted in. After the pale and glowing giant Neptune, it is little more than a cosmic dust mite, swept through the farthest reaches of the solar system on a planet wildly tilted relative to the rest of the planets. It is smaller than Neptunes largest moon, and the arc of its orbit is so oval that it occasionally crosses its massive blue neighbors path.For years, it has been seen as our solar systems oddest planet. Yesterday，however, scientists released perhaps the most convincing evidence yet that Pluto, in fact, is not a planet at all. For the first time, astronomers have peered into a belt of rocks beyond Pluto unknown until 10 years agoand found a world that rivals Pluto in size. The scientists posit that larger rocks must be out there，perhaps even larger than Pluto, meaning Pluto is more likely the king of this distant realm of space detritus than the tiniest of the nine planets.When discovered in 1930，“Pluto at that point was the only thing (that far) out there, so there was nothing else to call it but a planet,” says Mike Brown, an astronomer at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. “Now it just doesnt fit.” In one sense, the question of Pluto s planetary status is arcane, the province of pocket-protected scientists and sun-deprived pen pushers determined to decide some official designation for a ball of dust and ice 3 billion miles away.Yet it is also unquestionably something more. From science fair dioramas to government funding, planets hold a special place in the public imagination, and how Pluto is eventually seenby kids and Congress alikecould shape what future generations learn about this mysterious outpost on the edge of the solar system. The debate has split the astronomical community for decades. Even before the distant band of rocks known as the Kuiper Belt was found, Plutos unusual behavior made it suspicious.Elsewhere, the solar system fit into near families: the rocky inner planets，the asteroid belt, the huge and gaseous outer planets. Pluto, though, was peculiar. With the discovery of the Kuiper Beltcountless bits of rock and ice left unused when the wheel of the solar system first formedPluto suddenly seemed to have cousins. Yet until yesterday, it held to its planetary distinction because it was far larger than anything located there.The rub now is Quaoar (pronounced KWAH-oar), 1 billion miles beyond Pluto and roughly half as large. Named after the creation force of the tribe that originally inhabited the Los Angeles basin, Quaoar forecasts problems for the erstwhile ninth planet, says discoverer Dr. Brown: “The case is going to get a lot harder to defend the day somebody finds something larger than Pluto,”To some, the problem is not with Pluto, but the definition of “planet.” In short，there is none. To the Greeks, who coined the term, it meant “wanderer,” describing the way that the planets moved across the night sky differently from the stars behind them. Today, with our more nuanced understanding of the universe, the word no longer has much scientific meaning.New Yorks Hayden Planetarium caused a commotion two years ago by supposedly demoting Pluto, lumping it with the Kuiper Belt objects in its huge mobile of the solar system. In reality, however, the planetarium was making a much broader statement, says Nell Degrasse Tyson, an astrophysicist there. The textbooks of the future should focus more on families of like objects than “planets.” The discovery of Quaoar strengthens this idea: “Everyone needs to rethink the structure of our solar system,” he says. “Weve just stopped counting planets. Still, many are loath to part with the planet Pluto. They note that Pluto, in fact, is distinct from many Kuiper Belt objects. It has a thin atmosphere, for one. It reflects a great deal of light, while most Kuiper Belt objects are very dark. And unlike all but a handful of known Kuiper Belt objects，it has a moon. “Maybe Pluto，then, should be representative of a new class of planets,” says Mark Sykes, an astronomer at the University of Arizona in Tucson. “Its the first example, and we are just beginning to find this category.”1.Which of the following is true according to the passage?2.From when was Pluto seriously questioned about its planetary status?3.The sentence “In short，there is none.” (Para. 7) can be paraphrased as which of the following?4.Which of the following does not support the statement that Pluto is our “solar Systems oddest planet”?5.The word “commotion” in the expression “New Yorks Hayden Planetarium caused a commotion two years ago” (Para. 8) can be replaced by _.问题1选项A.Rocks larger than Pluto have been found in the Kuiper Belt.B.The Kuiper Belt did not exist when Pluto was first discovered.C.The astronomers are divided with regard to the status of Pluto.D.There is almost no difference between Pluto and other Kuiper Belt objects.问题2选项A.As early as 1930.B.More than a decade ago.C.When the Kuiper Belt was discovered.D.When Quaoar was discovered.问题3选项A.There is no problem with Plutos planetary status.B.There is not much difference between Pluto and other planets.C.There is yet no scientific definition of the term “planet.”D.There is no clear distinction between planets and stars.问题4选项A.It is farthest from the sun.B.It is unusually small.C.Its orbit is too oval.D.It mainly consists of dust and ice.问题5选项A.exchange of opinionsB.thorough investigationC.wild imaginationD.agitated confusion【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“The debate has split the astronomical community for decades.”，对冥王星的定位问题，几十年来争论一直存在于天文界。所以天文学家对冥王星的地位意见不一。选项C符合题意。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“however, scientists released perhaps the most convincing evidence yet that Pluto, in fact, is not a planet at all. For the first time, astronomers have peered into a belt of rocks beyond Pluto unknown until 10 years agoand found a world that rivals Pluto in size.”