2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷34

2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题It has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity, at that time (a period called the Maunder min/mum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycles past existenceIf consistent and reliable geological, or archaeological and climatological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could he found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Suns internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative, explanation supposes that the Suns large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed，and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle would be expected to change over a long period of time. Modem solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical Solar-activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.1.The author focuses primarily on（ ）.2.Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity is accurate?3.According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons?4.It can be inferred from the passage that the argument in favor of the first model would be strengthened if which of the following were found to be true?问题1选项A.presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support themB.giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological researchC.discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physicsD.outline the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and fault the overly theoretical approach of modem physicists问题2选项A.In both models cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.B.In both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.C.In one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar activity, whereas in the other model it is not.D.In one model solar activity is presumed to be unrelated to terrestrial phenomena, whereas in the other model solar activity is thought to have observable effects on the Earth.问题3选项A.They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicated were incorrect.B.They suggest that the Maunder minimum might be valid only for Europe.C.They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum.D.They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present pattern.问题4选项A.Episodes of intense volcanic eruptions in the distant past occurred in cycles having very long periodicities.B.At the present time the global level of thunder-storm activity increases and decreases in cycles with periodicities of approximately 11 years.C.In the last century the length of the sunspot cycle has been known to vary by as much as 2 years from its average periodicity of 11 yearsD.Hundreds of millions of years ago, solar-activity cycles displayed the same periodicities as do present-day solar-activity cycles.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章主要讲解的是人们将太阳活动极小期与欧洲16世纪至19世纪初期不同寻常的低温联系起来，但是太阳活动极小的真实性还有待考察，如果同意可靠的地质、考古和气象证据能够与远古时代的太阳活动周期挂钩，也许可以帮助理解和确定太阳活动的两种模式。A选项 “指出有关太阳活动的两种相对的科学理论并对其各自的地质依据进行评价”， B选项 “简要概述近期科学在太阳物理学方面的发展并且 就他们对未来气候研究的影响做出评价”， C选项 “讨论将地球上的各种现象与太阳活动联系起来的困难性并指出问题的解决方法影响着我们对太阳物理活动的理解”，D选项“概述有关太阳物理的问题之所以一直没解决的原因并且对现代物理学家过度理论化的方法进行指责”， C选项周期。2.推理判断题。文章对太阳活动的两种模式的介绍主要集中在文章的第三段。根据第三段中的 “In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. 简而言之，太阳大范围的磁场是自给自足 的，因此与之相关的太阳活动周期将会在几十亿年内维持基本不变。” 可知在第一种模式中，太阳活动的周期是与太阳大范围的磁场相关的并且太阳活动周期是可以长期维持基本不变的。根据第三段中的 “In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle would be expected to change over a long period of time. 在这种模式中，与太阳磁场相关的太阳机制变化更快，因此，太阳活动周期的特点也会在很长一段时间后有所变化”可知在第二种模式中太阳活动的周期也是和太阳磁场相关的，但是太阳活动周期是会有所变化的。所以A选项和C选项错误，排除；B选项正确。D选项文章中没有提及，排除。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段中的“The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. 太阳活动极小期的真实性还有待考证，特别是中国当时肉眼观察到的太阳活动的记录又与其相矛盾。” 可知A选项他们认为，蒙德极小值所依据的数据是不正确的。是中国17世纪末期至18世纪早期的记录的重要性的原因。4.推理判断题。根据第三段中“In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. 简而言之，太阳大范围的磁场是自给自足的，因此与之相关的太阳活动周期将会在几十亿年内维持基本不变。”可知选项D “数亿年前太阳活动的周期性特征和如今太阳活动的周期性相同”是对第一种模式的支持。2. 单选题In parts of the Arctic, the land grades into the land fast ice so（ ）that you can walk off the coast and not know you are over the hidden sea.问题1选项A.permanentlyB.imperceptiblyC.irregularD.precariously【答案】B【解析】副词辨析题。A选项permanently “永久地，长期不变地”； B选项imperceptibly “极细微地，察觉不到地” ；C选项irregularly “不规则地，不整齐地”； D选项precariously “不安全地， 不牢靠地”。根据句意在北极的部分地区，陆地逐渐变成固定冰，这一点难以觉察。你可以远离海岸，却不知道自己在隐秘的海洋之上。B选项正确。3. 单选题（ ） in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.