2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷80

2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The lesson for all of us is that we do better for ourselves and our communities if we patronize small businesses and use local tax dollars to encourage local entrepreneurs.问题1选项A.augmentB.proceedC.evolveD.sponsor【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. augment 增加，提高 B. proceed 继续做（或从事、进行）C. evolve （使）逐渐形成，逐步发展 D. sponsor 赞助【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】patronize的意思为“赞助，资助”，和small businesses构成动宾搭配关系，指的是拿资金来支持小企业，sponsor与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】我们所有人得到的教训是，如果我们赞助小企业，用当地税收的钱来鼓励当地企业家，我们为会自己和我们的社区做得更好。2. 填空题Once inside the virtual classroom, you have access to a chat feature, an _ white board and a video window where they can see and hear the tutor in live video and audio. (interact)【答案】interactive【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】横线部分和white修饰board，指的是用来上课的交互式白板，interactive意思为“交互式的”，符合语境。【句意】一旦进入虚拟教室，你就可以使用聊天功能、交互式白板和视频窗口，学生就可以看到导师的实时视频，听到音频。3. 填空题“The IAEA should positively clarify relevant problems by cooperating with Iran in a fair and _ manner” and “Iran should be flexible and sincere when cooperating with the IAEA,” Xinhua reported, citing Hong. (person)【答案】impersonal【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】根据横线前的and，可知fair和横线处表示并列，所以横线处应为形容词，并且意思和fair对应，impersonal意思为“非指个人的，客观的”，符合语境。【句意】新华社援引洪磊的话说：“国际原子能机构应该以公平、客观的方式与伊朗合作，积极澄清有关问题。伊朗在与国际原子能机构合作时，应该灵活、真诚。”4. 单选题Although blemished by the debt and deficit problems, the economy in Belgium was generally healthy. Both industrial production and overall gross domestic product were expected to rise by 1.6 percent for 1992.问题1选项A.accumulatedB.crushedC.stimulatedD.spoiled【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. accumulated 积累，积聚 B. crushed 压坏，压伤C. stimulated 激发（某事物） D. spoiled 破坏，搞坏【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】blemished的意思为“破坏的完美，玷污”，和economy构成动宾搭配关系，这里指的是经济受到债务和赤字问题的负面影响，经济遭到破坏，spoiled与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】尽管受到债务和赤字问题的影响，比利时的经济总体健康。预计1992年的工业生产和国内总产值都将增长1.6%。5. 单选题Over the centuries both the Nile and the desert sands imperceptibly shifted, and this temple was lost to the world until 1813, when it was accidentally rediscovered by the Swiss explorer Jean-Louis Burckhardt.问题1选项A.enormouslyB.unstablyC.progressivelyD.unnoticeably【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. enormously 非常，极其 B. unstably不稳定地C. progressively 持续稳定地，逐步地 D. unnoticeably 不知不觉地，不易察觉地【答案】D【考查点】副词辨析。【解题思路】imperceptibly的意思为“难以察觉地，不知不觉地”，这里指尼罗河和沙漠的流沙都在不知不觉中移动，unnoticeably与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】几个世纪以来，尼罗河和沙漠的流沙都在不知不觉中移动，这座寺庙就这样消失了，直到1813年才被瑞士探险家Jean-Louis Burckhardt意外地重新发现。6. 单选题To the extent that democracy has spread, it is because it is an effective method of holding rulers accountable to their people, and not simply because of its cultural prestige.问题1选项A.evolutionB.impactC.fameD.conversion【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. evolution 演变，发展 B. impact 撞击C. fame 名声，声誉 D. conversion 转变，转换【答案】C【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】prestige的意思为“威信，声望”，民主传播不仅仅是因为其文化声望，fame与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】就民主传播的程度而言，这是因为它是一种让统治者对其人民负责的有效方法，而不仅仅是因为它的文化声望。7. 填空题These drugs _ alertness, elevate mood, and decrease fatigue and the need for sleep, but they often make users irritable and talkative. (height)【答案】heighten【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】These drugs为句子主语，横线处为谓语动词。结合语境，这里先列出了这些药物的治疗功效，然后列出药物副作用，其中一个功效就是_警觉性，heighten的意思为“（使）加强，提高，增加”，符合语境。【句意】这些药物会提高警觉性，改善情绪，减少疲劳和睡眠需求，但它们往往让服用者易怒并且健谈。8. 单选题Audio books offer readers the option of listening to a book that has been narrated and recorded onto a cassette or compact disc.问题1选项A.retoldB.releasedC.relatedD.recalled【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. retold （通常以不同的方式）复述，重新讲述 B. released 释放，放出C. related 叙述，讲述，讲（故事） D. recalled 记起，回忆起【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】narrated的意思为“讲（故事），叙述”，指的是把书中的内容叙述一遍，related与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】有声书为读者提供了一种选择，他们可以在磁带或光盘上听以讲述方式呈现的书。