2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷44

2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Since neither side was ready to _ what was necessary for peace, hostility was resumed in 1980.问题1选项A.precedeB.recedeC.concedeD.intercede【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项precede“领先”；B选项recede“后退；减弱”；C选项concede“让步”；D选项intercede“调解，调停”。句意：由于双方都不愿意对和平的必要条件_，1980年又恢复了敌对状态。根据语境，这里指双方不肯让步，C选项concede“让步”符合题意。因此C选项正确。2. 单选题A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow mostpeople with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomeshe would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will hasten to buy. If they expect prices to go down, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview as a time of rising prices. “In a few months,” she said, “well have to pay more for meat and milk; well have less to spend on other things.” Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyers resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just dont pay these prices; they are too high.”Traditional assumptions should be investigated carefully, and factors of time and place should be considered. The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conductive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people have become accustomed to consider them “right” and expect them to remain stable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices with occasional sales or discounts is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.31. The example of the mechanics wife is intended to show that in times of rising prices _.32. Findings in investigations in Britain indicate _.33. According to the passage people tend to buy more when _.34. The best title of the passage is: _.35. The word evoked in the passage is closest in meaning to _.问题1选项A.people with declining income tend to buy lessB.people with stable income tend to borrow lessC.people with increasing income tend to buy moreD.people with money also tend to buy less问题2选项A.certain factors should be taken into accountB.people in Britain behave in the same way as those in AmericaC.price stability results from a correct understanding of consumer psychologyD.occasional discounts and sales are necessary问题3选项A.prices are expected to go upB.prices are expected to go downC.prices dont changeD.the business policy remains unchanged问题4选项A.Consumers Purchasing PowerB.Relationship between Income and Purchasing PowerC.Traditional AssumptionsD.Studies in Consumer Behavior问题5选项A.proscribedB.revokedC.conjured upD.exclaimed【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】31.事实细节题。根据第二段第八、九句The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview as a time of rising prices.（价格上涨的预期可能不会刺激购买。一名机修工的妻子在一次采访中表达了一种典型的态度，当时物价正在上涨。），可知有钱的人在价格上涨的时候也会少买东西，所以D选项“有钱的人也倾向于少买东西”正确。A选项“收入下降的人往往买得更少”，B选项“有稳定收入的人倾向于少借钱”和C选项“收入增加的人倾向于买更多的东西”错误。因此D选项正确。32.语义推测题。根据第三段一、二、三句Traditional assumptions should be investigated carefully, and factors of time and place should be considered. The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns.（应认真研究传统假设，并考虑时间和地点因素。上述调查是在美国进行的。然而，与此同时在英国进行的调查得出的结果更符合有关储蓄和支出模式的传统假设），在英国的研究考虑了某些因素以后，结果更符合假设，所以A选项“应该考虑某些因素”正确，B选项“英国人的行为举止和美国人一样”在这里没有提到。C选项“价格稳定源于对消费者心理的正确理解”和D选项“有必要偶尔打折和销售”：和研究没有直接的关系，故错误。因此A选项正确。33.语义推测题。根据第三段倒数第二句If prices have been stable and people have become accustomed to consider them “right” and expect them to remain stable, they are likely to buy.（如果价格一直保持稳定，而且人们已经习惯于认为价格是“正确的”，并期望价格保持稳定，他们可能会购买。），可知在价格稳定的时候，人们会买东西，所以C选项“价格不变”正确，A选项“价格预计会上涨”和B选项“价格预计会下降”错误。