考研考博-考博英语-南京师范大学考前自测提分卷60(含答案详解）

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-南京师范大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.翻译题1. When you establish a succinct, easy-to-remember theme, you let people know that you have a well-defined and thought-out point of view.2. The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment come from thefact that one cannot learn culture-one has to live it.3. The moment I find myself turning away from a job, or putting it under a pile of thing Ihave to do, I clear my desk of everything else and attack the objectionable item first.4. But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond todays imagining.【答案】1. 当你建立一个简洁、容易记住的主题时，你让人们知道你有一个明确的且深思熟虑的观点。2. 在处理文化环境中最复杂的问题来自这样一个事实即一个人不能学习那种文化却又不得不生活在那样的环境里。3. 我发现自己转身撂下一份工作，或放在一堆要做的事情之后，我把桌上的一切清理干净，然后着手攻克一个有异议的项目。4. 但就在最近几年，它变得几乎难以置信的复杂，充满了奇怪的部分，其功能也超出了今日的想象力。2.单选题Careful planning and hard work will（ ）our final success.问题1选项A.ensureB.encloseC.dischargeD.deny【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。ensure“保证，确保”；enclose“围绕，装入”；discharge“准许，释放，排出”；deny“否定，否认”。句意：认真的计划和努力的工作将确保我们最后的成功。只有A项符合句意。3.单选题As journalism becomes more and more competitive, all of us - whether in broadcast news or in print (some may want to argue that this is true more of broadcast news, and I perhaps wouldnt want to debate that) - are falling back on the tried and true local news formulas. We have, by and large accepted the proposition that people dont care about foreign news, dont really care much about hard news-at all - that feel-good news, entertainment, “info-tainment”，features, and gossip sell better than anything serious and certainly sell better than anything too disturbing.I believe that kind of talk is wrong. I believe that kind of talk is dangerous. And 1 know that kind of talk has nothing to do with leadership and public service. Using public opinion polls, focus groups, and other market research techniques in a limited role as informational tools is one thing: using them as an excuse to duck our responsibility to the public trust is quite another. And for journalists to become slaves to market research - like the politicians before us - is, I submit, most dangerous of all. Where are the publishers, editors, and reporters of grit, gumption, and guts? Where are the ones who will follow their conscience or even their “nose for news” instead of the public opinion polls? Harry Truman once said that, if Moses bad taken a public opinion poll, he would never left Egypt.Of course. There is one special problem for those of us who earn, our living reporting the news that others make. Leadership requires definite opinions on which course to take, what path to follow; but those of us in the mainstream media are trained to set our opinions aside as far as humanly possible. We try to keep open minds; by and large, we arent joiners. We know (often better than were given credit for) that we dont have any secret formulas for answering the important questions. So we can justifiably ask: “How are we to lead?” I know that we in the media are. George Bernard Shaw once observed that newspapers are unable to distinguish between a bicycle accident and the collapse of civilization. For us, leadership should be the willingness to distinguish between whats merely interesting and whats vitally important.Now, when someone says that some stories are more important than others, he or she is often labeled an elitist, someone, who just doesnt understand what “real people care about. This is, of course, the familiar defense for trash television and trash tabloids. And its also the reason given for reducing foreign news coverage as well as coverage political campaigns. There are a lot of people in the business who say “real people wont care unless it bleeds or bums. There are a lot of doctors and market researchers out there who insist that real people” dont care much what happens in the rest of the world - they want the words American and the United States plastered all over their news like flags crowding a campaign platform.1. Which of the following words can substitute duck in the second paragraph?2. What did Harry Truman mean by saying that “if Moses had taken a public opinion poll, he would never have left Egypt?3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?4. The tone of the passage is（ ）.5. According to the writer, the media should（ ）.