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第4讲 主旨大意题【真题达标组】A(2019全国卷， C)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her ebook as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtels “me” time. And like more Americans, shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent，according to statistics from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today，I just wanted some time to myself，” she said.Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a firstname basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week，” he said. “Its a chance for selfreflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demerit, whose company provided the statistics for the report.()1.What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?AFood variety.BEating habits. CTable manners.DRestaurant service.()2.Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?ATo meet with her coworkers. BTo catch up with her work.CTo have some time on her own. DTo collect data for her report.()3.What do we know about Mazoleny?AHe makes videos for the bar. BHes fond of the food at the bar.CHe interviews customers at the bar. DHes familiar with the barkeeper.()4.What is the text mainly about?AThe trend of having meals alone. BThe importance of selfreflection.CThe stress from working overtime. DThe advantage of wireless technology.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，列举了越来越多人喜欢单独吃饭的现象，并解释了原因。1B细节理解题。文章第二段主要是一篇关于各种饮食习惯的比例分析报告，故选B。2C推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Today，I just wanted some time to myself”可知出去吃午餐是为了有点儿自己的时间，故选C。3D细节理解题。根据文章第四段“He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper”可知他与酒吧老板相熟，故选D。4A主旨大意题。本文主要反映了现在越来越多的人习惯于独自用餐，形成一种趋势，故选A。B(2018，北京卷，A)My First Marathon(马拉松)A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train.Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school.In my first PE.class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball.I didnt do either well.He later informed me that I was “not athletic”The idea that I was “not athletic” stuck with me for years.When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic.It was all about the battle against my own body and mind.A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldnt even find the finish line.I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied.So I stopped to readjust.Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: “GO FOR IT, RUNNERS！”By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly.Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign.She is my biggest fan.She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 am.or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish.But I finished! And I got a medal.In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a “marathon winner”()5.A month before the marathon, the author _.Awas well trainedBfelt scaredCmade up his mind to runDlost hope()6.Why did the author mention the PE.class in his 7th year?ATo acknowledge the support of his teacher.BTo amuse the readers with a funny story.CTo show he was not talented in sports.DTo share a precious memory.()7.How was the authors first marathon?AHe made it.BHe quit halfway.CHe got the first prize.DHe walked to the end.()8.What does the story mainly tell us?AA man owes his success to his family support.BA winner is one with a great effort of will.CFailure is the mother of success.DOne is never too old to learn.【语篇解读】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了自己第一次跑马拉松，凭借自己的意志力成功跑完全程的励志故事。5C细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句“Yet, I was determined to go ahead.”可知，马拉松赛前一个月尽管作者脚踝受伤使得训练时间缩短，但作者仍下定决心参赛。故选C。6C细节理解题。根据文章第二段“I didnt do either well.He later informed me that I was not athletic”可知，作者提到7年级的事情是为了证明自己真的没有运动天赋。故选C。7A细节理解题。根据文章第10段“I was one of the final runners to finish.But I finished! And I got a medal.In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.”可知，作者坚持到了最后，而且得到了一块奖牌，虽然不是第一名，由此可见他成功地跑完了马拉松。故选A。8B主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的经历，再根据最后一段“Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a marathon winner”可知，作者成功跑完马拉松源于自己的意志。故选B。C(2018，天津卷，C)Theres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to come into focus: food.Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale.And the industry isnt stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do that it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “recreate forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same，” freeing cooks to complete other tasks.In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3Dprinted，rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持续性)The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels.Sustainability is becoming a necessity.3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution.Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions.Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier.Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket, youd eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome.Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite timeconsuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways.On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and highend restaurants.()9.What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?AIt helps cooks to create new dishes.BIt saves time and effort in cooking.CIt improves the cooking conditions.DIt contributes to restaurant decorations.()10.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3?AIt solves food shortages easily.BIt quickens the transportation of food.CIt needs no space for the storage of food.DIt uses renewable materials as sources of food.