2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷39

2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题Directions: Put the following passage into English Write your English version in the proper space on the Answer Sheet.关于知识分子的定义，国外的主流看法是，知识分子是受过专门训练，掌握专门知识， 以知识为谋生手段，以脑力劳动为职业，具有强烈的社会责任感的群体。知识分子的功能虽然在解释外在世界，但是总是倾向怀疑与批判，他的想法和看法与社会现状总有距离。知识分子总是对社会现状不满足，总是批判他身处其中的社会，总是企图按照理性和自己 的理想改造或改良社会。因此，他们被浪漫地认同为社会的良心。根据知识分子的基本特 征，经典的知识分子可包含哲学家、科学家、作家、艺术家、音乐家等等。在这里，知识 分子是指脑力劳动者中关心人类文化价值、具有社会责任意识的那部分人，大体上相当于 “思想家”。【答案】With regard to the definition of intellectuals, the mainstream view abroad is that intellectuals are groups with a strong sense of social responsibility who receive special training, master expert knowledge, earn a living by knowledge and choose mental work. Although the function of the intellectual is to explain the external world, he is always inclined to doubt and criticize, whose ideas and opinions are always different from the present social situation. The intellectual is always dissatisfied with the present social situation, always criticizes society in which he lives, and always attempts to transform or improve society according to his reason and his own ideal. Therefore, they are romantically recognized as a conscience of society. According to the basic characteristics of intellectuals, classical intellectuals can include philosophers, scientists, writers, artists, musicians and so on. Here, the intellectual refers to the mental labors, roughly equivalent to thinker, who care about the cultural value of human beings and have a sense of social responsibility.2. 单选题If these shoes are too big, ask the clerk to bring you a smaller（ ）.问题1选项A.pairB.suitC.oneD.set【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果这些鞋太大了，请店员给你拿一双更小的。结合语境，由前文谈及 “这些鞋子”，即应该是成对的，故应该用“一双”，则 A为正确答案。3. 单选题Most people tend to think they are so efficient at their job that they are（ ）.问题1选项A.inaccessibleB.irreversibleC.immovableD.irreplaceable【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A: inaccessible “达不到的；难见到的” ；B: irreversible “不可逆的；不能翻转的”；C: immovable “不可移动的；固定的”；D: irreplaceable “不能调换的；不能代替的”。句意：大多数人都认为自己的工作效率很高，无人能取代他们。结合句意，故D为正确答案。4. 单选题The politician is shrewd and deep; he was（ ）seldom on what he expected others to do for him.问题1选项A.transparentB.explicitC.prominentD.conspicuous【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A: transparent “透明的”；B: explicit “明确的；直言的”；C: prominent “突出的，显著地”；D: conspicuous “显著的”。句意：这位政治家相当精明，城府深，他很少明确表示希望其他人能为他做些什么。根据句意，B项最符合。5. 单选题Last year, the government asked the University of Nottingham to carry out research on the skills of university students. The findings confirm the disquiet of employers at the lack of basic skills they observe in some graduates. British universities have usually admitted only the best students, so it is surprising to read about these findings.The research showed that less than one university student in five achieves the levels expected of bright 18-year-olds in all three of the key skills of communication, the application of number, and information technology (IT).Some have argued that there are two other key skill areas where students might be expected to show some ability-improving their own learning, and working with others. If we add in these skill areas, the research shows that only about a dozen students among nearly two hundred tested across ten universities scored top marks.Not many universities focus on these general, basic skills. Indeed, many universities assume that their highly-qualified if incoming students have all these skills. But are they right to assume that? If they are not, then university educators may have to start paying more attention to developing such skills than they have in the past.It is of course possible to get a good degree, even from a top class university, and not necessarily if have all-round skills necessary for operating in employment and everyday situations. Some graduates are not good at IT; others have difficulty in the application of number skills. Many are poor in communication skills in speech, or writing, or both. For example, many employers note that even highly-qualified graduates have difficulty in giving a clear explanation of something they understand to a group of people listening.Achievement of these skills is not normally required in high school; however, one might expects students to be better in these skills than they are.The results from the University of Nottingham survey need to-be treated with some care: the sample was small, and we only assessed students who could be present at certain times of the day; we were not able to assess every aspect of every skill. ( But even if we doubled the number of students tested who achieved level 3 on our tests- just below the minimum level required by employers- two thirds of first year students would not nut achieve these minimum levels.Each of the students took part in a two-and-a-half hour assessment session. During this session they completed pencil and paper tests. They also did a group exercise and presentation, during which they had to work with others, and then each in turn present an oral report. In addition, they were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire covering their knowledge and experience of IT.Many would argue that being brilliant in any one or two of these skills is not enough, students should really have an all-round ability in all these skill areas. The story is much less encouraging when we look at success in a combination of skills. Only about five percent of those sampled achieved acceptable levels in all five skill areas.The fact is that university courses vary a great deal. In some instances, they allow students to do very well at certain things that are highly valued within their academic fielD.However, these qualities may not transfer easily to other