，可知，科学家发现了能够证明冥王星不是行星的证据，天文学家直到十年前观察了冥王星以外的岩石带，发现了一个大小和冥王星差不多的世界。根据文章第四段，“Even before the distant band of rocks known as the Kuiper Belt was found”，可知这些岩石带是被叫做凯伯带。所以在凯伯岩石带被发现的时候，就产生了怀疑。选项C符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第七段一二句，“To some, the problem is not with Pluto, but the definition of “planet.” In short，there is none.”，可知问题不在于冥王星，而是对于行星的定义，反正没人能说得清楚，可推测对 “行星”这一词汇还没有科学的定义。选项C符合题意。 4.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Pluto has never really fitted init is little more than a cosmic dust mite, swept through the farthest reaches of the solar system on a planet wildly tilted relative to the rest of the planets. It is smaller than Neptunes largest moon, and the arc of its orbit is so oval.”，可知人们把冥王星看作一个奇怪的行星的原因有：横扫太阳系最远的地方、比海王星最大的卫星要小、轨道是椭圆形的。所以并没有提到它是由冰和尘埃组成，选项D符合题意。 5.词义题。根据文章第八段，“demoting Pluto, lumping it with the Kuiper Belt objects in its huge mobile of the solar system.”，海顿天文馆是把冥王星降级，把它归类为太阳系中库伯带小星体。根据文章最后一段，“They note that Pluto, in fact, is distinct from many Kuiper Belt objects.”，可知他们发现冥王星与库伯带小行星中的很多星体又有明显的不同。所以海顿天文馆的这一举动引来了更多的困惑和混乱。选项D符合题意。2. 翻译题Online newspapers are a look into the future and just pondering it raises the question of whether it isnt nicer getting your daily news curled up in your favorite chair with your ballpoint pen handy to circle items of interest, or scissors ready to snip out articles you want to save. The Gazette Company is betting its subscribers want both electronic and paper options，and so far it seems to be right.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world，the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U. N. Secretary General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to lap into the income-enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williamss one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of whats ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.At Microsoft, Bill Gates predicts that by 2018 major newspapers will “publish their last paper editions and move solely to electronic distribution,” and that by 2020 dictionaries will redefine books as “eBook titles read on screen”.Translate the following passage into Chinese【答案】网上报纸是对未来的一种展望，仅仅思考一下就会提出问题，蜷缩在你最喜爱的椅子上，用圆珠笔把你每天感兴趣的新闻圈出来，或者用剪刀剪下你想要保存的新闻，这样会不会更好呢？葛泽特公司打赌说他的订阅者想要电子和纸质报纸两种选择，现在看来似乎是正确的。世界其他地区比美国更慢地进入电子信息化空间，在发展中国家，互联网根本没有渗透进来。联合国秘书长科菲安南决心联合联合国信息技术服务来改变这一现状。这个组织将训练大量人员开发互联网的增收潜力。安南还建议建立一个互联网健康网络，这个网络将给一些贫困国家提供10000家诊所和医院最先进的医疗知识。飞速发展的网络时代赋予了我们新的力量，正如一位名叫朱迪威廉姆斯的女士所说，她创办的妇女组织用邮件倡导全球禁用地雷。然而，这在那些沉浸在这种伟大而加速的变革中的人的头脑中，只是对未来的一瞥。微软公司的比尔盖茨预测，到2018年，主要新闻报纸将“出版他们最后一版纸质报纸，然后完全转为电子版”，并且到2020年，词典将重新将书定义为“在屏幕上阅读的电子书”。3. 单选题Tom was accused of _ against black persons, that is to say, he looks down upon them.问题1选项A.discriminatingB.distinguishingC.distressingD.disguising【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。discriminating “歧视”；distinguishing “辨别，区分”; distressing “使痛苦，迫使”；disguising “掩饰，伪装”。句意：汤姆被指控歧视黑人，也就是说，他瞧不起他们。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题Forty years ago no one was concerned about the health of the ocean, in spite of the fact that many fisheries were being over-harvested, toxic wastes were being dumped in the sea, and developers were beginning to seriously disrupt coastlines. In those days，the magnitude of the problems was small, even though it was obvious that if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didnt understand, nor did they care. Unfortunately many of our concerns were realized, but the situation could have been much worse, had we, and others，not taken action to inform people about the ocean and the need to protect it.During our campaign to share the wonders of the sea and alert the public about the need to protect it, we have used every medium availablepersonal appearances, the printed word, and television. Now there is a new medium that is even more effective than its predecessors. Thanks to the Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them，exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates. I am tremendously impressed with the personalization of what had been labeled by skeptics as the most impersonal medium yet developed.For these reasons I have made a major commitment of time and resources to dive into this sea of electronic marvels. Im swimming hard to keep up, but when I look around I find Im not alone. We are all learning together and it is an adventure I am finding immensely rewarding. I have been encouraged by our first modest dunking in this new world: We recently completed a CD-ROM, Jean-Michel Cousteaus World: Cities Under the Sea-Coral Reefs. A couple of months ago I was in Fiji to celebrate the 1997 International Year of the Reef and presented our Cities under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children. I was impressed to see how quickly they grasped our concepts and how they directed their own learning process，thanks to the flexibility of the medium. It was particularly exciting to see kids squeal with delight as they responded to questions and the computer rewarded them when they got the correct answers.I want young people to experience the mystery and wonder of our oceans. I want them to understand how precious and vulnerable our environment is. Young people need to be taught to take responsibility for ensuring that their heritage will be protected and used wisely. Hopefully the next generation will do a better job than mine has. I believe individuals must be personally involved and I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn, and take action I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better futureit is too important to be left to bureaucrats and politicians.1.Forty years ago people were indifferent to the health of the ocean because_.2.The last sentence of the 2nd paragraph tells us that the writer believes that _.3.The writer went to Fiji to_.4.The writers attitude to the prospect of the ocean is_.5.According to the passage, who shall we fall back on for a better future for the environment?