2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷10

2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Driving a car without insurance can have （ ）consequences.问题1选项A.uncertainB.disastrousC.potentialD.unworthy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项uncertain“无常的；靠不住的；迟疑不决的”；B选项disastrous“损失惨重的；悲伤的”；C选项potential“潜在的；可能的”；D选项unworthy“不值得的；无价值的”。句意：在没有保险的情况下驾车可能产生损失惨重的后果。根据句中“Driving a car without insurance在没有保险的情况下驾车”可知“损失惨重的”符合语境，因此B选项正确。2. 单选题The Austrian manufacturing industry consists of a few large organizations, many of which operate under government auspices.问题1选项A.supervisionsB.orientationsC.regulationD.sponsorship【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。auspice“赞助，主办”；A选项supervision“监督，管理”；B选项orientation“方向；适应；向东方”；C选项regulation“管理；规则；校准”；D选项sponsorship“赞助；发起”。句意：奥地利的制造业由几个大型组织组成，其中许多是在政府的支持下运作的。auspice本身有“赞助”的意思，因此D选项正确。3. 不定项选择题Scientists are hoping to eliminate malaria （疟疾）by developing a genetically modified mosquito that cannot transmit the disease. Malaria has long troubled the populations of South America, Africa, and Asia, where mosquito bites infect up to 500 million people a year with this serious and sometimes fatal parasitic blood disease. For generations, scientists have been trying to eliminate malaria by developing new drugs and using pesticide （杀虫剂）to wipe out local mosquito populations. But these measures arent working and some scientist, like Greg Lanzaro, say that because of drug resistance and population changes, malaria is actually more prevalent now than it was 20 years ago. Lanzaro says he has a better way to stop the spread of malaria: genetically modifying mosquitoes so they are unable to carry the disease.Lanzaro and his colleagues are planning a multi-year project to produce malaria-resistant mosquitoes and he thinks they can do it within five years. “We can get foreign into mosquitoes and they go where theyre supposed to go,” Lanzaro says, pointing out that scientists have already succeeded in genetically engineering mosquitoes that cannot transmit malaria to birds and mice. And he says, scientists are quickly making progress on genes that block transmission of the disease to humans as well.The most difficult part scientifically, Lanzaro says, is figuring out how to get the lab-engineered mosquitoes to spread their genes into natural populations. After all, he points out; its useless to engineer mosquitoes in the lab that cant transmit malaria when there are millions out in the wild that can. To solve this problem, Lanzaro wants to load up a mobile piece of DMA with the malaria-resistant gene, and then insert it into a group of mosquito embryos. The malaria-resistant gene would be integrated directly into the mosquitoes DNA, making it impossible for those mosquitoes to transmit the parasite that causes malaria. In this way a small group of lab-raised mosquitoes could be released into the wild, and by interbreeding with wild mosquitoes, eventually transmit the beneficial gene to the entire population.61. One reason for malaria to be more widespread now is that （ ）.A. more people have moved to malaria-infected areasB. mosquitoes have become resistant to pesticidesC. genetically modified mosquitoes still transmit the diseaseD. mosquitoes bite as many as 500 million people a year62. Lanzaro is hopeful that in a few year man can（ ）.A. start to eliminate malariaB. cure parasitic blood diseasesC. prevent mice from transmitting parasitesD. acquire immunity against malaria63. Lanzaro is confident that scientist can block the transmissions of malaria to humans because（ ）.A. natural mosquito populations do not changeB. scientists have succeeded with birds and miceC. foreign genes always go where they are requiredD. lab-raised mosquitoes will not be resistant to drugs64. What is the most difficult part of Lanzaros project?A. Spreading malaria-resistant genes into natural mosquito populations.B. Raising malaria-resistant mosquitoes.C. Making genes that block the transmission of malaria.D. Identifying malaria-resistant genes.65. According to the passage, a fundamental way to wipe out malaria is to（ ）.A. develop new malaria-resistant drugsB. produce effective pesticides to kill mosquitoesC. change the genetic makeup of mosquitoesD. remove people from malaria-infected areas问题1选项A.more people have moved to malaria-infected areasB.mosquitoes have become resistant to pesticidesC.genetically modified mosquitoes still transmit the diseaseD.mosquitoes bite as many as 500 million people a year问题2选项A.start to eliminate malariaB.cure parasitic blood diseasesC.prevent mice from transmitting parasitesD.acquire immunity against malaria问题3选项A.natural mosquito populations do not changeB.scientists have succeeded with birds and miceC.foreign genes always go where they are requiredD.lab-raised mosquitoes will not be resistant to drugs问题4选项A.Spreading malaria-resistant genes into natural mosquito populations.B.Raising malaria-resistant mosquitoes.C.Making genes that block the transmission of malaria.D.Identifying malaria-resistant genes.问题5选项A.develop new malaria-resistant drugsB.produce effective pesticides to kill mosquitoesC.change the genetic makeup of mosquitoesD.remove people from malaria-infected areas【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由malaria to be more widespread定位到文章第一段倒数第二句“because of drug resistance and population changes, malaria is actually more prevalent now than it was 20 years ago”，由于耐药性和人口变化，疟疾现在实际上比20年前更流行。由此可知，疟疾的流行与其耐药性有关。A选项“more people have moved to malaria-infected areas”，意为“更多的人搬到疟疾感染地区”，这是疟疾变得更流行后的结果，它导致了更多的人住在疟疾感染地区；B选项“mosquitoes have become resistant to pesticides”意为“蚊子已对杀虫剂产生了抗药性”，蚊子就是疟疾的传播者，蚊子对杀虫剂产生耐药性，所以疟疾传播得更广；C选项“genetically modified mosquitoes still transmit the disease”意为“转基因蚊子仍然传播这种疾病”，原文中科学家们试图通过转基因的蚊子来消灭疟疾，这些转基因蚊子是不能传播疾病的；D选项“mosquitoes bite as many as 500 million people a year”意为“蚊子每年叮咬多达5亿人”，这是现状不是导致的原因。因此B选项符合题意。第2题:判断推理题。由Lanzaro定位到文章第二段第一句“Lanzaro and his colleagues are planning a multi-year project to produce malaria-resistant mosquitoes and he thinks they can do it within five years”，兰萨罗和他的同事们正在计划一个长期的项目来制造抗疟疾的蚊子，他认为他们可以在5年内做到。由此可知，兰萨罗正计划消灭疟疾。A选项“start to eliminate malaria”，意为“开始消灭疟疾”，与原文相符；B选项“cure parasitic blood diseases”意为“治疗寄生虫性血液病”，与原文不符，兰萨罗不是治疗疾病而是寻找消灭疟疾的办法；C选项“prevent mice from transmitting parasites”意为“防止老鼠传播寄生虫”，与原文不符，原文中是蚊子不会传播寄生虫给老鼠；D选项“acquire immunity against malaria”意为“获得抗疟疾免疫力”，原文并未提及抗疟疾免疫力。因此A选项符合题意。第3题:判断推理题。由Lanzaro定位到文章第二段第二句“pointing out that scientists have already succeeded in genetically engineering mosquitoes that cannot transmit malaria to birds and mice”，他指出，科学家已经成功地对蚊子进行了基因改造，使它们不会将疟疾传播给鸟类和老鼠。由此可知，科学家在鸟类和老鼠身上已经取得了成功，蚊子不会传播寄生虫到它们身上。A选项“natural mosquito populations do not change”，意为“蚊子的自然数量不会改变”，原文未提及蚊子数量的变化；B选项“scientists have succeeded with birds and mice”意为“科学家已经在鸟类和老鼠身上取得了成功”，与原文相符；C选项“foreign genes always go where they are required”意为“外来基因总是去需要它们的地方”，与原文不符，原文是让外来基因进入蚊子体内；D选项“lab-raised mosquitoes will not be resistant to drugs”意为“实验室饲养的蚊子不会对药物产生抗药性”，原文并未提及实验室蚊子的抗药性。因此B选项符合题意。第4题:事实细节题。由most difficult part定位到文章第三段第一句“The most difficult part scientifically, Lanzaro says, is figuring out how to get the lab-engineered mosquitoes to spread their genes into natural populations”，兰萨罗说，科学上最困难的部分是弄清楚如何让实验室改造的蚊子将它们的基因传播到自然种群中。由此可知，将抗疟疾基因传播到蚊子的自然种群中是兰萨罗面对的难题。A选项“Spreading malaria-resistant genes into natural mosquito populations”，意为“将抗疟疾基因传播到天然蚊子种群中”，与原文相符；B选项“Raising malaria-resistant mosquitoes”意为“培育抗疟疾的蚊子”，原文中实验室已经培育出抗疟疾的蚊子；C选项“Making genes that block the transmission of malaria”意为“制造阻止疟疾传播的基因”，与原文不符，原文中实验室已经能制造抗疟疾的基因；D选项“Identifying malaria-resistant genes”意为“识别抗疟疾基因”，原文中实验室可以将抗疟疾基因插入蚊子胚胎，说明识别抗疟疾基因不是难题。因此A选项符合题意。第5题:判断推理题。由a fundamental way to wipe out malaria定位到文章第一段最后一句“Lanzaro says he has a better way to stop the spread of malaria: genetically modifying mosquitoes so they are unable to carry the disease”，兰萨罗说，他有一个更好的方法来阻止疟疾的传播：对蚊子进行基因改造，使它们无法携带这种疾病。由此可知，改变蚊子的基因，使它们携带抗疟疾基因是阻止疟疾传播的有效办法。C选项“change the genetic makeup of mosquitoes”意为“改变蚊子的基因组成”与原文相符。A选项“develop new malaria-resistant drugs”，意为“开发新的抗疟疾药物”，B选项“produce effective pesticides to kill mosquitoes”意为“生产有效的杀虫剂杀死蚊子”和D选项“remove people from malaria-infected areas”意为“将人移出疟疾感染地区”，这三种办法原文均没有提及。因此C选项符合题意。4. 