2022年考博英语-云南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第88期

2022年考博英语-云南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题One of the most common constituents of the Earths crust（ ）, a component of several different kinds of rocks.问题1选项A.the mineral quartzB.and quartz is the mineralC.is the mineral quartzD.being the mineral quartz【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，可知整个句子的主语是One of the most common constituents of the Earths crust，为单数。根据主谓一致原则，谓语也需用单数。句意：地壳最常见的成分之一是矿物石英，它是由几种不同的岩石组成的。选项C符合题意。2. 翻译题Read the following Paragraph carefully and then translate it into Chinese.The period of adolescence, i.e.，the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of ones life. Furthermore，the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the 19th century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.【答案】青春期，即从童年到成年之间的这段时期，可能很长，也可能很短，这取决于社会的期望和社会对什么是成熟和成年的定义。在原始社会，青春期往往是相对较短的一段时间，而在人们受教育时间较长的工业社会，再加上反对童工的法律，青春期的时间要长得多，可能包括人生第二个十年的大部分时间。此外，随着社会和经济条件的变化，在特定社会中，青春期的长度和成年身份的定义可能会发生变化。这类变化的例子如：19世纪后半叶美国边疆的消失，更普遍的是农业社会的工业化。3. 单选题He knew that he was poor, and would admit it; he would have died sooner than confess any（ ）to the rich.问题1选项A.superiorityB.inferiorityC.priorityD.preference【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。superiority“优越”；inferiority“自卑”；priority“优先权”；preference“偏爱、优先权”。本句意为“他知道自己穷，也愿意承认；他宁愿死也不愿承认自己比富人低一等”，inferiority的意思让本句逻辑成立。选项符合题意。4. 单选题Written primarily for a specialized but diverse body of scholars, this book （ ）the attention of those interested in seventeenth-century English literature.问题1选项A.warrantB.proposesC.acclaimsD.distills【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。warrant “保证；担保”；propose “建议，打算”；acclaim “称赞”；distill “提取”。句意：这本书主要是为一群专业且各路学者而写，所以，它一定会引起那些对17世纪文学感兴趣的人的注意。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题The students have（ ）more interesting English classes as they like without any restrictions in any specified field.问题1选项A.committed themselves toB.given way toC.come up withD.signed up for【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。sign up for“报名参加”，本句意为“学生们可以自由选择更有趣的英语课程，不受任何特定领域的限制”。此D选项正确。6. 单选题（ ）the lives they stole, our enemies failed to stop us from achieving a single one of our strategic objectives in Iraq.问题1选项A.But forB.For allC.As forD.What for【答案】B【解析】考查语义关系。A选项but for “要不是、如果没有”；B选项for all “尽管、虽然”；C选项as for “至于、关于”；D选项what for “为什么、为何目的”，句意为：尽管敌人夺走了我们的生命，但他们没能阻止我们实现在伊拉克的任何一个战略目标。因此选项B符合题意。7. 单选题I have had just about enough of being treated like a second-class citizen, simply because I happen to be that unfairly treated member of society a customer. The more I go into shops and hotels, banks and post offices, railway stations, airports and the like, the more I am convinced the things are being run solely to suit the firm, the system, or the union. There seems to be a deceptive new motto for so-called “service” organizations - Staff Before Service.How often, for example, have you queued for what seems like hours at the Post Office or the supermarket because there were not enough staff on duty to man all the service grilles or checkout counters? Surely in these days of high unemployment it must be possible to hire cashiers and counter staff. Yet supermarkets hinting darkly at higher prices, claim that uncovering all their cash registers at any one time would increase operating costs. And the Post Office says we cannot expect all their service grilles to be occupied at times when demand is low”.It is the same with hotels, because waiters and kitchen staff must finish when it suits them, dining rooms close earlier or menu choice is cut short. As for us guests, we just have to put up with it. There is also the nonsense of so many friendly hotel night porters having been thrown out of their jobs in the interests of efficiency” and replaced by coin-eating machines which offer everything from lager to laxatives. Not to mention the tea-making kit in your room: a kettle with a mixed collection of tea bags, plastic milk boxes and lump sugar. Who wants to wake up to a raw teabag? I do not, especially when I am paying