2022年考博英语-西北农林科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第113期

2022年考博英语-西北农林科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题When gas station manager Roger Randolph realized it was costing him money each time someone filled up with $4-a-gallon gas, he hung a sign on his pumps: “No more credit cards.” He may be the first in West Virginia to ban plastic, but gas station operators nationwide are reporting similar woes as higher prices translate into higher credit card fees the managers must pay, squeezing profits at the pump. “The more they buy, the more we lose,” said Randolph, who manages Mr. Eds Chevron in St. Albans. “Gas prices go up, and our profits go down.” His complaints target the so-called interchange fee, a percentage of the sale price paid to credit card companies on every transaction. The percentage is fixed, usually at just under 2 percent, but the dollar amount of the fee rises with the price of the goods or services. As gas tops $4 a gallon, that pushes fees toward 10 cents a gallon. Now stations, which typically mark up gasoline by 11 to 12 cents a gallon, are seeing profits shrink or even reverse.In a good month, Randolphs small operation would yield a $60 profit on gasoline sales. But thats been buried as soaring prices forced the station to pay about $500 a month in interchange fees. “At these prices, people arent making any money,” said Jeff Lenard, spokesman for the Alexandria, Va.-based National Association of Convenience Stores. “Its brutal.” Lenards group reports convenience stores paid roughly $7.6 billion in credit card fees last year, while making $3.4 billion in profits.The credit card companies say fees are just part of the cost of doing business. MasterCard has capped interchange fees for gas purchases of $50 or more, said company spokeswoman Sharon Gamsin. Accepting MasterCard also gives gas stations “increased sales, greater security and convenience, lower labor costs, and speed for their customers at the pump,” Gamsin said in an e-mail to The Associated Press. Visa argues that the fees are offset “by the tangible benefits to stations and their customers, such as the ability to pay at the pump,” the company said in a statement to the AP.1. Why do some gas station owners no longer accept credit cards?2.What is the average interchange fee paid by gas station owners?3.How much profit does the average gas station owner make on a gallon of gas?4.Visa believes that allowing customers to pay with a credit card offers（ ）to everyone involved.5. When profits are shrinking, they are（ ）.问题1选项A.They are afraid of outdated cards.B.They prefer the instant gratification of getting cash.C.They are afraid of credit fraud.D.They do not want to pay high credit card fees.问题2选项A.About $4.B.About 2%.C.About $60.D.11 to 12 cents.问题3选项A.About 2%.B.About $ 4.C.11 to 12 cents.D.About $60.问题4选项A.tangible threatsB.tangible benefitsC.uncertaintyD.inconvenience问题5选项A.decreasingB.holding steadyC.increasingD.undulating【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词 “no longer accept credit cards” 可以定位到文章第一段中 “When gas station manager Roger Randolph realized it was costing him money each time someone filed up with $4-a-gallon gas, he hung a sign on his pumps: “No more credit cards.”译为：当加油站经理Roger Randolph发现，在4美元一加仑汽油的情况下，每当有人选择加满时，他都会出现负利润，于是他在加油站挂上了“不支持使用信用卡”的标示，以及 “He may be the first in West Virginia to ban plastic, but gas station operators nationwide are reporting similar woes as higher prices translate into higher credit card fees the managers must pay, squeezing profits at the pump.”译为：也许他是西弗吉尼亚州第一位禁止使用信用卡的人，但是全国各地加油站经营者都曾指出过汽油价格的上涨意味着需要支付的信用卡费用更多，因此实际上是对加油站利益的一种压榨。由此可以推断出答案选D。2.细节事实题。由题干中关键词 “average interchange fee”可以定位到文章第一段 “The percentage is fixed, usually at just under 2 percent, but the dollar amount of the fee rises with the price of the goods or services.” 译为：这个比率是固定的，通常不超过2%，但是随着商品和服务价格上涨，这部分费用的总量也会增加。可推断出答案选B。3.细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到原文第一段最后一句 “Now stations, which typically mark up gasoline by 11 to 12 cents a gallon, are seeing profits shrink or even reverse.” 译为：现在，加油站通常在成本的基础上将每一加仑的汽油加价11-12美分，但是它们的利润正在缩水，甚至出现负利润。由此推断答案选C。4.细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到原文最后一段中Visa argues that the fees are offset “by the tangible benefits to stations and their customers, such as the ability to pay at the pump”，译为：维萨卡方面称，信用卡交换费是可以与其带给加油站和顾客的实实在在的利益相抵消的，例如在加油站的支付能力。