9. 单选题The tools of the information age can reinforce, rather than erode, the local character of knowledge system.问题1选项A.transformB.spoilC.replaceD.diminish【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. transform 使改变外观（或性质） B. spoil 破坏，搞坏，毁掉（把好的东西变成坏的、令人不快的、无用的东西）C. replace 代替，取代 D. diminish 减少，（使）减弱，降低（某物变小、变弱）【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】erode的意思为“逐渐毁坏，削弱，损害（摧毁某物或使其变得更弱）”，有破坏的意思，和reinforce“加强；加固”的意思相反，这里指信息时代的工具不会破坏知识体系的地方性，反而会巩固和加强其地方性，spoil表示破坏和毁掉，与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C选项词义与之不符；D选项侧重于减弱，没有到破坏的地步，词义不同。【句意】信息时代的工具可以巩固加强而不是破坏知识体系的地方性。10. 填空题Taste is such a subjective matter that we dont usually conduct preference tests for food. But because the two big cola companiesCoca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, weve wondered how big a role taste preference A B Cactually plays for brand loyalty. D【答案】D for改为in【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】play a role in sth.为固定搭配，其意思为“在中起作用”，how big a role到句尾的部分还原成一般陈述语序为taste preference actually plays a big role in brand loyalty，所以D部分应为in。【句意】因为口味是主观问题，所以一般不会对食物进行偏好测试。但由于两大可乐公司可口可乐和百事可乐的营销非常激进，我们想知道口味偏好在品牌忠诚度中到底起到了多大作用。11. 填空题There are signs that specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the creditand all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a womans A B C Dplace is in the home.【答案】C and all the blame改为nor all the blame【解析】【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】前面说到意识到男性的作用，可知后面表达的意思是不要把女性的作用放得那么大，也就是不要把功过都归结于女性，not receive all the credit对应的应该是nor all the blame。【句意】有迹象表明，家庭专家越来越意识到男性所起的作用，他们认为不应该把所有的功劳都归于女性，也不应该把所有的过错都归女性。我们几乎放弃了“女性应该呆在家里”的说法。12. 单选题According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granite like bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earths surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still lead to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview; geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with _.2. According to the passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems _.3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?问题1选项A.advocating a return to an older methodologyB.explaining the importance of a recent theoryC.enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD.describing events leading to a discovery问题2选项A.were formed from metamorphic fluidsB.originated in molten granite like bodiesC.were formed from alluvial depositsD.generally have surface expression问题3选项A.Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two million years ago.B.Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed from metamorphic fluid.C.Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.D.Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area.问题4选项A.It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.B.Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.C.Models based on the theory that gold originated from magmatic fluids have already led to new discoveries of gold deposits.D.New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to locate buried mineralization.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author is primarily concerned with _. 作者主要关注_。A. advocating a return to an older methodology A. 主张回归旧方法B. explaining the importance of a recent theory B. 解释一种新理论的重要性C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods C. 列举两种广泛使用的方法之间的差异D. describing events leading to a discovery D. 描述是什么事件导致的发现【答案】B【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段指出最近的一项理论（recent theory），并且点出这一理论具有相当大的实际意义（has considerable practical importance）；第二段点出这一理论帮助寻找地下矿物（take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors），从理论中衍生出目前的一些方法和模型；第三段具体讲勘探人员如何使用这些模型，和第二段是递进的关系。综上所述，这一文章讲的是这个新理论对于实际开采矿物的重要性，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“主张回归旧方法”：文章花了大量篇幅在讲新理论和新方法，主张采用新方法，而不是旧方法，属于反向干扰；C选项“列举两种广泛使用的方法之间的差异”：这两种方法是以前广泛使用和现在广泛使用的差别，而且主要不是在比较这两种方法的差异，属于曲解原文；D选项“描述是什么事件导致的发现”：文章没有提到新理论是如何得出的，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems _. 