situations. Many employers go to particular institutions, and particular degree subjects hoping to find the kind of graduate they want. The government is now considering ways in which training in these skills can be built into every degree programmed offered.This may strike fear into the hearts of many university lecturers, who are already having to cope with much greater demands on their teaching and research skills. However, there is reason to believe that some institutions are already dealing with the problem, and with some success. For example, the University of Loughborough (near Nottingham) has an excellent programme in study and IT skills, and the University checks on students skills as they proceed through their courses. These universities now realize that basic skills not only help their students to learn more effectively, they also make them more employable once they have left the university.1.What are the basic skills of the university graduates?2.Some argued that other basic skills like（ ）are also expected.3.Usually, achievement of these basic skills is not normally required in（ ）.4.Why should the results from the University of Nottingham survey be treated with some care?5.How much percent of the sampled achieved acceptable level in all five skills areas according to the passage?问题1选项A.CommunicationB.Application of numberC.Information technologyD.All of the above问题2选项A.the ability to improve their own learningB.the ability to make independent decisionC.the ability to explain something clearlyD.the ability of passing paper tests问题3选项A.collegesB.high schoolsC.communicationD.graduate问题4选项A.The survey is not accurateB.The survey is not accepted by the publicC.Most of the students are top students in the universityD.The survey only assessed a small part of the students.问题5选项A.6%B.5%C.30%D.44%【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词basic skills可以定位到文章第中 “The research showed that less than one university student in five achieves the levels expected of bright 18-year-olds in all three of the key skills of communication, the application of number, and information technology (IT).” 中文翻译为：研究表明， 在沟通、应用数字和信息技术这三项关键技能方面，只有不到五分之一的大学生 达到了18岁聪明学生的期望水平。可以得知这三项都是大学生的基本技能。因此D选项符合题意。2.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段中 “Some have argued that there are two other key skill areas where students might be expected to show some ability _improving their own learning, and working with others.” 中文翻译为：些人认为，在其他两个关键技能领域中，学生可能会表现出一定的能力,提高自己的学习能力，以及与他人合作。可以得知A选项符合题意。3.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章中 “Achievement of these skills is not normally required in high school” 中文翻译为：高中通常不要求取得这些技能。以及 “however, one might expects students to be better in these skills than they are.”，中文翻译为：然而，人们可能会期望学生在这些技能上比他们更好。可以得知B选项符合题意。4.细节事实题。由题干关键词“be treated with some care”可以定位到文章中 “The results from the University of Nottingham survey need to be treated with some care: the sample was small, and we only assessed students who could be present at certain times of the day; we were not able to assess every aspect of every skill.” 中文翻译为：诺丁汉大学的调查结果需要谨慎对待：样本很小，我们只对一天中可能出现在某一时间的学生进行评估；我们无法评估每项技能的每个方面。可以得知D选项符合题意。5.细节事实题。由题干关键词achieved acceptable level可以定位到文章中 “Only about five percent of those sampled achieved acceptable levels in all five skill areas” 中文翻译为：在所有五个技能领域中，只有大约5%的样本 达到了可接受的水平。可以得知B选项符合题意。6. 单选题It is announced that a wallet has been found and can he （ ） at the managers office.问题1选项A.declaredB.obtainedC.reclaimedD.recognized【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项 declare “断言，宣称，宣布”；B选项 obtain “获得，得到”；C选项 reclaim “要求归还，收回；认领（失物）”；D选项 recognize“认出，认可，承认”。句意：通知说，有人发现了一只钱包，失主可到经理室认领。结合此处语境，C选项正确。7. 翻译题Directions: Put the following passage into English Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet.目前，对待科技发展存在着相互对立的两种思潮；反科学思潮认为，现代科学的发展非但没有给人类社会带来福音，反而带来了灾难和毁灭；另一种是科技进步思潮，他们认为人类面临的环境污染、生态失衡、资源枯竭等危机是科学发展过程中自然而然遇到的问题，这些问题进一步解决的出路恰恰在于继续大力发展科技。上述两种观点都有一定的合理性，也都有各执一端的片面性，如果从时代的高度和辩证的观点看待当代科技的发展时，我们就可以发现，当代科学技术所面临的问题并不是去如何认识现代科技进步，而是从时代的需要出发，设法找到未来科技进一步发展的理论根据所在。【答案】At present, there are two opposite trends of thought to the development of science and technology. Anti-science holds the view that the development of modern science has not brought the gospel to the human society, but brought disaster and destruction. The other is the trend of scientific and technological progress, whose view is that environmental problems such as pollution, ecological imbalance and resource exhaustion occur naturally in the process of scientific development. It is by vigorously developing science and technology that these problems can be further solveD.Both of these two views are reasonable and of one-sidedness. If we look at the development of contemporary science and technology from the perspective of age and dialectics, we can find that these problems faced by contemporary science and technology are not how to understand modern scientific and technological progress, but try to find the theoretical basis for the further development of science and technology in the future from the needs of the times.8. 单选题Terrorists（ ）to bombing city centers as a means of achieving their political aims.问题1选项A.resortedB.tookC.sawD.looked【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A: resort to “依靠，求助于；诉诸；常去”；B: ;take to “喜欢；走向； 开始从事”；C: see to “注意;负责；照料”；D: look to “注意;指望；照看”。句意：恐怖分子把向市中心投放炸弹作为他们完成政治目标的手段。结合此处语境，A为正确答案。9. 单选题He was（ ）from the competition because he had not complied with the rules.问题1选项A.forbiddenB.barredC.disqualifiedD.excused【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: forbid “禁止，指禁止某人进入某地、或禁止某人用某物或做某事”；B: bar “禁止，指用障碍物阻止或禁止”；C: disqualify “取消的资格”；D: excuse “原谅”。句意：他被禁止参加比赛，因为他没有遵守比赛规则。结合句意，故C为正确答案。10. 