由此可推断出答案选B。5.词汇题。根据题干关键词 “shrinking” 定位到文章中第一段最后一句 “Now stations, which typically mark up gasoline by 11 to 12 cents a gallon, are seeing profits shrink or even reverse.”由此可推断出shrink是指利润减少。因此推断出答案选A。2. 单选题The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue to occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing legal responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon. Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and friendly persuasion have been met by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long delays not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it.It seems that only when government decides it can afford tax incentives or production sacrifices is there any initiative for change. Where is industrys and our recognition that protecting mankinds great treasure is the single most important responsibility? If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frontlines and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now.We are being asked, and in fact, the public is demanding that we take positive action. It is our responsibility as professionals in environmental health to make the difference. Yes, the ecologists, the environmental activists and the conservationists serve to communicate, stimulate thinking and promote behavioral change. However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead the charge.We must recognize that environmental health issues do not stop at city limits, county lines, state or even federal boundaries. We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach. We must visualize issues from every perspective to make the objective decisions. We must express our views clearly to prevent media distortion and public confusion.I believe we have a three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves. Second, we must investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third, we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and not merely hold it back. We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on bandages.1.We can infer from the first two paragraphs that the industrialists disregard environmental protection chiefly because （ ）.2.The main task now facing ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists is（ ）.3.The word tunnel-visioned (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably means “（ ）”.4.Which of the following, according to the author, should play the leading role in the solution of environmental problems?5. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?问题1选项A.they are unaware of the consequences of what they are doingB.they are reluctant to sacrifice their own economic interestsC.time has not yet come for them to put due emphasis on itD.it is difficult for them to take effective measures问题2选项A.to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and persuasionB.to arouse public awareness of the importance of environmental protectionC.to take radical measures to control environmental pollutionD.to improve the quality of life by enforcing environmental standards问题3选项A.narrow-mindedB.blind to the factsC.short-sightedD.able to see only one aspect问题4选项A.Legislation and government interventionB.The industrys understanding and support.C.The efforts of environmental health professionalsD.The cooperation of ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists问题5选项A.Efforts should be exerted on pollution prevention instead of on remedial measuresB.More money should be spent in order to stop pollutionC.Ordinary citizens have no access to technical information on pollutionD.Environmental degradation will be stopped by the end of this decade【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。A项“他们不知道自己行为的后果”，B项“他们不愿意牺牲自己的经济利益”，C项“他们应该重视环境保护的时间还没有到来”，D项“他们很难采取有效措施”。文章第一段提到“ .not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it. 不仅仅是接受责任，更重要的是采取措施”可知工业家们忽视环境保护主要是因为B项， 故选B。2.事实细节题。A项“通过立法、经济激励和劝说来防止污染”，B项“唤起公众对环境保护重要性的认识”，C项“采取激进措施控制环境污染”，D项“通过执行环境标准来提高生活质量”。从四个选项中可看出ACD三项为政府行为，同时文章第三段提到“Yes, the ecologists, the environmental activists and the conservationists serve to communicate, stimulate thinking and promote behavioral change. 是的，生态学家、环境活动家和自然保护主义者致力于交流、激发和促进来推进环境保护。”