问题1选项A.shoulderB.assumeC.dodgeD.confront问题2选项A.Moses did not want to leave Egypt, but he was forced to.B.Moses should have taken a public opinion poll before he made the decision.C.Moses left Egypt because he did not take a public opinion poll.D.Anyone who wants to do something great shall act resolutely.问题3选项A.In the U.S., local news had a wider coverage than foreign news.B.Local news is more serious than foreign news.C.“Real people” favor foreign news over local news.D.Foreign news is forbidden in the U.S.问题4选项A.commandingB.criticalC.ironicalD.appreciative问题5选项A.report what the real people likeB.base their decisions on the public opinionC.have their own judgment in what is to be broadcastD.learn from the politicians in making strategies【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.词义题。Using public opinion polls, focus groups, and other market research techniques in a limited role as informational tools is one thing: using them as an excuse to duck our responsibility to the public trust is quite another. 利用民意调查、焦点小组和其他市场调查技术作为有限的信息工具是一回事，利用它们作为借口（ ）我们对公众的责任是另一回事。由借口可推测出是逃避对公众的责任。故C项正确。2.语义题。Harry Truman once said that, if Moses bad taken a public opinion poll, he would never left Egypt.哈里杜鲁门曾经说过，如果摩西巴特过去做了民意调查，他就不会离开埃及。由此可知摩西巴特过去没做过民意调查，并且他已经离开了埃及。故C项正确。3.细节事实题。由第一段“As journalism becomes more and more competitive, all of us - whether in broadcast news or in print (some may want to argue that this is true more of broadcast news, and I perhaps wouldnt want to debate that) - are falling back on the tried and true local news formulas. 随着新闻变得越来越有竞争力,我们所有人无论是在广播新闻或已出版的新闻(有些可能会认为这是正确的广播新闻,我也许不想辩论)回落在尝试和真正的本地新闻公式。由此可知在美国，人们更关注当地新闻。故A项正确。4.观点态度题。本文第二三四段所提到的内容都带有作者的评论。故本篇文章的口吻是评论性的。B项正确。5.判断推理题。由第二段“And for journalists to become slaves to market research - like the politicians before us - is, I submit, most dangerous of all. Where are the publishers, editors, and reporters of grit, gumption, and guts? Where are the ones who will follow their conscience or even their “nose for news” instead of the public opinion polls? 我认为，记者成为市场研究的奴隶就像我们之前的政客一样是最危险的。那些关于勇气、进取心和胆量的出版商、编辑和记者在哪里?那些凭良心、甚至凭嗅觉而不是凭民意来判断新闻的人在哪里？”可知作者认为记者应该有自己的判断力，而不是听信民意调查。故C项正确。4.单选题Much of the news provided by this newspaper is ( ) not foreign.问题1选项A.domesticB.devilishC.unusualD.civilian【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。domestic“国内的”；devilish“邪恶的，精力旺盛的”；unusual“不寻常的”；civilian“民用的”。句意：这家报纸提供的新闻都是（ ）的而不是外国的。由not foreign可推知这家报纸提供的消息大部分是国内的，故A项符合题意。5.单选题He is the only person who can（ ） in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.问题1选项A.testifyB.chargeC.accuseD.rectify【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。testify“作证;证明”; charge“充电；控告”；accuse“控告; 指控”；rectify“改正”。句意：我是唯一能在该案件中作证的人，因为其他证人都被神秘杀害了。由后半句内容以及witnesses“证人”知A项“作证”正确。6.单选题Americans may have to（ ） the number of privately owned cars and depend more on public transportation systems.问题1选项A.break downB.out downC.get downD.drop down【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。break down“发生故障，毁掉”；get down“吞下，使沮丧”；drop down“落下，顺着往下移动”。句意：美国人可能不得不降低私家车的数量。转而依赖公共交通系统。只有D项符合，强调私家车数量的下降。7.单选题I have long believed that trouble between the races is seldom what it appears to be. It was not hard to see after my first talks with students that racial tension on campus is a problem that misrepresents itself. It has the same look, the typical pattern, of Americas timeless racial conflictwhite racism and black protest. And I think part of our concern over it comes from the fact that it has the feel of a relapse, illness gone and come again. But if we are seeing the same symptoms, I dont believe we are dealing with the same illness. For one thing, I think racial tension on campus is the result more of racial equality than inequality.How to live with racial difference has been Americas profound social problem. For the first 100 years or so following emancipation it was controlled by a legally approved inequality that acted as a buffer between the races. No longer is this the case. On campuses today, as throughout society, blacks enjoy equality under the lawa profound social advancement. No student may be kept out of a class or a dormitory or an extracurricular activity because of