2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第117期

2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Paperback novels in the 1940s and 1950s often had covers to attract readers attention.问题1选项A.murkyB.luridC.legitimateD.pale【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。句意：20世纪40年代和50年代的平装小说经常有骇人听闻的封面，以吸引读者注意力。因此选B。2. 单选题The French word renaissance means rebirth. It was first used in 1855 by the historian Jules ichelet in his History of France, then adopted by historians of culture, by art historians, and eventu-ally by music historians, all of whom applied it to European culture during the 150 years spanning 450-1600. The concept of rebirth was appropriate to this period of European history because of the ewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture that began in Italy and then spread throughout urope. Scholars and artists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries wanted to restore the learning and deals of the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. To these scholars this meant a return to hu-man as opposed to spiritual values. Fulfillment in life as opposed to concern about an after-life became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying the leasures of the senses were no longer frowned on. Artists and writers now turned to secular as well as eligious subject matter and sought to make their works understandable and appealing.These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed，experienced, discussed, and dis- seminated. They could see the architectural monuments, sculptures, plays, and poems that were be- ing rediscovered, but they could not actually hear ancient music although they could read the writ- ings of classical philosophers, poets, essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation. They learned about the power of ancient music to move the listener and wondered why modern music did not have the same effect. For example, the influential religious leader Bernardino Cirillo expressed disappointment with the learned music of his time. He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had rediscovered ancient art and lit- erature.The musical Renaissance in Europe was more a general cultural movement and state of mind than a specific set of musical techniques. Furthermore, music changed so rapidly during this century and a half though at different rates in different countries that we cannot define a single Renaissance style.1.What is the passage mainly about?2.It can be inferred from the passage that thinkers of the Renaissance were seeking a rebirth of( ).3.According to the passage, Renaissance artists and writers had all of the following intentions EX-CEPT( ).4.The word “disseminated” in line 16 is closest in meaning to( )5.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the absence of a single Renais-sance musical style?问题1选项A.The musical compositions that best illustrate the developments during the European Renais-sance.B.The musical techniques that were in use during the European Renaissance.C.The European Renaissance as a cultural development that included changes in musical style.D.The ancient Greek and Roman musical practices used during the European Renaissance.问题2选项A.communication among artists across EuropeB.spirituality in everyday lifeC.a cultural emphasis on human valuesD.religious themes in art that would accompany the traditional secular themes问题3选项A.using religious themesB.portraying only the pleasant parts of human experienceC.producing art that people would find attractiveD.creating works that were easily understood问题4选项A.playedB.documentedC.spreadD.analyzed问题5选项A.The musical Renaissance was defined by technique rather than style.B.The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.C.Renaissance musicians adopted the styles of both Greek and Roman musicians.D.During the Renaissance, music never remained the same for very long.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.文章开头介绍了“复兴”一词的来源及兴起。第二段写文艺复兴影响人们音乐思考和音乐创作的方式。第三段写这一时期的音乐风格多变，很难定义为单一的音乐类型。C项对文意的概括比较全面，所以C项正确。2.第一段指出：To these scholars this meant a return to human as opposed to spiritual 一 values （对于这些学者而言，文艺复兴意味着对人类价值而非精神方面的回归）。C项“重视人类价值观的主张”符合原文意思。3.B项“仅仅描述人生经历中快乐的部分”不是艺术家和作家的目的，故选B。4.“disseminated”出现在第二段 :These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed, experienced, discussed, and disseminated.（这些观点的改变深深地影响了文艺复兴时期的音乐文化人们思考音乐的方式以及音乐的创作、体验、争议和 ）。所以，C项spread“传播”正确。5.第三段指出：music changed so rapidly during this century and a halfthough at different rates in different countries that we cannot define a single Renaissance style（在本世纪半叶，音乐变化如此之快，尽管在不同的国家以不同的速度变化，但我们无法定义一种文艺复兴风格）。所以“changed so rapidly”是原因，D项“音乐无法长时间的保持一种形式”正确。3. 