可知B项正确，故选B。3.词汇题。A项“心胸狭隘的”；B项“无视事实”；C项 “目光短浅的”；D项“片面的”。文章倒数第二段提到“We must visualize issues from every perspective to make the objective decisions. 我们必须从各个角度看待问题，做出客观的决定” We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach. 在方法上，我们不能再tunnel-visioned”可知“tunnel-visioned”的意思为“片面的，只看到一面的”，故选D。4.事实细节题。A项“立法和政府干预”，B项“企业的理解和支持”，C项“环境卫生专业人员的努力”，D项“生态学家，环境活动家和自然资源保护者的合作”。题干提问“哪一项应在解决环境问题方面发挥主导作用”。文章第三段提到 “However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead the charge. 然而，我们中那些付了薪水来决定发展、改进和强制实施环保标准的人必须是领头人，理解此句的关键在于明白“us”所指，第三段第二句提到“It is our responsibility as professionals in environmental health to make the difference我们作为环境卫生专业人员有责任发挥作用” 可知，“我们的责任”指的是“我们作为专家的责任”，因此，us是指的专家，故选C。5.判断推理题。A项“应努力防止污染，而不是采取补救措施”，B项“为了防止污染，应该花更多的钱”，C项“普通公民无法获得有关污染的技术信息”，D项“环境退化将在本世纪末停止”。文章最后一段提到 “We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on bandages.我们到那时将可以把用在环保上的钱真正地用在环保预防而不是补救上” 可知A项符合题意。B项在文中没有提及；最后一段提到 “.we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. 我们必须能够以公民可以理解的形式交流技术信息”可知C项不正确；最后一段中 “If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and not merely hold it back. 如果我们能在这十年里实现这三个目标，也许我们最终可以让环境停止退化，而不只是防止环境退化”中“if”表明是一个假设的条件，故D项不正确。故选A。3. 单选题New technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. Its now a global village where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link. And, of course, our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skillsDeeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. In modern markets, success overseas often help support domestic business efforts.Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being out of sight and out of mind. He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the companys plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superiors will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United Sates where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more prevalent.Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business applications, even small businesses in the United States are able to get into international markets.English is still the international language of business. But there is an ever-growing need for people who can speak another language. A second language isnt generally required to get a job in business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal.The employee posted abroad who speaks the countrys principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious asset to the firm.1.What is the authors attitude toward high tech communications equipment?2.With the increased use of high-tech communications equipment, business people（ ）.3.In this passage, out of sight and out of mind (Lines 2-3, Para. 3) probably means（ ）.4.According to the passage, what is an important consideration of international corporations in employing people today?5.The advantage of employees having foreign language skills is that they can（ ）.问题1选项A.CriticalB.IndifferentC.PrejudicedD.Positive问题2选项A.have to get familiar with modern technologyB.are gaining more economic benefits from domestic operationsC.are attaching more importance to their overseas businessD.are eager to work overseas问题3选项A.being unable to think properly for lack of insightB.being totally out of touch with business at homeC.missing opportunities for promotion when abroadD.leaving all care and worthy behind问题4选项A.Connections with business overseasB.Ability to speak the clients language.C.Technical knowledgeD.Business experience问题5选项A.better control the whole negotiation processB.easily find new approaches to meet market needsC.fast-forward their proposals to headquartersD.easily make friends with business people abroad【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。A项“批评的”，B项“漠视的，中立的”，C项“有偏见的”，D项“积极肯定的”。文章第一段提到 “.our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills 我们从这种高科技通信设备中获益的能力因外语技能而大大提高”可知D项符合题意，故选D。2.事实细节题。A项“必须熟悉现代技术”，B项“从国内业务中获得更多的经济效益”，C项“更重视他们的海外业务”，D项“渴望去海外工作”。文章第二段提到“Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. 深入参与这项新技术的是一群现代商人，他们越来越重视跨国商业的经济价值”可知C项正确。3.词汇题。A项“因为缺乏洞察力而无法正确思考”； B项“与国内业务完全脱节”；C项“在国外失去晋升的机会”，D项“完全置之度外”。文章第三段提到“He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the companys plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. 他或她可以确定，海外业务是公司成功计划的核心，外派往往意味着升职”是对out of sight and out of mind.