单选题Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points -periods countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents ones findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytiC.The old questions What happened?” and“ How did it happen? have given way to the question“ Why did it happen?”, Prominent among the methods used to answer the question Why is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistoiy does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho historians intenD.They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it Psychohistory derives its facts not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made histoiy, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to. and therefore assessable by all historians. And it violates the basic tenet o historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses Psychohistories, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that their s is the deepest explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determines in that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and circumstances.1.Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?2.The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?3.The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?4.The author of the passage puts the word deepest(ParA.3)in quotation marks most probably in order to（ ）.5.In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT（ ）.问题1选项A.The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it tacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical methodB.Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistoriansC.Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.D.The psychological assessment of an individuals behavior and attitudes is more normative than the details of his or her daily life问题2选项A.What are some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in historical interpretation?B.When were the conventions governing the practice of traditional histoiy first established?C.When do traditional historians consider psychological explanations of historical explanations of historical developments appropriate?D.What is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by traditional historians?问题3选项A.The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather thin narrative formB.Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholarsC.Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram.D.Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure问题4选项A.signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistoriars claims for their workB.draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians methodC.emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians method and that of historiansD.disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians claims from her opinion of their method问题5选项A.Make general statements without reference to specific examplesB.Describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historiansC.Question the adequacy of the psycholistorians interpretation of eventsD.Point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians application of their methods【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。通读全文分析可见，本题的正确选项应该是包含“psychohistory”和“history”概念的选项，A项翻译为：“心理学史家对历史研究的态度， 尽管它突破了传统史学方法的严密性和可验证性，但目前仍在流行”。综合考虑，该选项符合题意，正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到原文第三段 “It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by all historians.”，中文翻译为：“它（即心理、历史学）否定历史证据的基本标准，即历史证据是大家都可以获取的，因此可被 所有的历史学家评价”可推断出D项“传统历史学家需要的历史证据的标准是什么”正确。3.推理判断题。根据题干中关键短语“psychohistorians”可以定位到答案信息在原文第三、四段。但是三、四段没有给出本题答案的具体信息。综合考虑，一般人们阐述问题的规律为：理论到实践。故最佳答案为C项“过去和现在的事件都放在同一个确定性状态图中”。4.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到原文第三段 “It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by all historians.”，中文翻译为：它（即心理历史学）否定历史证据的基本标准，即历史 证据是大家都可以获取的，因此可被所有的历史学家评价。以及原文 “Psychohistorians,convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories.”，中文翻译为：“心理历史 学家确信自己理论的绝对正确。”结合语境可以得出 A项正确。5.推理判断题。选项A可定位到文章第三段第六、七、八句，选项B可定位到文章第一段第一、二句，选项C可以定位到第三段的尾句。因此选择D项。11. 单选题As civilization（ ）in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life- food, shelter and clothes.问题1选项A.processesB.precedesC.proceedD.exceeds【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A: process “加工，处理” ；B: precede “领先”；C: proceed “行进”；D: exceed “超过”。句意：随着文明朝着科技的方向前进，它改变了生活最基本的要素食物、住所和衣服。结合此处题干：朝着科技的方向，判断出C选项为正确答案。12. 单选题The rebirth of Japan from the ruins of World War II and its race to the year 2000 is the theme of Robert Guilians new book The Japanese Challenge. In developing this provocative subject, he has produced, practically, a manual that will be extremely helpful to anyone doing business with the Japanese. It is particularly recommended for the first-time visitor to the Land of the Rising Sun.The analysis of the advance of modern Japan over the past 100 years since the Meiji era gives a most penetrating insight into the background and forces that have brought this fascinating country to where she now is the third economic power in the worlD.Will Japan become number one by the year 2000? This is the controversial question Guilian attempts to answer, and while doing so unfolds a composite chronicle of the factors that have contributed to Japans amazing growth over the past twenty years, and that will support the drive toward the objectives of the next thirty years.Mr. Guilian is the Far Eastern representative of Le Monde, and exhibits an intimate knowledge of the Japanese people and the reasons for their fanatical devotion to the doctrine of the past two decades; economic growth above all else. However, it fails to give full recognition to recent events that tends to question the ease with which the race will be run in the eighties and nineties. Japan is going through an evolution. We read in current newspapers about the Japanese housewife forsaking her traditional image of docility, and objecting to prices, quality, and ser