问题1选项A.Judged the bestB.Judging the bestC.To be judged the bestD.Having judged the best【答案】A【解析】语法题。动词judge和句子主语the three students是逻辑动宾关系，后面有完整的主谓宾，所以使用表示被动意义的过去分词。排除B，D选项。由于judge表示的动作在主句动词award之前，因此可以排除选项C，所以A选项正确。4. 单选题Had the explosion broken out, all the passengers in the plane should have been killed, for it was（ ）timed with the planes take-off.问题1选项A.simultaneouslyB.conscientiouslyC.spontaneouslyD.instantaneously【答案】A【解析】副词词义辨析。句意如果发生爆炸，飞机上所有的乘客都会丧命，因为这是一个随着飞机 起飞会爆炸的定时炸弹。B选项conscientiously意为“良心上”； C选项spontaneously意为“不由自主地”； D选项instantaneously意为“即刻，马上”，均与句意不符。根据本题的关键词timed可知是与时间有关，A项simultaneously意为“同时地”，符合语境，正确。5. 单选题No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science.（ ）, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community.问题1选项A.NeverthelessB.ThenC.BesidesD.As a result【答案】A【解析】连词词义辨析。分析四个选项可知，所提供的四个选项均为从句的连接词，因此要先分析两句之间的关系。根据句意在科学上专业人员与业余科研人员之间并没有明确的分界线。然而， “业余”这个词的确有这样一个含义，即相关人员无法完全融入这一科学领域。可知前后两句之间是转折的关系， B选项then表示承接关系；D选项as a result表示因果关系，与此不符，排除；C 选项besides表示“除此之外还有”，是意思上的一种递进，不符，排除，A选项 nevertheless “然而，不过，虽然如此”正确。6. 单选题There are, as yet, no vegetation types or ecosystems whose study has been（ ）to the extent that they no longer ecologists问题1选项A.exhausted.interestB.perfected.hinderC.diverted.arouseD.vetoed.irritate【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析题。exhaust“排出，耗尽，使精疲力尽，详尽论述”；interest “使感兴趣，使关心，使注意，使参与，使有利害关系”；B选项的perfect “使完美（完 善）”；hinder “阻碍，妨碍，成为阻碍”；C选项的divert “使转向，使绕道，转移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；arouse “激起，引起（感情、态度），唤醒某人，激发，行动起来“；D选项的veto “否决，禁止，反对”；irritate “刺激，使兴奋，激怒”。根据句意 迄今为止，还没有任何植物类型或生态系统，人们对它们的研宄能达 到如此详尽无遗的地步，以致它不再能够引起生态学家的兴趣确定A选项正确。7. 单选题One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention. We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected, and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.Instrumental records do not go back far enough to provide us with reliable measurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than a century. What we do know is that as we include longer time intervals, the record shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between different regimes. To build up a better picture of fluctuations appreciably further back in time requires us to use proxy records.Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally, the layering occurs on an annual basis, hence he observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. Equally striking, however, is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10,000 years (the Holocene period).To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower but equally erratic behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity, and, possibly, human activities.1.Which of the following must we find out in order to determine the impact of human activities upon climate?2.Scientists are able to reconstruct proxy temperature records by（ ）.3.Proxy data have suggested all of the following about the climate EXCEPT:（ ）.4.The word erratic” in the paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to（ ）.问题1选项A.The major changes in climate over the past millennia.B.The degree to which the climate varies naturally.C.The best method for measuring climatic change.D.The millennium when humans began to interfere with the climate.问题2选项A.studying regional differences in temperature variations.B.studying and dating changes in the properties of substances.C.observing changes in present day climate conditions.D.inferring past climate shifts from observations of current climatic changes.问题3选项A.Regional climates may change overtime.B.The climate has changed very little in the past 10,000 years.C.Global temperatures vary more than regional temperatures.D.Important natural changes in climate have occurred over large timescales.问题4选项A.dramaticB.importantC.unpredictable.D.common【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。题目提问为了确定人类活动对气候的影响，我们必须找出以下哪一项？根据文章第一段中“One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. 要判断当前的气候事件是否揭示了人类活动影响的证据，最困难的一个方面是很难衡量是什么构成了气候的自然变化。”，确定判断人类对气候的影响之前必须确定自然的影响，所以B选项“气候自然变化的程度”正确。2.细节事实题。题目提问科学家能通过什么重建替代温度记录？根据文章第三段中第三句 “Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. 从格陵兰岛中部冰冠钻出的冰芯、嵌在西欧分层湖泊沉积物中的方解石壳、热带大西洋洋底沉积物的冰芯、秘鲁冰川的冰芯和南极洲东部的冰芯重建了代理温度记录。”。原文谈及很多重建温度的方法，无论是冰川，沉积物还是碳酸盐，都属“substance物质”，所以B选项“研究和测定物质性质的变化” 正确。3.细节事实题。题目提问代理数据表明了如下所有关于气候的内容，除了？根据第四段第一句“ What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. 代理记录充分表明，在超过几千年的时间跨度内，气候发生了重大的自然变化。”可排除A选项随着时间的推移，地区气候可能会发生变化和D选项气候的重要自然变化是在大的时间尺度上发生的。根据第二句“Equally striking, however, is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10,000 years (the Holocene period).