文章认为，人们认为太古代金石英脉系统_。A. were formed from metamorphic fluids A. 由变质流体形成B. originated in molten granite like bodies B. 起源于熔融花岗岩状体C. were formed from alluvial deposits C. 由冲积物形成D. generally have surface expression D. 一般有地表表现【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词widely held定位到第一段第二句，该处讲到“人们普遍持有的观点就是这些太古代金石英脉是由变质流体沉积的（deposited from metamorphic fluids）。”，结合选项，A选项符合文章内容，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“起源于熔融花岗岩状体”：对应第一段第一句“根据最近的一项理论（recent theory），太古代金石英脉系统是在20亿年前由岩浆流体形成的（formed over.from magmatic fluids）。”，可知这不是人们普遍认为的，而是最新理论认为的，属于偷换概念；C选项“由冲积物形成”：对应第一段第二句“这些系统是由变质流体沉积的，即由湿的沉积岩脱水过程（during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks）中形成的流体沉积（fluids that formed）的。”，可知不是冲积物，而是沉积岩脱水形成的，属于偷换概念；D选项“一般有地表表现”：对应第一段最后一句“但大多数尚未发现的矿床都没有被发现，因为它们被埋在地下，没有地表表现（have no surface expression）。”，可知人们认为太古代金石英脉系统没有地表表现，属于反向干扰。第3题:【选项释义】The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold? 这篇文章暗示，想要最大限度地提高发现黄金的机会，勘探人员首先会采取下列哪一步？A. Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two million years ago. A. 调查几个已知形成于200万年前的遗址。B. Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed from metamorphic fluid. B. 将勘探限制在已知由变质流体形成的地点。C. Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration. C. 使用合适的概念模型选择场地进行进一步勘探。D. Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area. D. 使用地球物理方法分析大面积的岩石。【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词maximize their chances of discovering gold定位到第二段倒数一、二句，该处讲到“为了最大限度地增加发现金子的机会（to maximize the chances of discovery），勘探人员必须特别注意选择最有可能矿化的地层（selecting the ground formations）。这种地面选择在不同程度上依赖于概念模型（relies to varying degrees on conceptual models），这些模型考虑了相关因素的理论研究。”，可知勘探人员需要依赖于概念模型，选择合适的场地进行勘探，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“调查几个已知形成于200万年前的遗址”：文中没有提到形成于200万年前的遗址，属于无中生有；B选项“将勘探限制在已知由变质流体形成的地点”和D选项“使用地球物理方法分析大面积的岩石”：对应第二段第二、三句“目前广泛使用的方法包括分析航空图像以获得广泛的地质概况（geological overview），使用地球物理技术（geophysical techniques）得出所调查岩石的磁性、电性和矿物学性质数据但是，如果应用这些高技术方法的地点从未矿化，这些方法就没有任何价值（none of these high-technology methods are of any value）。”，可知这两种方法适用于已经矿化的地方，不适用于未经矿化的地方，不能最大程度地发现金子，属于本末倒置。第4题:【选项释义】Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage? 关于发现金矿的陈述，下列哪项文中有信息支持？A. It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes. A. 新发现的金矿产量不太可能达到最初淘金热时期的水平。B. Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits. B. 在简单找矿方法作为新发现金矿来源的应用问题上，现代探索者们存在分歧。C. Models based on the theory that gold originated from magmatic fluids have already led to new discoveries of gold deposits. C. 基于金起源于岩浆流体理论的模型，人们发现了新的金矿。D. New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to locate buried mineralization. D. 新发现的金矿很可能是定位埋藏矿物的勘探技术的结果。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第二段，该处讲到“勘探的挑战是了解某地区的地下地质状况，并且查明埋藏矿物的位置（pinpoint the position of buried minerals）。”，紧接着提到各项勘探技术，可知找到金矿需要定位埋藏矿物的地方，并且需要勘探技术，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“新发现的金矿产量不太可能达到最初淘金热时期的水平”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“在简单找矿方法作为新发现金矿来源的应用问题上，现代探索者们存在分歧”：对应第二段倒数第二句“但是，如果应用这些高技术方法的地点从未矿化，这些方法就没有任何价值，因此，为了最大限度地增加发现金子的机会（to maximize the chances of discovery），勘探人员必须特别注意选择最有可能矿化的地层。”，这里的两种方法不是相互对立，可以同时使用，属于偷换概念；C选项“基于金起源于岩浆流体理论的模型，人们发现了新的金矿”：文章没有提到这个模型让人们新发现了金矿，属于无中生有。13. 单选题The people were called upon to unite in the face of an apparent effort to bring about the disintegration of the country by political intrigue.问题1选项A.riotB.fantasyC.mediumD.plot【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. riot 暴乱，骚乱 B. fantasy 幻想，想象C. medium 手段，工具 D. plot 阴谋，密谋【答案】D【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】intrigue的意思为“密谋策划，阴谋”，和political构成短语，指的是政治阴谋，plot与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】人们被号召团结起来，直面通过政治阴谋导致国家解体的明显企图。14. 单选题This time he could afford to make no mistake: his teacher was there _, watching every move.问题1选项A.at his elbowB.off his handC.on his feetD.in his eyes【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. at his elbow 近在手边，在身边 B. off his hand（get sth. off of ones hand 把某物从某人手上甩掉）C. on his feet 站立着 D. in his eyes 在他眼里【答案】A【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词watching every move，可知他不能再犯错的原因是老师在关注他的一举一动，at his elbow符合语境，也就是说老师就在旁边，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合语境。