()11.According to Paragraph 4, 3Dprinted food _.Ais more available to consumersBcan meet individual nutritional needsCis more tasty than food in supermarketsDcan keep all the nutrition in raw materials()12.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?AThe printing process is complicated.B3D food printers are too expensive.CFood materials have to be dry.DSome experts doubt 3D food printing.()13.What could be the best title of the passage?A3D Food Printing: Delicious New TechnologyBA New Way to Improve 3D Food PrintingCThe Challenges for 3D Food ProductionD3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普类短文。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得的进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。9B推理判断题。根据文章Food production中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出：3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。10D细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients (烹饪原料)”可知，3D打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。11B推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins(食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物)”从而可以推断出，3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。12C细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.”可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。13A主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。【模拟提能组】A(2020届湖北名师联盟6月份内部特供卷)Fortune cookies, commonly served after meals at Chinese restaurants in the US., are characterized by a fortune, which is written on a small piece of paper tucked inside the cookie. There are several competing stories about the origin of the fortune cookie. None of them, however, has been proven to be entirely true.One of these stories traces(追溯) the cookies origin back to 13th and 14thcentury China, which was then occupied by the Mongols. According to the legend(传说), notes of secret plans for a revolution to overthrow the Mongols were hidden in mooncakes that would ordinarily have been filled with sweet bean paste. The revolution turned out to be successful and eventually led to the formation of the Ming Dynasty. This story may sound highly credible, but there seems to be no solid evidence that it inspired the creation of the treats we know of today as fortune cookies.Another account claims that David Jung, a Chinese immigrant living in Los Angeles, created the fortune cookie in 1918.Concerned about the poor people he saw wandering near his shop, he made cookies and passed them out free on the streets. Each cookie contained a strip of paper inside with an inspirational quotation on it.However, the more generally accepted story is that the fortune cookie first turned up in either 1907 or 1914 in San Francisco, created by a Japanese immigrant, Makoto Hagiwara. The fortune cookie was based on a Japanese snack, but Hagiwara sweetened the recipe to appeal to American tastes. He put thankyou notes in the cookies and served them to his guests with tea. Within a few years, Chinese restaurant owners in San Francisco had copied the recipe and replaced the thankyou notes with fortune notes. Such fortune cookies became common in Chinese restaurants in the US. after World War .()1.What did the second and third legends have in common?AThe fortune cookies were made to help the poor.BThe fortune cookies were made by immigrants.CThe fortune cookies were totally Chinese.DThe fortune cookies became popular World War .()2.Which word can replace the underlined word “overthrow” in Paragraph 2?AdefeatBhelpCevolveDexpand()3.Which of the following statements about the first legend is NOT true?AMongols dominated from 1300 to 1400 in China.BThe revolution witnessed the arrival of the Ming Dynasty.CIt seems that no specific evidence can be found to prove the legend.DIt is one of the half false stories about the fortune cookie.()4.What is the main idea about article?AThe fortune cookie is gaining more and more popularity after World War .BThere are various stories about the fortune cookie after it appeared.CSome interesting legends about the origin of the fortune cookie.DThe stories between the fortune cookie and the human beings.【语篇解读】本文介绍了在美国中式餐馆里福饼的几个传说。1B细节理解题。由第三段中的内容可知，第二个关于福饼的传说是David Jung发明的，他是“a Chinese immigrant living in Los Angeles”；根据第四段可知，第三个传说是一个日本移民Makoto Hagiwara发明的，故选B项。2A词义猜测题。根据第二段的大意，及文中的关键信息“occupied by the Mongols”“notes of secret plans for a revolution” “The revolution turned out to be successful and eventually led to the formation of the Ming Dynasty.”可推断，overthrow的意思是“推翻；打倒”，与defeat接近。3A细节理解题。根据第二段中的第一句“One of these stories traces(追溯) the cookies origin back to 13th and 14thcentury China.”可知，蒙古人统治中原的时候应该是1200 to 1400，故A项符合题意。4C主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了三个关于福饼来源的传说，因此应该选C项。B(2019年苏锡常镇一调)Exposing living tissue to subfreezing temperatures for long can cause permanent damage.Microscopic ice crystals(结晶体) cut cells and seize moisture(潮气)，making donor organs unsuitable for transplantation.Thus，organs can be made cold for only a few hours ahead of a procedure.But a set of lasting new antifreeze compounds(化合物)similar to those found in particularly hardy(耐寒的) animalscould lengthen organs shelf life.Scientists at the University of Warwick in England were inspired by proteins in some species of Arctic fish，wood frogs and other organisms that prevent blood from freezing，allowing them to flourish in extreme cold.Previous research had shown these natural antifreeze molecules(分子) could preserve rat hearts at1.3 degrees Celsius for up to 24 hours.But these proteins are expensive to extract(提取) and highly poisonous to some species.