for “service”.Can it be stopped, this worsening of service, this growing attitude that the customer is always a bore? I angrily hope so because it is happening, sadly, in all walks of life.Our only hope is to hammer home our anger whenever and wherever we can and, if all else fails, bring back into practice that other, older slogan-Take Our Deal Elsewhere.1.The writer feels that nowadays a customer （ ）.2.The writer argues that the quality of service is changing because （ ）.3.According to the writer, long queues at counters are caused by （ ）.4.Service organizations contend that keeping all checkout counters operated can result in（ ）.5.The writer suggests that a customer （ ）.问题1选项A.deserves the lowest status in societyB.is unworthy of proper considerationC.receives unexpected quality serviceD.is the victim of some public services问题2选项A.customers demands have greatly changedB.services provided never become consistentC.the staff receive more consideration than customersD.staff members are less considerate than their employers问题3选项A.difficulties in hiring employeesB.deliberate understaffingC.lack of cooperation between staff membersD.employees irresponsibility问题4选项A.demands by cashiers for a pay raiseB.insignificant benefits for the customers.C.a rise in the cost for providing service.D.needs to purchase expensive equipment问题5选项A.put up with the rude manners of the staffB.be patient when queuing before checkout countersC.try to control his temper when ill-treatedD.go to other places where good service is available【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题目所问的是 “作者认为现在的消费者如何？”文章第一段第一句话提到 “我受够了被作为二等公民对待，仅仅因为我是一个被不公正对待的社会成员一个消费者” (I have had just about enough of being treated like a second-class citizen, simply because I happen to be that unfairly treated member of society a customer)，接下来谈及到在饭店、邮局、火车站、机场等地的一些经历，由这些可知选项D “是一些公共服务的受害者”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目所问的是 “作者认为服务质量正在变化的原因是什么？”文章第二段第一句话提到 “你有没有因为邮局或者超市没有足够的员工来安排他们的工作窗口或者收银台而排几个小时的队？”(How often, for example, have you queued for what seems like hours at the Post Office or the supermarket because there were not enough staff on duty to man all the service grilles or checkout counters?)，选项C “对员工的考虑多余对顾客的考虑”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目所问的是 “在作者看来，柜台前排长队的原因是什么？”文章提到之所以有时候需要排几个小时的对是因为员工配备少；而文章第二段第二句话提到 “在现在这种高失业率的情况下，雇佣收银员或者柜台员工是很容易的”（Surely in these days of high unemployment it must be possible to hire cashiers and counter staff），因此可以推断并不是雇佣不到员工，而是这些商场或者机构不愿意去花钱雇佣更多的员工。选项B “故意的员工不足”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目所问的是 “服务机构认为让所有收银机全部工作起来会导致什么后果？”文章第二段倒数第二句话提到 “把收银机全部运行会增加成本” (Yet supermarkets hinting darkly at higher prices, claim that uncovering all their cash registers at any one time would increase operating costs)，选项C “增加服务成本”符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目所问的是 “作者建议消费者应该怎样做？”文章最后一段提到 “我们唯一的希望就是无论何时无论何地都要表达出我们的不满，如果这些努力全失败了，再去尝试将古老的口号付诸实践去别处进行买卖” （Our only hope is to hammer home our anger whenever and wherever we can and, if all else fails, bring back into practice that other, older slogan-Take Our Deal Elsewhere），选项D “去有更好服务的地方”符合题意。8. 单选题Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle”of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zones economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zones dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a countrys voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the worlds largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.1.The EU is faced with so many problems that（ ）.2.The debate over the EUs single currency is stuck because the dominant powers（ ）.3.To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that（ ）.4.The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that（ ）.5.Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel（ ）.