【句意】这次他可不敢犯错了：他老师就在他身边，注视着他的一举一动。15. 填空题Competition protects the freedom of the individual from ensuring that there is no monopoly of power.In contrast to one, all-powerful government, many businesses compete against each other for profits. A B C D【答案】B from改为by【解析】【考查点】介词。【解题思路】protect为这里的谓语动词，指的是维护个体自由，B部分到句尾指的是维护个体自由的方式，介词by“（表示方式）”符合语境。【句意】竞争可以权力垄断，维护个体自由。与全能的政府相比，许多企业为了利润而相互竞争。16. 填空题Higher interest rates make it more expensive to borrow money, _ people from buying new homes or starting new construction projects. (courage)【答案】discouraging【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】逗号前为完整的句子，横线所在内容应为非谓语动词。逗号前说到借贷更加昂贵，后面说_人们购买新房或开工建设新项目，可知前者打击后者积极性，是主动关系，一方面动词应为现在分词，一方面动词discourage的意思为“使灰心，使泄气”，符合题意。因此此处应为discourage的现在分词discouraging。【句意】利率更高让借贷更加昂贵，使人们不愿购买新房或开工建设新项目。17. 单选题Is it surprising that a wave of sadness swept over me as I looked for the last time at the Flaming Cliffs, gorgeous in the morning sunshine of that brilliant August day?问题1选项A.splendidB.riskyC.restlessD.gloomy【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. splendid 壮丽的，雄伟的 B. risky 有危险（或风险）的C. restless 坐立不安的，不耐烦的 D. gloomy 黑暗的，阴暗的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】gorgeous的意思为“非常漂亮的，美丽动人的”，用来形容烈火危崖的美丽壮阔的景色，splendid与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】我最后一眼眺望烈火危崖，在八月灿烂的早晨阳光下，它美极了，这时一股悲伤席卷了我，这不是非常令人震惊吗？18. 填空题Three broad categories of terrorist crime may be distinguished, not in legal terms, but with intention.Foremost is the use of violence and the threat of violence to create public fear. A B C D【答案】C with intention改为by intention【解析】【考查点】被动语态。【解题思路】根据be distinguished，可知此句为被动语态，by intention指的是通过意图来区分。【句意】恐怖主义犯罪的三大类可以通过意图而不是法律术语加以区分。其中最重要的是使用暴力和暴力威胁来制造公众恐惧。19. 单选题Nowadays it is mandatory to have at least a rudimentary knowledge of the new cell chemistry to be able to understand practical medical advances in fields of virology, cancer, and hereditary diseases.问题1选项A.profoundB.essentialC.multipleD.elementary【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. profound 知识渊博的，理解深刻的 B. essential 必不可少的，极其重要的C. multiple 数量多的，多种多样的 D. elementary 初级的，基础的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】rudimentary的意思为“基础的，基本的”，修饰knowledge，指的是要知道新细胞化学的基本知识，elementary与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】如今，要想了解病毒学、癌症和遗传疾病等领域的实际医学进展，至少必须掌握新细胞化学的基本知识。20. 翻译题For those playing the game of science, the method by which they ascertain what they believe is crucial. They have to evaluate data and arguments and decide for themselves on their validity. Scientists communicating to others have the task of convincing the hearers of the validity of their statements in terms of the data and their explanations of the data. They are not playing the game correctly if they win support by the strength of their personality or prestige. In the short run scientists may follow another on the basis of prestige, but this cannot continue indefinitely. It is up to the hearers to evaluate what the scientists say rather than accept it because they say it. And the culmination of this enterprise is the determination of whether the explanations account for the data observed. The relationship between scientific explanations and data helps to ensure the integrity of scientists. If their findings are important, they can be sure that their theories and data will be examined critically and new evidence attained.It is the system of data-based explanation that distinguishes science from dogma. Scientists have both the right and the responsibility to decide for themselves, on the basis of evidence at hand, the best explanation of a set of phenomena. On the other hand, dogma (religious, economic, political or social) depends on pronouncements by established authorities.【答案】【参考译文】对于那些玩科学游戏的人来说，用什么方法来确定相信什么至关重要。他们必须评估数据和论点，并自己判断其正确性。科学家在与他人交流时，需要让听者相信他们的数据陈述及其对数据解释的正确性。如果他们以自己的个性或威望赢得支持，就没有遵循正确的游戏之道。在短期内，科学家们可能会基于声望而追随另一个科学家，但这种情况不可能无限期地持续下去。听者应该评估科学家所说的，而不是因为他们说了就接受。而这一事业的顶级目标是确定解释到了观测到的数据。科学解释与数据之间的关系有助于确