的补充说明，选项C最符合题意，故选C。4.判断推理题。A项“与海外商业的联系”，B项“能说驻国语”，C项“技术知识”，D项“商业经验”。最后一段提到 “The employee posted abroad who speaks the countrys principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. 外派员工能说驻国语，有机会快速推进某些谈判，并能有文化洞察力，知道何时更好地较慢行动”可知B项是“当今国际公司在用人方面的一个重要考虑”，故选B。5.事实细节题。A项“更好地控制整个谈判过程”，B项“很容易找到新的方法来满足市场需求”，C项“迅速向总部反馈他们的建议”，D项“容易与海外商人交朋友”。文章最后一段提到“The employee posted abroad who speaks the countrys principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. 外派员工能说驻国语，有机会快速推进某些谈判，并能有文化洞察力，知道何时更好地较慢行动”，可知A项“更好地控制整个谈判的进程”正确。BCD三项在文中均未提及。4. 单选题The worlds oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due to climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday. Higher ocean temperatures expand the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small island nations and threatening to do damage in low-lying, densely-populated delta regions around the globe.The study, published in the British journal Nature, adds to a growing scientific chorus of warnings about the pace and consequences of rising oceans. It also serves as a corrective to a massive report issued last year by the Nobel, winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), according to the authors.Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water from melting sources of ice. Both processes are caused by global warming. The ice sheet that sits at the top of Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven metres (23 feet), which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai.Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically important to understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say. But up to now, there has been a perplexing gap between the projections of computer-based climate models, and the observations of scientists gathering data from the oceans.The new study, led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, is the first to reconcile the models with observed data. Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC.1.36. What happens when the oceans temperature rises?2.37. The rise in water levels is especially dangerous for small island nations and（ ）.3.38. The new study（ ）.4.39. Ultimately, the new study should help scientists to（ ）.5.40. What was the main finding of the study?问题1选项A.It causes sea levels to rise.B.It causes sea levels to remain constant.C.It causes sea levels to decrease.D.It causes sea levels to change.问题2选项A.low-lying urban areasB.all coastal citiesC.people who live on the beachD.people who live around the globe问题3选项A.shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.32 millimeter-per-year rise in sea levelsB.did not reveal anything that scientists didnt already knowC.used new techniques to assess ocean temperaturesD.shows how quickly the sea levels fall问题4选项A.lower water levelsB.find out what is wrong with the earthC.bury sea-level cities like Dhaka and ShanghaiD.better predict climate change问题5选项A.Not enough is being done about global warming.B.Ocean waters have warmed faster than scientists had previously thought.C.The warming of the worlds oceans is not a threat.D.The rise of sea levels has nothing to do with ocean temperature.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词oceans temperature rises可以定位到文章第一段中 “Higher ocean temperatures expend the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small island nations and threatening to do damage in low-lying, densely-populated delta regions around the globe.” 中文翻译为“海水温度的升高将会导致海水体积的膨胀，从而导致海平面的上升，最终淹没那些较小的岛国并且对处在全球地势低洼的人口密集的三角洲地区构成威胁”可以得知海水温度升高会使海平面上升。因此A选项符合题意。2.细节事实题。题干询问：海平面上升尤其会对小岛国和构成威胁。定位到第一段中 “contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small island nations and threatening to do damage in low-lying, densely-populated delta regions around the globe.” 译为：导致海平面上升，最终淹没那些较小的岛国并且对处在全球地势低洼的人口密集的三角洲地区构成威胁。因此A符合题意。3.细节事实题。由题干关键词new study可以定位到文章最后一段。其中第一句话“The new study, led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australia Weather and Climate Research, is the first to reconcile the models with observed data.”中文翻译为：由于澳大利亚的天气和气候研究中心的Catia Domingues主导的这一项新的研究首次将模型与观测数据相协调。可知B选项错误；第二句话“Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-pre-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32mm rise reported by the IPCC.” 译为：通过使用新技术对海平面2300英尺以下的海水温度进行评估，研究发现从1961年到20