问题1选项A.it has more or less lost faith in marketsB.even its supporters begin to feel concernedC.some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD.it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation问题2选项A.are competing for the leading positionB.are busy handling their own crisesC.fail to reach an agreement on harmonizationD.disagree on the steps towards harmonization问题3选项A.EU funds for poor regions be increasedB.stricter regulations be imposedC.only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD.voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed问题4选项A.poor countries are more likely to get fundsB.strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC.loans will be readily available to rich countriesD.rich countries will basically control Eurobonds问题5选项A.pessimisticB.desperateC.conceitedD.hopeful【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到文章第一段“Now even the projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing aBermuda triangleof debt, population decline and lower growth.”现在，即使是该计划最伟大的鼓吹者也在谈论欧洲大陆面临着债务、人口下降和低增长的“百慕大三角”。由此可知欧盟的问题已经使得一些支持者都开始注意了，因此选项B正确。2.细节事实题。定位到文章第三段“Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zones dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.”。然而，关于如何使欧洲单一货币免于解体的辩论却陷入了僵局。它之所以陷入困境，是因为欧元区的主导力量法国和德国一致认为有必要在欧元区内部加强协调，但在协调哪些方面存在分歧。由此可知C选项未能就协调问题达成一致正确，因此选C。3.细节事实题。定位到文章第四段“Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.”德国认为必须通过对借贷支出和竞争力的严格规定来拯救欧元，对不遵守规定的政府实行准自动制裁。由此可知选项B实行更严格的规定正确。4.细节事实题。定位到文章第五段“Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.”换句话说，这意味着政客们干预货币政策，以及一个从较富裕成员国向较贫穷成员国进行再分配的体系，途径是政府通过发行共同欧元债券或完全的财政转移，以较低成本借入资金。因此选项D正确。5.细节事实题。定位到文章最后一段“It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the worlds largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area.”现在把欧盟一笔勾销还为时过早。它仍然是世界上最大的贸易集团。最好的情况下，欧洲计划是非常自由的：建立在一个由27个富国和穷国组成的单一市场上，其内部边界对商品、资本和劳动力的开放程度远远超过任何类似的贸易区。由此可知作者对于欧盟的态度还是积极的，因此选项D正确。9. 单选题The authorities claim that the rate of crime is declining, but statistics show（ ）.问题1选项A.clockwiseB.otherwiseC.elsewhereD.likewise【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项clockwise“顺时针方向的”；B选项otherwise“否则、其他方面的”；C选项elsewhere“在别处”；D选项likewise“同样的、也”，句意为：当局声称犯罪率正在下降，但统计数据却显示出相反的情况。选项B符合题意。10. 单选题With the possible exception of equal rights, perhaps the most heated argument across the United States today is the death penalty. Many argue that it is an effective deterrent to murder, while others think there is no enough proof that the death penalty reduces the number of murders.The argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty is that it is cruel and inhuman punishment, that it is the mark of a bad society and finally that it is of questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary action. Throughout recorded history there have always been those peculiar persons in every society who made terrible crimes such as murder. But some are more dangerous than others.For example, it is one thing to take the life of another in time of blind anger, but quite another to coldly plan and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. Thus, murder, like all other crimes, is a matter of relative degree. While it could be argued with some reason that the criminal in the first instance should be merely kept from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime may be open to discussion. But the majority of people believe that the death penalty protects them. Their belief is proved by the fact that the death penalty prevents murder. For example, from 1954 to 1963, when the death penalty was carried out from time to time in California, the murder rate remained between three and four murders for each 100, 000 population. Since 1964 the death penalty has been done only once, and the murder rate has risen to 10.4 murders for each 100, 000 population. The sharp climb in the states murder rate, which began when killings stopped, does not happen by chance. It certainly shows that the death penalty does deter many murderers. If the law about death penalty is vetoed, some people will be murdered some whose lives may have been saved if the death penalty were in effect. This is really a life or death matter. The lives of thousands of people must be protected.1.The principal purpose of this passage is to（ ）.2.The authors response to those who urge the death penalty for all is likely to be（ ）.3.According to Paragraph 4, it can be inferred that（ ）.4.The passage attempts to establish a relationship between（ ）.5.The authors attitude towards “death penalty” is（ ）.