“For a long time everyone assumed you had to make synthetic(人造的) alternatives that looked exactly like antifreeze proteins to solve this problem，” says Matthew Gibson，a chemist at Warwick who coauthored the new research.“But we found that you can design new molecules that function like antifreeze proteins but do not necessarily look like them.”Most natural antifreeze molecules have a mixture of regions that either attract or repel water.Scientists do not know exactly how this process prevents ice crystal formation，but Gibson thinks it might throw water molecules into pushpull chaos that prevents them from turning into ice.To copy this mechanism，he and his colleagues synthesized spiralshaped molecules that were mostly waterrepellentbut had iron atoms at their centers that made them hydrophilic，or waterloving.The resulting compounds were surprisingly effective at stopping ice crystals from forming.Some were also harmless to the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans(线虫)，indicating they might be safe for other animals.“These compounds are really cool because they are not proteinsthey are other types of molecules that nonetheless can do at least part of what natural antifreeze proteins do，” says Clara do Amaral，a biologist at Mount St.Joseph University，who was not involved in the research.Gibsons antifreeze compounds will still need to be tested in humans，however，and may be only part of a solution.“We dont have the whole picture yet，” do Amaral adds.“Its not just one magical compound that helps freezetolerant organisms survive.Its a whole suite of adaptations.”()5.What will happen if organs are kept for a long time in temperatures below zero?AThey will have ice crystal formation inside.BThey will not suffer permanent damage.CThey will have longer shelf life.DThey will be fit for transplantation.()6.What can we learn about natural antifreeze proteins?AThey look like Gibsons antifreeze compounds.BThey are composed of antifreeze molecules harmless to other species.CThey are spiralshaped and have iron atoms at their centers.DThey can be found in organisms living in freezing cold weather.()7.How are antifreeze molecules prevented from ice crystals?ABy creating compounds both waterrepellent and waterloving.BBy extracting the proteins from some hardy animals.CBy making synthetic alternatives like antifreeze proteins.DBy copying spiralshaped molecules mostly waterresistant.()8.Whats the main idea of the passage?APushpull chaos might prevent water molecules from turning into ice.BThe final solution to preserving donor organs has been found recently.CChemicals inspired by Arctic animals could lengthen organs shelf life.DGibsons antifreeze compounds can do what natural antifreeze proteins do.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。科学家通过在北极的一些动物身上发现的一种天然防冻物质中获得灵感，成功研制出新型防冻化合物。5A推理判断题。根据第一段前两句“Exposing living tissue to subfreezing temperatures for long can cause permanent damage.Microscopic ice crystals(结晶体) cut cells and seize moisture(潮气)，making donor organs unsuitable for transplantation.”可知，长期保存在零摄氏度以下的器官内会形成冰晶体。6D推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“proteins in some species of Arctic fish，wood frogs and other organisms that prevent blood from freezing，allowing them to flourish in extreme cold.”可知，这种天然的防冻蛋白可以在一些生活在严寒气候中的生物体中找到。7A推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Most natural antifreeze molecules have a mixture of regions that either attract or repel water.”可知，防冻分子通过形成既吸水又防水的化合物防止结晶体的形成。8C主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“But a set of lasting new antifreeze compounds(化合物)similar to those found in particularly hardy(耐寒的) animalscould lengthen organs shelf life.”可知，本文主要介绍了科学家受到耐寒动物的启发，研制出可延长器官保存期限的化合物。C(长春市普通高中2019年高三质量监测二)Next time you go shopping, keep in mind that there may be hidden cameras analyzing your habits.According to a 2015 survey of 150 managers from Computer Services Corporation, a quarter of British shops use facial recognition software to collect data on shopper behavior.With concerns that facerecognition cameras “are kind of invasive(冒犯的)”， British analysis firm Hoxton Analytics has come up with a new way of measuring footfall (客流)by filming peoples shoes.The technology can collect a large amount of personal information.“We have cameras at 50cm off the ground and they point down so they are less invasive than facial recognition，” Duncan Mann, Hoxtons officer said.As modern cities get fuller70 percent of the population will live in urban areas by 2050cameras and other technologies are taking over public spaces and collecting our data.Their purpose is to keep people safe, provide efficient services and prevent disasters and crimes.But some are not happy with the cameras as far as their privacy(隐私) is concerned.“Very few of us have any real concept of what data smart cities are gathering，” said Renate Samson.We begin giving away data as soon as we wake up.When we enter the transport system, we are giving away even more details about ourselves through smart cards, mobile phones or credit cards.Nick Millman, director at a consulting firm thinks statistics are the key to the privacy concern.He used the example of Google Maps, which is to monitor the flow of traffic in Stockholm.He explained, “It is basically adding privacy controls to statistics so that you only see the data you need to know about.” In this case, Google gets enough data to improve traffic but not so much that it shows individual journey patterns
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