D选项“商业措施不变”：根据文章最后一句the common business policy of maintaining stable prices with occasional sales or discounts（通过偶尔的销售或折扣来保持价格稳定的商业政策），这里说通过商业措施的变动来稳定价格，不是不变，故错误。因此C选项正确。34.主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior.（一个研究经济心理学并想预测消费者花钱方式的科学家必须研究消费者行为。），随后通过研究得出消费者心理影响消费者消费方式，所以D选项“消费者行为研究”正确。A选项“消费者的购买力”，B选项“收入和购买力的关系”和C选项“传统假设”都是文章部分内容，不足以概括全文，故错误。因此D选项正确。35.词义辨析题。Evoked意思是唤起（感情、记忆或形象），所以C选项“使在脑海中浮现，使联想起”正确。A选项“谴责；宣布禁止”，B选项“撤销”和D选项“呼喊”意思不符，故错误。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题There is a conspicuous lack of public debate about how this insular country should _ the reality that more immigrants are coming and that those already here are changing Japan.问题1选项A.abide byB.account forC.act onD.adjust to【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项abide by“遵守”；B选项account for“解释；对负责”；C选项act on“对起作用；按照行事”；D选项adjust to“调整以适应”。句意：对于这个与世隔绝的国家来说，应该如何_移民越来越多涌入并且正在改变日本这一现实，明显缺乏公开讨论。根据语境，account for“解释；对负责”搭配reality“现实”比较合理，意思是解释为什么越来越多移民进入日本并且改变日本的现实。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题_ I have already mentioned, cardio surgery is one of the amazing new surgical techniques that have been developed in recent years.问题1选项A.WhichB.WhatC.AsD.This【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：正如我已经提到的，心脏外科手术是近年来发展起来的令人惊奇的外科新技术之一。根据题干中两个完整的句子用逗号连接，以及选项中的引导词，可知考查非限制性定语从句。As引导非限制性定语从句时可放在句首，修饰后面的主句或主句的一部分，意思为“正如，像”，C选项符合题意。A选项which引导非限制性定语从句时放在所修饰部分或主句后面，不放在句首；B选项what不引导非限制性定语从句；D选项this为指示代词，不引导从句。因此C选项正确。5. 单选题_ divorce ourselves from the masses of the people.问题1选项A.In no time we shouldB.In no time should weC.At no time we shouldD.At no time should we【答案】D【解析】考查部分倒装和固定搭配。句意：在任何时候我们都不应该脱离人民群众。in no time“立刻”，at no time“绝不”，结合语境确定用at no time；根据选项确定考查具有否定意义的词组放句首的部分倒装，其结构为否定意义的词组+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他，所以D选项At no time should we符合题意。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题The Beat Generation is a label applied to a non-conformist social movement begun in New York City in the 1950s. Its message was carried by a group of writers who used stream-of-consciousness forms to express the insights and longings of those who rejected the mainstream values of the times. Although the Beat writers produced few lasting works, their attitudes inspired rock music artists and social movements of the 1960s and beyond.The term beat was coined in 1964 by Herbert Huncke. He meant it to be a synonym for tied or down and out. In 1948, the word was used by Jack Kerouac in his phrase Beat Generation, by which he changed the reference to mean upbeat and beatific. The phrase finally entered public consciousness in 1952 with John Clellon Holmess article in the New York Times Magazine called “This is the Beat Generation.”The original Beats were a group of friends from New York City who met in the mid-1940s. They included Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady, and William S. Burroughs. That core group moved to San Francisco, where they were joined by the poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti and many others.The first famous work of Beat literature was the long poem, Howl, by Allen Ginsberg. In 1955, Ginsberg read the poem aloud at a gallery in San Francisco, causing a stir with its portrayal of drug use and homosexuality. Its fame was fueled by the obscenity trial of Lawrence Ferlinghetti, who sold the poem in his bookstore. But Ferlinghetti was acquitted when the judge ruled that the work did have “redeeming social importance” and thus was not obscene.The most successful Beat novelist was Jack Kerouac. In his best novel, On the Road, published in 1957, Kerouac described an automobile trip around the United States by a character based on himself, Sal