单选题These continual（ ）in temperature make it impossible to decide what to wear.问题1选项A.alterationsB.vibrationsC.wavesD.fluctuations【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。选项alteration“修改，改变；变更”；vibration“振动；振荡；颤抖”；wave“波浪；挥手示意”；fluctuation“起伏，浮动；动荡；动摇”。句意：温度上的这些持续起伏让人无法决定穿什么衣服。根据句中“make it impossible to decide what to wear让人无法决定穿什么衣服”可知“起伏”符合语境，因此D选项正确。5. 单选题The ongoing negotiation relied on unorthodox channels, avoiding the dull State Department, which he disdained.问题1选项A.respectedB.neglectedC.deniedD.despised【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。disdain“鄙视，轻视”；A选项respect“尊敬，尊重；遵守”；B选项neglect“疏忽，忽视；忽略”；C选项deny“否定，否认；拒绝给予”；D选项despise“轻视，鄙视”。句意：正在进行的谈判依赖非正统渠道，避开了他鄙视的沉闷的国务院。题干说到“dull State Department呆滞的国务院”，可推知disdain在这里有“鄙视”的意思，因此D选项正确。6. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into English and write your translation on the Answer Sheet II.文化的多样性是人类文明最本质的特征，尊重不同文化的独立与发展，加强文化交流与合作，是维护世界文化多样性的重要前提。在全球化的时代，人类面临着许多共同的问题，都需要通过广泛的文化沟通与合作来寻求答案，中国提倡充分尊重各国的文化传统，社会制度、发展道路，倡导开放兼容的文化观，也真诚地愿意通过与各国广泛开展合作，借鉴各种文明之长，推动建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。【答案】Cultural diversity is the most essential characteristics of human civilization, to respect the independence and development of a different culture and strengthen cultural exchanges and cooperation is important preconditions for the maintenance of world cultural diversity. In the era of globalization, mankind is faced with many common problems and all need to seek the answer through extensive cultural communication and cooperation, China advocates a full respect for each countrys cultural tradition, social system and development path and call for open and compatible cultural view, and also is sincerely willing to promote to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity through extensive cooperation with other countries and drawing on the strengths of the various kinds of civilization.7. 单选题Since his loyal supporters are all entrenched in powerful and key positions, to overturn his military regime will not be an easy thing.问题1选项A.estrangeB.emergedC.fixedD.lingered【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。entrench“确立，牢固；挖掘”；A选项estrange“使疏远；离间”；B选项emerge“浮现；摆脱；暴露”的现在分词；C选项fix“使牢固；修理；安装；固定”；D选项linger“徘徊；苟延残喘”。句意：由于他忠实的支持者都牢固地处于强有力且关键的位置，所以去推翻他的军事政权将不是一件容易的事情。题干说到“to overturn his military regime will not be an easy thing去推翻他的军事政权将不是一件容易的事情”，可知entrench在这里有“牢固”的意思，因此C选项正确。8. 不定项选择题The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid-1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.These conditions continued until after World War II. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses heretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vails Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1910s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate Americas prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered “crazy” and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients fights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures.Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day to day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.1. Which of the following happened in mental institutions after economic depression?2. It can be inferred that, had the Civil Rights movement not prompted an investigation of prison conditions, （ ）.3. According to the passage, mental hospital conditions were radically changed because of （ ）.4. According to the passage, who is responsible for surveillance of good patient care?5. The main purpose of the passage is to（ ）.问题1选项A.Patients became inflexible and insensitive.B.Fewer patients led to shortage of funds and inhumane care.C.More patients were reluctant to get help from physicians.D.Patients were disappointed to live in asylums.问题2选项A.states would never have established asylums for the mentally illB.new treatments for major mental illness would have likely remained untestedC.the Civil Rights movement in America would have been politically ineffectiveD.conditions in mental hospitals might have escaped judicial scrutiny问题3选项A.a group of young angry men in the 1900sB.active young lawyers in the 1910sC.innocent insane patients protestD.powerful court interventions问题4选项A.The state courts.B.The public interest lawyers.C.The state mental health administrators.D.The hospitals.