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2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题strophysicists wrestling with the study of a new kind of star, the flat, “two-dimensional” configurations known as accretion disks have recently gained new insights into the behavior of these stars. Accretion disks exist in a variety of situations where matters swirl around a compact star such as a white dwarf star or a neutron star. Accretion disks are also suspected of playing a part in more exotic situations, in which the central object is imagined to be a supermassive black hole, the ultimate form of collapsed matter, rather than a compact star. The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars. Similarly, the basic physics of the power by which accretion disks radiate, thought to originate in a form of turbulent friction, is known only at the crudest level.Accretion disks were first defined in the context of Cataclysmic variables. In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star. The viscosity in the disk thus formed causes heating, radiation, and a slow spiraling of disk matter onto the surface of the white dwarf.The rapid advances made in x-ray astronomy in the past decade have identified a second type of system in which accretion disks occur. In such a system, an accretion disk whirls about a neutron star rather than a white dwarf. The inner reaches of the accretion disk extend deeply into the gravitational potential of the neutron star where very rapid motion is the rule. The energy released by friction and the actual raining of the material from the disk onto the surface of the neutron star is so great that radiation is given off in a powerful flood of x-rays. And in at least one case, x-ray astronomers believe that the object in the center of an accretion disk is a black hole, suggesting that a third system may exist.It had been assumed that portions of accretion disks would be unstable and that, as a result, clumping of their matter into rings would occur. There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars. Abramowicz work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that predictions of the instability of accretion disks were based on which of the following?3.The authors attitude toward Abramowicz work can best be described as one of（ ）.4.The passage suggests which of the following about current scientific knowledge of the nuclear processes of ordinary stars?5.The passage suggests that Abramowicz work was motivated by which of the following assumptions?6.The passage implies which of the following about the progress of knowledge in astrophysics?7.The passage suggests that, compared to the study of ordinary stars, the study of accretion disks is（ ）.8.According to the passage, some accretion disks originated in（ ）.9.It can be inferred from the passage that the significance of Abramowicz work is that it（ ）.问题1选项A.comparing Abramowicz work to the work of earlier astrophysicistsB.providing information about accretion disks and discussing significant new workC.defining the conditions under which accretion disks can be observedD.exploring the question of whether a black hole can ever be the central object of an accretion diskE.describing the phenomenon of accretion disks and reviewing several conflicting theories of their origins问题2选项A.A calculation of the probable effects of standard Newtonian gravitational relationshipsB.A calculation of the probable relationship between general relativity and standard Newtonian gravitational relationshipsC.A calculation of the energy released by friction within a compact starD.Observation of the x-rays radiated by compact starsE.Observation of the clumping of accretion disk matter into rings around compact stars问题3选项A.uncertain approvalB.unqualified respectC.mild interestD.careful dismissalE.hostile skepticism问题4选项A.Its pattern of development has been analogous to that of developments in x-ray astronomy.B.Its role in the explanation of turbulent friction has been significant.C.It has contributed to a more accurate modeling of ordinary stars.D.It lags behind knowledge of scaling laws.E.It explains the behavior of accretion disks as well as that of ordinary stars.问题5选项A.The quantity of energy released by accretion disks can be as large as it is only if the disks are stable.B.Improved techniques in x-ray astronomy would reveal any instabilities occurring in accretion disks.C.The lack of observational evidence of instabilities in accretion disks suggests that predictions of their occurrence might be wrong.D.Known methods of observing accretion disk surrounding compact stars and black holes do not permit the observation of the matter in accretion disks.E.The gravitational potential of compact stars does not vary from star to star.问题6选项A.Adherence to outdated theories has, in the past, limited the activities of astrophysicists and restricted progress.B.Progress has, in the past, occurred only as a result of significant breakthroughs in basic physics and chemistry.C.Progress has, in the past, occurred as a result of a process of defining and solving restricted problems.D.Given the recent acquisition of knowledge about the nuclear processes of stars, further progress is likely to be limited to the refinement of what is already known.E.Conclusions in astrophysics have, in the past, been seriously flawed, thus limiting progress, although there have recently been signs of change.问题7选项A.derivativeB.more sophisticatedC.less clearly focusedD.at an earlier stage of developmentE.more dependent on technological advances问题8选项A.an increase in heat and radiation around an ordinary starB.a powerful flood of x-rays emitted by a neutron starC.a collision between two starsD.the turbulent friction on the surface of a compact starE.the accumulation of matter removed from an ordinary star问题9选项A.provides a means of measuring the gravitational potential of neutron starsB.opens a new area for exploration in the field of x-ray astronomyC.proves that scaling laws cannot be applied to accretion disksD.proposes a new system of classification of starsE.suggests a resolution of a discrepancy between a theoretical prediction and actual observation【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C第6题:C第7题:D第8题:E第9题:E【解析】1.主旨大意题。通读全文，原文多次出现关键词“accretion disks” “new insights”,从而即可了解作者的写作主旨，得出本题答案。2.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“instability”将信息点定位到原文第四段第二、三句。 “There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.”从而得出本题答案。3.观点态度题。根据题干关键词“Abramowicz work”，可将信息点定位到原文最后一段最后一句。“Abramowicz work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.（阿布拉莫维奇的工作是一个很有价值的例子，说明在得出关于吸积盘的结论之前必须小心谨慎。）”作者对其研究是绝对的尊重。从而得出本题答案。4.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“the nuclear processes of ordinary stars”,将信息点定位到原文最后一段第一句。“Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars.”从而得出本题答案。5.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“Abramowicz work”，将信息点定位为原文第四段第三句 “In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.（在最近的工作中，Abramowicz已经表明，由广义相对论引起的附加引力效应可能会改变预期的牛顿引力关系，使圆盘保持稳定，这表明这些预测的不稳定性可能不会发生。）”，从而得出本题答案。6.事实细节题。信息点定位为原文最后一段第一句。根据“involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case（就像在本例中所做的那样，涉及到对受限问题的定义和提出解决方案）”即可得出本题答案。7.事实细节题。根据题干将信息点定位到原文第一段第四句。根据“The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars.（吸积盘的建模仍处于初级阶段，类似于普通恒星使用基本尺度定律建模的日子，而不需要了解恒星的核反应过程。）”即可得出本题答案。8.细节事实题。根据题干信息将本题信息点定位到原文第二段第二句。“In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star.（在这些系统中，来自普通恒星外层的物质受到附近环绕白矮星的引力影响而被吸引，普通恒星失去的物质不能直接撞击微小白矮星的表面，而是进入围绕恒星的轨道。）”从而得出本题答案。9.细节推断题。根据题干信息可将本题信息点定位为原文最后一段。根据段落信息合理推断后即可得出本题答案。2. 单选题No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a back-coupling, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. This plate is growing on both sides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them. An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earths surface, and seriously require explanation in because, addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea.26.According to the traditional view of the origin of the ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates?27.It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments would be found in the （ ） .28.According to the passage, which of the following are separated by a plate that is growing on both sides?29.The author refers to conveyer belt in Sentence 3, Paragraph 1, in order to（ ）.30.Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage?问题1选项A.Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors.B.Spreading of ocean trenches.C.Movement of mid-ocean ridges.D.Differences in temperature under oceans and continents.问题2选项A.Indian OceanB.Black SeaC.Mid-AtlanticD.South Atlantic问题3选项A.The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan.B.The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge.C.The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge.D.The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge.问题4选项A.illustrate the effects of convection in the mantleB.show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continentsC.demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic RidgeD.describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling问题5选项A.A Description of the Oceans of the WorldB.Several Theories of Ocean Basin FormationC.The Traditional View of the OceansD.Convection and Ocean Currents【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】26.细节事实题。根据题干中的traditional view，将信息点定位为第一段第二句。The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents.（传统观点认为，地球上地幔长期受小力量作用时表现为液体，海洋和大陆下的温差足以产生地幔对流，大洋中脊下对流上升，大陆下对流下降。）从而得出本题答案。27.细节推断题。根据题干中的sediments，将信息点定位为最后一段第三句。These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment.（这些海洋有一个典型的海底，只是海底覆盖着几公里长的沉积物。）通过对比答案与尾段内容，答案为尾段尾句的Black Sea。从而得出本题答案。28.细节事实题。根据题干中的plate, is growing on both sides，将信息点定位为第二段第三句。This plate is growing on both sides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart.此句中的this指代前一句的the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean。从而得出本题答案。29.语义题。根据题干的提示，将信息点定位为第一段第三句。Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.第一段用很长的句子来描述地球表层的运动，紧接着用conveyor belt来描述运动的结果。从而得出本题答案。30.主旨题。文章第一段第一句为全文的主题句，No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.（关于造成海洋盆地形成的机理，至今还没有一个非常令人满意的解释。）说明文章的内容，即：关于ocean basins形成的不同学说。从而得出本题答案。3. 单选题Behavior is one of two general responses available to endothermic (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Human beings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal microclimate for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heat production and loss. Thermoregulatory behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavior to avoid becoming hyperthermic: it removes layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during exercise; but such responses result from the direct stimulation of thermoreceptors distributed widely within the central nervous system, and the ability of these mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.Until recently it was assumed that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation. After all, the argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism. The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the skins surface, but the energy of a microwave field may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. The resulting temperature profile may well be a kind of reverse thermal gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. Since the heat is not conducted outward to the surface to stimulate the appropriate receptors, the organism does not “appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it “appreciates” heating and cooling of the skin. In theory, the internal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed.Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of about 100 mW/cm2 were considered unequivocally to produce “thermal” effects; irradiations within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm2 might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects observed at power densities below 10 mW/cm2 were assumed to be “nonthermal” in nature. Experiments have shown this to be an oversimplification, and a recent report suggests that fields as weak as 1 mW/cm2 can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an imposed radio frequency (plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromised. Yet surprisingly, not long ago, an increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.1.The author is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.The author makes which of the following points about innate mechanisms for heat production?3.Which of the following would be the most logical topic for the author to take up in the paragraph following the final paragraph of the selection?4.The authors strategy in lines 39-42 is to（ ）.5.The author implies that the proponents of the theory that microwave radiation acts on organisms in the same way as other forms of radiation based their conclusions primarily on（ ）.6.The tone of the passage can best be described as（ ）.7.The author is primarily concerned with（ ）.问题1选项A.showing that behavior is a more effective way of controlling bodily temperature than innate mechanismsB.criticizing researchers who will not discard their theories about the effects of microwave radiation on organismsC.demonstrating that effects of microwave radiation are different from those of other forms of radiationD.analyzing the mechanism by which an organism maintains its bodily
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