Paradise, and Dean Moriarty, based on Kerouacs friend Neal Cassady. The novel made Cassady into a cultural icon known for his irresponsible lifestyle, womanizing, amorality, and lust for life.On the Road became known as much for how Kerouac wrote it as for its content. Kerouac allegedly was high on pills while he wrote it, and he typed it on a continuous scroll of paper so that he would not have to interrupt his thoughts by changing paper. He is said to have believed that “the first thought is the best thought”, and he claimed that he never revised what he wrote. Though he said that he wrote the book in just three weeks, the truth is that he had been planning the novel for years and that he wrote several drafts.Also influential was a novel by William S. Burroughs, Naked Lunch, which also survived an obscenity trial. In that work, Burroughs, who was a drug addict himself, tells of his drug-induced fantasies and his travels among addicts and criminals.In the 1960s, those who followed Beat philosophy became known as hippies or yippies. Their culture was centered in San Francisco, which became a center of rock music, drug culture, and protest against the war in Vietnam.The Beat Generations lasting contribution to literature is that it encouraged writing on more personal topics, including those showing the unpleasant sides of human nature and of society. It validated expression through informal, conversational language and made profanity a permissible tool for revealing human feelings.26. The word coined in the passage is closest in meaning to _.27. Why does the author mention the New York Times Magazine in the passage?28. According to the passage, which of the following is true of On the Road?29. The word interrupt in the passage is closest in meaning to _.30. According to the passage, Beat literature can best be described as _.问题1选项A.inventedB.spreadC.mintedD.explained问题2选项A.To show the origin of the term Beat.B.To identify when the term Beat Generation became widely known.C.To name the New York Times as a Beat newspaper.D.To give information about John Clellon Holmes.问题3选项A.It portrays the reckless lifestyle of American youngsters in the late 1950s.B.It was completed in a short time while Jack Kerouac was on drugs.C.It made Neal Cassady an important symbol of a libertine lifestyle.D.It is based on two characters taking a road trip around North America.问题4选项A.suspendB.introduceC.expressD.exclaim问题5选项A.being banned by the courtsB.having little lasting influenceC.addressing personal feelings, often in rebellion against societyD.expressing the conservative views of the 1950s【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】26.语义推测题。Coined意思是创造（新词等），根据第二段The term beat was coined in 1964 by Herbert Huncke. In 1948, the word was used by Jack KerouacThe phrase finally entered public consciousness in 1952 with John Clellon Holmess article in the New York Times Magazine called “This is the Beat Generation.”（beat这个词是由Herbert Huncke在1964年创造。1948年，杰克凯鲁亚克使用了这个词这个词在1952年约翰克莱伦霍姆斯在纽约时报杂志发表的一篇题为这是垮掉的一代的文章中才最终进入公众的意识。），可知第二段在讲beat这个词的前世今生，从来源到如今的运用，所以A选项“发明，创造；捏造”正确，B选项“传播”和D选项“解释”错误。C选项“新生产的”：根据时间推算不合理，故错误。因此A选项正确。27.推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句The phrase finally entered public consciousness in 1952 with John Clellon Holmess article in the New York Times Magazine called “This is the Beat Generation.”（这个词在1952年John Clellon Holmes在纽约时报杂志上发表的一篇题为这是垮掉的一代的文章中才最终进入公众的意识），可知“垮掉的一代”因为时代杂志在1952年被广为人知，所以B选项“确定垮掉的一代这个术语何时广为人知”正确，D选项“提供关于John Clellon Holmes的信息”不是表达的重点，故错误。A选项“为了说明Beat这个词的起源”：这个词是Herbert Huncke创造的，故错误。C选项“纽约时报是一份垮掉的报纸”：不符合文章意思，故错误。因此B选项正确。28.