然而，同样令人惊讶的是在过去的一万年（全新世）中气候变化的相对来说很稳定。”可排除B选项在过去的一万年里，气候变化非常小。因此，C项全球气温的变化比地区气温的变化更大在文中没有体现，符合题意。4.词义猜测题。题目提问第五段中erratic”最接近什么意思？根据上下文，“erratic行为古怪，反复无常”与前文中“chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere变化多端的大气波动”的“chaotic混沌的；一团糟的”相对应，因此，C选项“无法预言的；不可预测”符合语境。8. 翻译题If you judge the progress of humanity by Homer Simpson, Paris Hilton, and Girls Gone Wild videos, you might conclude that our evolution has stalled or even shifted into reverse. Not so, scientists say. Humans are evolving faster than ever before, picking up new genetic traits and talents that may help us survive a turbulent future.Much remodeling has gone on science the dawn of agriculture about 10 millenniums ago. ”People who lived 10000 years ago were much more like Neanderthals than we are like those people: says John Hawks, a professor of anthropology at the University of Wisconsin. Weve changed.Hawks is among a growing number of scientists who are using whole-genome sequencing (全基因组测试)and other modem technologies to zero in on just how weve changed .Their research is helping illuminate not only how humans became what we are but also where we might be headed. For instance, some scientists speculate that changes in human mating patterns may be contributing to the increase in autism. Others track how humans have morphed in response to changing circumstance, including enhanced abilities to metabolize sugar and fight disease.Some people are genetically more resistant to the HIV virus, for instance, and that trait should become more common in the future, as those people are more likely to survive and have children who are resistant. Yet for some people, the makeover isnt big enough or fast enough. Some parents have started using DNA testing to choose the genetic makeup of their children, rejecting embryos with inherited flaws or embracing those with desired traits-such as being the right sex.Until recently, anthropologist thought that human evolution had slowed down, but last December, Hawks reported that it had actually accelerated 100-fold in the past5000 to 10000 years. He figured that out by comparing chunks of DNA among 269 people from around the world. Over time, DNA accumulates random mutations, just as the front of a white T-shirt tends to accumulate spots. The bigger the chunks of DNA without random spots, the most recently it had been mimed. Using this system, Hawks concluded that recent genetic changes account for about 7 percent of human genome. Much of the increase, he says, has fueled by the growth of the worlds population, which has expanded by a factor of 1000 over the past 10000 years. Having more people increases the odds of mutations.At the same time, the human genome has been scrambling to adopt to a rapidly changing world-11000 years ago, nobody framed, nobody milked domesticated animals, and nobody lived in a city. People with a mutation that aided survival were more likely to thrive, reproduce, and pass that mutation along to offspring For example, the capacity to digest lactose, the sugar in milk, has become common only over the past 3000 years. Now, about 95 percent of the people in northern Germany have the mutation, which also popped up independently among the Masai in African and the Lapps in Finland Hawks says: this is really rapid evolution.Humans will continue to change to cope with new diseases, if history is any guide Genes that defend against infections disease have been among the most rapidly evolving parts of the human genome.People whose ancestors lived in European cities are more likely to have some resistance to smallpox, while people in sub-Saharan Africa are more likely to genetically resistance to malaria. Just weeks ago, research reported that one genetic variant that one genetic variant that protects against malaria also makes people more susceptible to AIDS, a discovery that could lead to tailored treatment if for AIDS in Africa.Right now, our genes are playing catch-up against modem scourges-like diabetes, Native Americans and Polynesians, whose cultures only recently adopted a European-style diet of diabetes. The theory is that the thrifty genes that helped those groups survive famines havent had time to adapt to the glucose spikes caused by eating starchy food. How we move sugars around how bum them have really changed a lot, says Gregory Wary, an evolutionary biologist at Duke University.Its even possible that very recent changes in society and the workplace could underpin the recent rise in cases of autism. Simon