问题1选项A.the ocean was immune to any pollution thenB.they didnt know what would come of if the ocean was deadly disruptedC.there was no computer thenD.there wasnt any problem with the ocean at that time问题2选项A.the computer is as smart as human beingsB.the computer is friendly with human beingsC.human beings can interact with the computer and do what they want at their willD.human beings have not used the computer to its fullest advantage问题3选项A.participate in a celebrationB.teach children there how to use the computerC.make an adventure in the seaD.spend the holiday on the seashore问题4选项A.desperateB.unconcernedC.optimisticD.pragmatic问题5选项A.Our predecessors.B.Politicians.C.Computers.D.Young people.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据第一段第二句和第三句，“if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didnt understand, nor did they care”，说明关于海洋问题在将来给人们带来的经济和健康问题，人们还不在乎也不理解，所以不知道海洋问题带来的后果。选项B符合题意。 2.推断题。根据第二段最后一句话，可知作者对怀疑主义者认为的人性化印象深刻。根据前一句，“Thanks to the Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them，exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates.”，多亏了网络和电脑，人们不仅可以获取更多的信息，而且可以根据自己的进度和爱好阅读信息，并进行探索和研究。所以，作者认为人们可以任意地和计算机互动。选项C符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段， “A couple of months ago I was in Fiji to celebrate the 1997 International Year of the Reef and presented our Cities under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children.”，可知作者是去参加1997年珊瑚礁国际年会，并用光盘向儿童展示“海底城市”。选项A符合题意。 4.作者态度题。根据文章第四段，“I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn, and take action I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future”，作者希望通过网络这个媒介，人们能够体验、学习并采取行动，并且相信，青年一代将用他们的理想和能量去创造一个更美好的未来。所以作者对前景是保持乐观积极的。选项C符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章最后一句，“I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future”，可知作者指望年青一代创造一个美好的未来，所以是依靠青年人。选项D符合题意。 5. 单选题In his 1976 study of slavery in the United States, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel，Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves，achievements. But unlike these historians, Gutman gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. Rather, Gutman argues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the maintenance of a cultural heritage and the development of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings compel attention.Gutman recreates the family and extended kinship structure mainly through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon, quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth registers. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate that the two-parent household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. In less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two-parent households; however, only Gutman emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves cultural heritage. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission ofand so was crucial in sustainingthe Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.Gutmans examination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings. Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which，though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins marrying is important, argues Gutman, because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among slaves of an extended kinship network. The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationships were few, as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, “fictive” kinship arrangements took their place until a new pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structurewhich he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth centuryprovided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.In sum, Gutmans study is significant because it offers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves achievements，one that correctly emphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.1.With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?2.Which of the following statements about the formation of the Black heritage of folklore, music，and religious expression is best supported by the information presented in the passage?3.Which of the following statements concerning the marriage practices of plantation owners during the period of Black slave in the United States can most logically be inferred from the information in the passage?4.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?5.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage based on its content?问题1选项A.Historians ought to make use of written rather than oral accounts.B.Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.C.Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.D.Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.问题2选项A.The heritage was formed primarily out of the experiences of those slaves who attempted to preserve the stability of their families.B.The heritage was not formed out of the experience of those slaves who married their cousins.C.The heritage was formed more out of the African than out of the American experiences of slaves.D.The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of only a single generation of slaves.问题3选项A.These practices began to alter sometime around the mid-eighteenth century.B.These practices varied markedly from one region of the country to another.C.Plantation owners usually based their choice of marriage partners on economic considerations.D.Plantation owners often married their cousins.问题4选项A.The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and then discussed areas for possible new research.B.The author prese