问题5选项A.provide an historical perspective on problems of mental health careB.increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally illC.shock the reader with vivid descriptions of asylumsD.describe the invention of new treatments for mental illness【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. 精神病院变得人满为患，像监狱一样。”和“Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten. 精神病院成了令人恐惧和沮丧的地方，病人的权利几乎被遗忘。”可知D项与原文相符。A项“病人变得僵硬和麻木”，与原文不符；B项“病人减少导致资金短缺和不人道的护理”，与原文不符；C项“更多的病人不愿意得到医生的帮助”，与原文不符；D项“病人住在精神病院里很失望”，因此D选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate Americas prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons the hospitals for the criminally insane. 当时，民权运动促使律师们调查美国的监狱，那里的黑人比例不成比例，他们转而跟踪囚犯进入唯一比监狱更糟糕的机构精神病罪犯医院。”可知D项与原文相符。A项“国家将永远不会为精神病人建立精神病院”，与原文不符；B项“针对主要精神病的新治疗将可能仍然未被检验”，与原文不符；C项“美国的民权运动在政治上是无效的，与原文不符；D项“精神病院的条件可能逃脱了司法审查”，因此D选项正确。第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate Americas prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons the hospitals for the criminally insane. 当时，民权运动促使律师们调查美国的监狱，因为那里的黑人比例不成比例，他们转而跟踪囚犯进入唯一比监狱更糟糕的机构精神病罪犯医院。”和“The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. 这些年轻的公益律师骨干喜欢他们在精神病院的角色。”可知B项与原文相符。A项“20世纪一群愤怒的年轻人”，与原文不符； B项“20世纪10年代活跃的年轻律师”；C项“无辜的精神病患者的抗议”，与原文不符；D项“强大的法院干预”，与原文不符，因此B选项正确。第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“.administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected. 管理人员必须承诺制定规则和标准，并提供培训和监督，以确保给予治疗和尊重患者的权利。”可知C项与原文相符。A项“州法院”；B项“公益律师”；C项“国家精神卫生行政人员管理员”；D项“医院”，因此C选项正确。第5题:主旨大意题。全文主要讲述了美国对于精神患者治疗的发展进程，可知A项与原文相符。A项“提供精神卫生保健问题的历史视角”；B项“提高公众对精神病患者困境的认识”；C项“对精神病院的生动描述使读者震惊”；D项“描述一种新的精神疾病治疗方法的发明”，因此A选项正确。9. 单选题I must go now.（ ）, if you want that book Ill bring it next time.问题1选项A.IncidentallyB.AccidentallyC.OccasionallyD.Subsequently【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项incidentally“顺便说一句；偶然地；附带地”；B选项accidentally“意外地；偶然地”；C选项occasionally“偶尔；间或”；D选项subsequently“随后，其后；后来”。句意：我现在必须离开了。顺便说一句，如果你想要那本书，那么我下次将把它带来。根据句中“I must go now我现在必须离开了”可知“顺便说一句”符合语境， 因此A选项正确。10. 单选题With the development of sophisticated instruments, earthquake will become predictable.问题1选项A.advancedB.delicateC.dedicatedD.difficult【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。sophisticated“复杂的；先进的；久经世故的；富有经验的”；A选项advanced“先进的；晚期的；年老的”；B选项delicate“微妙的；精美的；柔和的；易碎的”；C选项dedicated“专用的；专注的；献身的”；D选项difficult“困难的；不随和的；执拗的”。句意：随着精密仪器的发展，地震将成为可预测的。题干指出“earthquake will become predictable地震将会成为可预测的”可推测出sophisticated在这里有“先进的”的意思，因此A选项正确。11. 不定项选择题Most of us have seen a dog staring at, sometimes snarling at, and approaching a reflection of itself. For most animals, seeing their own image in a mirror acts as a social stimulus. But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? This question is of interest for a number of reasons. Apart from curiosity about the level of animals understanding, research on self-recognition in animal has several benefits. It provides some insight into the evolutionary significance of this skill of self-recognition and into the level and kinds of cognitive competence that the skill requires. Such research also indicates the kinds of learning experiences that determine the development of self-recognition. In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not dependent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children.The evidence indicates that dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not recognize themselves. In a series of clever experiments, however, Gallup has shown that the chimpanzee does have this capacity. Gallup exposed chimpanzees in a small cage to a full-length mirror for ten consecutive days. It was observed that over this period of time the number of self-directed responses increased. These behaviors included grooming parts of the body while watching the results, guiding fingers in the mirror, and picking at teeth with the aid of the mirror. Describing one chimp, Gallup said, “Marge used the mirror to play with and