his or her race. But there is a paradox here. On a campus where members of all races are gathered, mixed together in the classroom as well as socially, differences are more exposed than ever. And this is where the trouble starts. For members of each race-young adults coming into their own, often away from home for the first time -bring to this site of freedom, exploration, and now, today, equality, very deep fears and anxieties, not fully developed feelings of racial shame, anger, and guilt. These feelings could lie hidden in the home, in familiar neighborhoods, in simpler days of childhood. But the college campus, with its structures of interaction and adult-level competition一the big exam, the dorm, the “mixer”is another matter. I think campus racism is born of the rub between racial difference and a setting, the campus itself, devoted to interaction and equality. On our campuses, such concentrated micro-societies, all that remains unresolved between blacks and whites, all the old wounds and shames that have never been addressed, present themselves for attention-and present our youth with pressures they cannot always handle.1. According to the author, （ ）.2. Nowadays racial tension on campus most probably starts with（ ）.3. The phrase “coming into their own on Line 8 of Paragraph 2 probably means（ ）.4. When young adults enter college for the first time, （ ） .5. The passage is mainly about（ ）.问题1选项A.people have misunderstood the causes of racial tensionB.people dont understand the causes of racial tensionC.racial tension keeps the same typical pattern in historyD.racial tension on campus is the same as racial tension in society问题2选项A.racial inequalityB.sudden awareness of racial differencesC.white racismD.racial interaction and competition问题3选项A.entering their own homesB.showing their own valuesC.entering their own collegesD.having their own problems问题4选项A.they bring freedom and exploration to campusB.they suffer from racial inequality and differencesC.they bring with them fear, anxiety and other feelingsD.they suffer from competitions in big exams问题5选项A.racial inequality in American societyB.racial tension in American societyC.racial equality on campus and in societyD.the causes of racial tension on campus【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。由第一段“It has the same look, the typical pattern, of Americas timeless racial conflictwhite racism and black protest.校园种族矛盾与美国永恒的种族冲突的经典模式-白人种族主义与黑人抗议是相同的。”可知种矛盾在历史上有相同的模式。故C项正确。A项“人们误解了种族紧张的原因”以及B项“人们不理解种族紧张的原因”是对“It was not hard to see after my first talks with students that racial tension on campus is a problem that misrepresents itself. 在我第一次与学生交谈后，不难看出校园里的种族紧张是一个误传自身的问题。”的曲解。D项文中未提及。2.细节事实题。由第二段But the college campus, with its structures of interaction and adult-level competition一the big exam, the dorm, the “mixer”is another matter. I think campus racism is born of the rub between racial difference and a setting, the campus itself, devoted to interaction and equality. 但大学校园,因其结构为社交和成人水平的竞争大型考试，宿舍，“大量混合”是另一回事。我认为校园种族主义源于种族差异和校园环境之间的摩擦，校园本身致力于社交和平等。可知如今校园种族矛盾是源于社交和竞争，故D项正确。3.推理判断题。For members of each race-young adults coming into their own, often away from home for the first time对于每一个不同种族的年轻人来说，他们都是第一次离开家来到大学由此可知年轻人是第一次离开家进入大学。故C项正确。4.推理判断题。由第二段“For members of each race-young adults coming into their own, often away from home for the first time -bring to this site of freedom, exploration, and now, today, equality, very deep fears and anxieties, not fully developed feelings of racial shame, anger, and guilt. 对于每一个不同种族的年轻人来说，他们都是第一次离开家来到大学,他们给这个自由，探索和平等的地方带来了深深的恐惧和焦虑，以及还未完全发展的种族羞耻感，愤怒和内疚感。”可知年轻人第一次进入大学时，他们带去了恐惧，愤怒，内疚等感情。故C项正确。5.主旨大意题。本文主要分析了校园种族矛盾的原因，即在一个微型的社会里（校园里）种族平等使以前未解决的问题现在更加明显地暴露出来。故D项正确。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:8.单选题For millions of years before the appearance of the electric light, shift work, all-night cable TV and the Internet, earths creatures evolved in a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hour rhythms. Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle. Simply, our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives. （Contrary to popular belief humans dont need less sleep as they age.）But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night, a marked drop from the nine hours they averaged in 1910. Whats worse, nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, thats not nearly enough.32. Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by stayiny up late and by traveling frequentlv between time zones or by working nights. Dr. James F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep.” John says.Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns. “My motto （座右铭）is Sleep defensively, says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routineslike going to bed and getting up at the same time every day are important. Pre- bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Eisner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few lifestyle changesavoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath-yield better sleep.1. What is TRUE of human sleep?2. For our bodies to function properly, we should（ ）.3. According to the author, many sleeping disorders are caused by（ ）.4. Which of the following measures can help you sleep better?5. “Sleep defensively” means that（ ）.问题1选项A.On average, people in the U.S. today sleep less per night than they used to.B.For most people, less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night is enough.C.Most people need less sleep when they grow older.D.Most people need seven and a half hours of sleep every night.问题2选项A.adjust our activities to the new inventionsB.be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocksC.sleep for at least eight hours per nightD.believe that we need less sleep as we age问题3选项A.improper sleep patternsB.chronic fatigue syndromeC.other diseasesD.pre-bedtime exercises问题4选项A.Having late meals.B.Traveling between time zones.C.Staying up late.D.Taking a hot bath.问题5选项A.people should sacrifice other things to getting enough sleep if necessaryB.people should give up going up to bed and getting up at the same time every dayC.people should go to a doctor and have their problems diagnosedD.people should exercise immediately before going to bed every night【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。由第二段But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night, a marked drop from the nine hours they averaged in 1910. Whats worse, nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, thats not nearly enough. 但美国人平均每晚只睡7.5个小时，与1910年的平均9个小时相比有显著下降。更糟糕的是，近三分之一的美国人每晚的正常工作时间不足6小时。对大多数人来说，这还远远不够。可知A项“平均而言，现在美国人每晚的睡眠时间比过去少。”正确；B项“对于大多数人来说，工作的晚上，睡眠时间少于6小时就足够了。”错误。由第一段Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives. (Contrary to popular belief humans dont need less sleep as they age.) 多数女性和男性每晚需要8到8个半小时的睡眠身体才能正常运转地度过一生。(与人们普遍认为的相反，随着年龄的增长，人类并不需要更少的睡眠。)可知C项和D项错误。2.细节事实题。由Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives. (Contrary to popular belief humans dont need less sleep as they age.) 多数女性和男性每晚需要8到8个半小时的睡眠身体才能正常运转地度过一生。(与人们普遍认为的相反，随着年龄的增长，人类并不需要更少的睡眠。)可知为了保持身体正常运转，我们应该保证至少8小时的睡眠。故C项正确。3.推理判断题。由第三段“But many problems are caused by stayiny up late and by traveling frequently between time zones or by working nights. 但很多睡眠问题都是由熬夜、频繁的跨时区旅行或夜间工作造成的。”可知大部分睡眠问题是有不恰当的睡眠模式引起的。故A项正确。4.推理判断题。由最后的一段Sleep routineslike going to bed and getting up at the same time every day are important. Pre- bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Eisner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few lifestyle changesavoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath -yield better sleep. 睡眠规律比如每天在同一时间睡觉和起床是很重要的。睡前活动也很重要。与艾斯纳一样，他过去也经常失眠，生活方式的一些改变避免服用兴奋剂和晚吃饭、睡前几小时锻炼、泡热水澡放松有助于睡眠。可知D项“睡前洗热水澡可以促进睡眠”正确。5.推理判断题。由Sleep defensively, says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. 布朗大学的Mary Carskadon说，睡眠防守是她的座右铭，人们需要留出足够的时间睡觉，即使这意味着放弃其他事情。联系下文可知Sleep defensively指代人们需要留出足够的睡觉时间。故A项正确。BD两项表述有误，C项与“睡眠防守”无关。9.单选题The experienced driver looked over the engine carefully lest it（ ） on the way.问题1选项A.goes wrongB.would go wrongC.went wrongD.go wrong【答案】D【解析】考查虚拟语气。lest“唯恐；以免”，常用于虚拟语气，谓语用 “should+动词原形，should可以省略。故本题答案选项为D。句意：这位有经验的司机仔细检查了发动机以免在路上发生故障。10.单选题We（ ） his idea for a change in our process of car manufactures, and decided to stick to the old one instead.问题1选项A.dejectedB.projectedC.rejectedD.objected【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。deject使沮丧，使灰心；project设计，计划；reject拒绝，排斥；object 提出作为反对的理由。句意：我们拒绝了他改变我们汽车制造方法的想法，并且决定坚持原来的方法。 由decided to stick to the old one instead可知C项“拒绝”符合题意，故C项正确。