推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句The novel made Cassady into a cultural icon known for his irresponsible lifestyle, womanizing, amorality, and lust for life.（这部小说使卡萨迪成为一个文化标签，以他不负责任的生活方式、好色、不道德和对生活的欲望而闻名。），可知人们把浪子和Neal Cassady联系在一起，所以C选项“这使得Neal Cassady成为放荡不羁的生活方式的重要代表”正确，A选项“描绘了20世纪50年代末美国年轻人鲁莽，不计后果的生活方式”中文化形象跟美国年轻人现实的生活方式不是一个概念，故错误。B选项“在Jack Kerouac吸毒的时候短时间完成”：根据第六段倒数第一句he had been planning the novel for years and that he wrote several drafts（他已经计划这本小说好几年了，并且写了好几次草稿），可知这部小说花了很长时间完成，故错误。D选项“基于两个人物在北美的公路旅行”：根据第五段第二句Kerouac described an automobile trip around the United States by a character based on himself, Sal Paradise, and Dean Moriarty, based on Kerouacs friend Neal Cassady.（Kerouac描述了一个以他自己为原型的Sal Paradise和以他朋友Neal Cassady为原型的Dean Moriarty环游美国的公路旅行。），可知是环游美国而非在北美，故错误。因此C选项正确。29.语义推测题。interrupt意思是中断，根据第六段第二句he typed it on a continuous scroll of paper so that he would not have to interrupt his thoughts by changing paper.（他把这篇文章打印在一卷连续的纸上，这样就不会因为换纸而打断自己的想法），把文章打印在连续的纸张上，可知是想让想法也是连续的，推测interrupt和连续意思相反，所以A选项“暂停”符合题意，故正确。B选项“介绍”，C选项“表达”和D选项“惊叫”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。30.事实细节题。根据第九段第一句The Beat Generations lasting contribution to literature is that it encouraged writing on more personal topics, including those showing the unpleasant sides of human nature and of society.（“垮掉的一代”对文学的长久贡献在于，它鼓励人们写更多关于个人的话题，包括那些显示人性和社会不愉快一面的话题。），可知垮掉的一代文学作品主要写个人感情，包括人性和社会中让人不悦的内容，所以C选项“处理个人感情，通常是对社会的反抗”正确，B选项“没有持久的影响”错误。A选项“被法院禁止”：根据第四段最后一句Ferlinghetti was acquitted when the judge ruled that the work did have “redeeming social importance” and thus was not obscene.（但是当法官裁定这项工作确实具有“补偿性的社会重要性”，因此不是淫秽的时候，Ferlinghetti被无罪释放），可知这不被法院禁止，故错误。D选项“表达20世纪50年代的保守观点”：根据第八段In the 1960s, those who followed Beat philosophy became known as hippies or yippies.（在20世纪60年代，那些遵循垮掉哲学的人被称为嬉皮士或雅皮士。），可知垮掉的文学表达的是非传统的观点，故错误。因此C选项正确。7. 单选题Millionaires can breathe a bit easier. While President Barack Obama says he wants to let income tax cuts that benefit only the wealthiest Americans expire in 2013, several states are rolling back tax increases for top earners.New Yorks highest tax rates on incomes exceeding $500,000 will fall back to 7.85 percent, from 8.97 percent, this year. Marylands 6.25 percent tax on incomes above $1 million expired at the end of 2010, while Californias top tax rate for Millionaires has dropped to 10.3 percent from 10.55 percent.At least seven states instituted temporary so-called millionaire taxes during the recession. Those levies are becoming harder to justify now that state revenues are rebounding. Overall, state tax revenue grew 12 percent in April compared with a year earlier, which may trim $20 billion from estimated states budget shortfall, according to a recent Goldman Sachs (GS) report. The soak-the-rich drive “just petered out”, says Joseph Henchman, vice president for legal and state projects at the Tax Foundation in Washington, a group focused on lowering taxes. “All of these states are backing away now.”Business groups have been vocal opponents of the temporary hikes. The Business Council of New York State has opposed efforts to maintain the tax increase on the grounds that such measures are an indirect tax on business income. More business owners who are paid by partnerships or S corporations report business income on their individual returns. Kenneth J. Pokalsky, the Business Councils senior director of government affairs, says 25 percent of revenue generated from the states tax on higher earners came from business income. In California, the Silicon Valley Leadership Group, whose members include Bank of America (BAC), Apple (AAPL), and Microsoft (MSFT), along with 12 other business groups, have told lawmakers that tax increases should be extended only if lawmakers agree to “structural reform” of the budget.Republicans, who typically oppose tax hikes, now hold a majority of govemorships-29-and many were elected last year after campaigning against tax increases. New Jersey governor Chris Christie, a Republican, received national attention after vetoing a bill that would have extended a tax on millionaires in the state.Some Democrats are also fighting the higher taxes. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo sparked a battle with fellow party members in the legislature earlier this year by opposing legislation that would maintain the higher rates on individuals earning more than $1 million. Maryland Governor Martin OMalley, a Democrat, didnt push to extend his States millionaire tax last year. “I would like to think its because these are not very good policies,” Henchman says, “If youre a conservative, you dont really like these taxes. If youre a liberal, these services should be so important that everyone should have to pay for them”.The American public is almost evenly divided on the questions of whether the wealthy should shoulder a higher tax burden. A Gallup poll released on June 2 found 49 percent respondents opposed higher taxes on the rich, while 47 percent supported them.31. Barack Obama wants to _.32. _ is one of the possible reasons why state revenues revived?33. What can be inferred from Joseph Henchmans words?34. Which of the following statements about the Silicon Valley Leadership Group is correct?35. Which is probably the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.cut income tax in 2013B.extend millionaire tax to 2013C.benefit the wealthiest Americans by cutting income taxD.roll back tax increases for top earners问题2选项A.Initiating temporary millionaire taxes during the depressionB.Levying tax on at least seven states institutionsC.Trimming $20 billion from state budgetD.Estimating state budget shortfalls问题3选项A.The state that instituted millionaire taxes are going to abolish it.B.All of these sates are focusing on the soak-the-rich drive now.C.The soak-the-rich drive has just started out.D.Only a handful of these states are focusing on lowering taxes.问题4选项A.It was 15 members in total.B.It agrees to extend tax increase.C.It proposed to make a “structural reform” of the budget.D.It would agree the extension of tax increase provided that lawmakers agree to “structural reform” of the budget.问题5选项A.The Wealthy Are Willing to Shoulder a Higher Tax BurdenB.Obama Is Proposing an Income Tax CutC.Obama Is Proposing an Income Tax Cut ExtensionD.States Are Rejecting Millionaire Taxes【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】31.事实细节题。根据第一段第二句While President Barack Obama says he wants to let income tax cuts that benefit only the wealthiest Americans expire in 2013, several states are rolling back tax increases for top earners.（奥巴马总统说，他希望让只惠及美国富人的所得税减免政策在2013年到期，而几个州正在减少对高收入者的增税。），可知D选项“减少对富人的增税”正确。A选项“2013年削减所得税”，B选项“延长百万富翁的税至2013年”和C选项“通过削减所得税使最富有的美国人受益”不符合文章内容，故错误。因此D选项正确。32.事实细节题。根据第三段第一句At least seven states instituted temporary so-called millionaire taxes during the recession.（在经济衰退期间，至少有7个州设立临时“百万富翁税”。）和第三句Overall, state tax revenue grew 12 percent in April compared with a year earlier, which may trim $20 billion from estimated states budget shortfall（总体而言，4月份的州政府税收收入同比增长12%，这可能会从州预算缺口中削减200亿美元。），可知A选项“在大萧条期间开始征收临时百万富翁税”促进州的财政收入复苏，故正确。B选项“对至少七个州的机构征税”错误，C选项“从州预算中削减200亿美元”和D选项“估计国家预算赤字”不符合文章内容。因此A选项正确。33.事实细节题。根据第三段最后两句The soak-the-rich drive “just petered out”“Al