问题1选项A.speak for the majorityB.initiate a vetoC.criticize the governmentD.argue for the value of the death penalty问题2选项A.negativeB.friendlyC.supportiveD.hostile问题3选项A.the death penalty is the most controversial issue in the United States todayB.the second type of murderers should be sentenced to deathC.the veto of the bill reestablishing the death penalty is of little importanceD.the value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime is not to be debated问题4选项A.the murder rate and the imposition of the death penaltyB.the effects of execution and the effects of isolationC.the importance of equal rights and that of the death penaltyD.executions and murders问题5选项A.opposingB.supportingC.neutralD.sarcastic【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章第一句，“perhaps the most heated argument across the United States today is the death penalty.”，可知死刑是讨论最激烈的话题，所以文章的主题为死刑。又根据下文，“Many argue that it is an effective deterrent to murder, while others think there is no enough proof that the death penalty reduces the number of murders.”，可知许多人肯定死刑的价值，认为死刑是对谋杀罪的有效震慑，而另一些人则认为死刑没有多大的价值，因为没有足够的证据证明死刑的实施减少了谋杀的数量。又根据文章第三段，“In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary action.”，可知作者认为死刑是一项必要的举措。综上可知，整篇文章的主要目的在于为死刑的价值作辩护。选项D符合题意。2.观点态度题。根据文章第四段，“it is one thing to take the life of another in time of blind anger, but quite another to coldly plan and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. .While it could be argued with some reason that the criminal in the first instance should be merely kept from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.”，可知一种是在盲目愤怒的时候夺走别人的生命，一种是以屠夫的方式冷酷地策划和实施对一个或多个人的谋杀。前者可以仅仅通过社会隔离的方式受惩罚，而后者则不然。可知作者认为要根据谋杀程度来选择死刑。所以作者对那些主张对所有人判处死刑的人的反应很可能是否定的。选项A符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据文章第四段，“While it could be argued with some reason that the criminal in the first instance should be merely kept from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.”，第一种谋杀罪犯（盲目愤怒的时候夺走别人的生命）应该仅仅被社会隔离，而第二种冷酷地策划和实施对一个或多个人的谋杀的罪犯不应该仅仅被隔离，而是应该被处以死刑。可判断出第二类杀人犯应该被处以死刑。选项B符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段，“The sharp climb in the states murder rate, which began when killings stopped, does not happen by chance. It certainly shows that the death penalty does deter many murderers.”，可知本段用加利福尼亚的例子得出结论。本州谋杀率的上升并非偶然，是死刑停止实施的结果，可以清楚地表明，死刑确实制止了许多谋杀的念头。可判断出作者想要讨论的是死刑的实施和谋杀率的关系。选项A符合题意。5.观点态度。纵观全文，作者首先在第三段表明自己的观点“死刑是一项必要的举措”，然后在下文通过论述和实例证明，死刑的实施确实有助于抑制谋杀率。可判断出作者对于实施死刑的态度是支持的。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题In finance, opportunity cost analysis refers to the amount that could have been made in other investments（ ） the expected investment return.问题1选项A.compared inB.as comparingC.comparedD.compared with【答案】D【解析】语法（分词做状语）题。分析题干结构可知，空格后的“the expected investment return预计投资收益”在原句中充当状语成分，它的逻辑主语是the amount,需要用表示被动的过去分词，排除B选项；固定搭配be compared with，表示“与相比”，所以D选项正确。12. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into English人类文明的历史与人类学习如何利用水资源的历史密不可分。这些建筑物通常都是傍依悬崖而建的，既为了建设便利，也为了抵御敌人的侵犯。西南地区非常干旱，水源稀少。他写作不为名，不图利，是因为他有一种燃烧的渴望，一种表达快乐的渴望。Bramley大学为注册的国际学生提供7类奖学金以帮助他们解决课程的费用问题。【答案】The history of human civilization is closely related to the history of humans learning of how to make use of water resources.These buildings were usually built against cliffs, both for convenient construction The southwestern region is very dry and the water is scarce.He writes neither for fame nor for profit, because he has a strong desire which can express his happiness.The Bramley University provides seven kinds of scholarship for registered international students, the aim is to help them solve the problem of course cost.13. 单选题Universities are institutions that teach a wide variety of subjects at advanced levels. They also carry out research work aimed（1）extending mans knowledge of these subjects. The emphasis given to each of these functions（2）from university to university, according to the v