翻译题1. Ever since its creation over 40 years ago，the Internet has remained a predominantly unre-stricted place. It is a place where anyone can present themselves in any form they choose，but what happens when your digital identity begins to merge with your real-world identity? Are those who choose to hide their real names in danger of losing anonymity online?2. Such is the power of anonymity on the web that it has made it possible for people some of whom might normally be restricted from communicating with the outside world to speak out without fearing the repercussions of their actions. Actions could put them in danger if carried out using their real names. Concealing ones true identity online has made it possible for free speech to break through the physical barriers enforced by governments and dictatorships across the world.3. Being anonymous on the web also makes it possible for people to discuss sensitive subjects， such as medical conditions, physical abuse and sexual orientation，without these actions affecting their everyday lives in a negative or potentially harmful way.There are many positive ways to use anonymity on the web, but there can sometimes be very de- structive side effects too，such as bullying, racism, impersonation of an individual or individuals who believe they are unidentifiable. 84. When this kind of damaging activity is carried out online，how can the offender ever be held accountable for their actions when they are almost entirely untraceable in a virtual world?85. A lot of the time they simply cannot be identified and therefore cannot be held accountable， the offending individual hides behind a pseudonym，masking his or her true identity and protecting themselves from the repercussions of their actions. This all sounds very complicated to achieve，but in reality its as simple as setting up an email address，creating an online profile under a false name and carrying out malicious acts from a random, nondescript location.【答案】1. 互联网从创立以来已有40多年的历史，但它现在仍然是一个相当不受约束的地方。在互联网上，任何人都可以按他们意愿选择任何方式来展示自己。但是当你的电子身份和现实生活中的身份开始合二为一时，会发生什么事情呢？2. 网络匿名的好处是：它可以使那些可能通常被限制与外界沟通的人畅所欲言，并且不用担心他们的这些行为造成的影响。3. 在网络上匿名还可以让人们讨论一些敏感话题，比如医疗条件、身体虐待、性取向等话题。这些行为并不会对他们的日常生活产生消极的或潜在的不利影响。4. 当网络上出现这种破坏性行为时，违法者在现实世界中几乎完全无迹可寻，在这种情况下，他们该如何对自己的行为负责呢？5. 大多数时候，他们因为身份无法确定而不能被问责。这些违法的个体隐藏在假名后面，以遮掩他或她的真实身份，同时保护他们不受自身行为的影响。4. 单选题He is the author of this novel with high（ ）in the country.问题1选项A.coherenceB.prestigeC.consequenceD.commitment【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：他是这本小说的作者，在这个国家有很高的（ ） 。coherence统一，连贯性；prestige声望，名望；consequence结果，推论，重要性；commitment承诺，委托。因此，B项符合句意。5. 单选题Early last year the company researched the possibility of（ ）a new late-nightshow.问题1选项A.launchingB.longingC.leadingD.landing【答案】A【解析】句意：去年年初，这个公司研究了（ ）新的深夜秀的可能性。A选项launching 发动；开展（活动、计划等）；B选项longing渴望；C选项leading领导；引导；D选项landing登岸；降临。选项A符合句意。6. 单选题During recent years we have heard much about “race”： how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the （1 ）phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually （2 ） the coloring of the skin： a white race，a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. But （3 ）you were to remove the skin you could not （4 ）anything about the race to which the individual belonged，There is （5 ） in physical struct ture, the brain or the internal organs to （6 ） a difference.There are four types of blood. （7 ） types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the（8 ） No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will （9 ） in size, but this oc- curs within every race. （10 ） does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain（11 ）examined belonged to a person of weak （12）On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had （13 ）brains.Mental tests which are reasonably （14 ） show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race.（15 ） equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, ei- ther on account of race or geographical location. Individuals of every race （16 ）civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people （17 ）enable them to behave in a / an （18 ） way.The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new（19 ）is better and higher than anything （20 ） the past问题1选项A.completeB.fullC.totalD.whole问题2选项A.inB.fromC.atD.on问题3选项A.sinceB.ifC.asD.while问题4选项A.speakB.talkC.tellD.mention问题5选项A.somethingB.everythingC.nothingD.anything问题6选项A.displayB.indicateC.demonstrateD.appear问题7选项A.AllB.MostC.NoD.Some问题8选项A.sameB.identicalC.similarD.alike问题9选项A.remainB.increaseC.decreaseD.vary问题10选项A.OnlyB.OrC.NorD.So问题11选项A.everB.thenC.neverD.once问题12选项A.healthB.bodyC.mindD.thought问题13选项A.bigB.smallC.minorD.major问题14选项A.trueB.exactC.certainD.accurate问题15选项A.ProvidedB.ConcerningC.GivenD.Following问题16选项A.makeB.causeC.moveD.turn问题17选项A.andB.butC.thoughD.so问题18选项A.ordinaryB.peculiarC.usualD.common问题19选项A.thatB.whatC.whicheverD.whatever问题20选项A.forB.toC.withinD.in【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C第6题:B第7题:A第8题:A第9题:D第10题:C第11题:A第12题:C第13题:B第14题:D第15题:C第16题:B第17题:A第18题:B第19题:A第20题:D【解析】1.考查上下文语义。空格所在句的前一句提到certain things，因此whole（所有的；完整的）应放在空格处与之对应。2.考查固定搭配。句意：我们通常根据皮肤的颜色来 种族。judge from意为“根据作出判断”，故B项符合句意。3.考查逻辑关系词。句意：但是 去除了皮肤，你就无法辨别一个人属于哪个种族。B项if在空格处引导条件句。4.考查动词词义。句意：但是如果去除了皮肤，你就无法 一个人属于哪个种族。tell意为“辨别”，故C项为正确答案。其他三项中，A选项speak讲，谈；B选项talk说，讨论；D选项mention提到，C选项tell符合句意。5.考查上下文语义。句意：去除了皮肤就无法辨别一个人属于哪个种族，身体结构、大脑或内部器官方面也 差异。C项nothing意为“没有什么”，故C项为正确答案。6.考查动词词义。句意：身体结构、大脑或内部器官方面也没有 差异。A选项display显示，陈列；B项indicate表明；指出；C选项demonstrate证明，显示；D选项appear出现，B项indicate符合句意。7.考查上下文语义。句意：在每个种族中都可以找到 血液类型，没有哪种血型是某个种族独有的。A选项All全部的；B选项Most大部分的；C选项No没有的；D选项Some一些，所以A选项All符合句意。8.考查上下文语义。在每个种族中都可以找到所有的血液类型，没有哪种血型是某个种族独有的。因此推测空格处可能是说人脑也一样。the same意为“一样，同上”，故A项为正确答案。9.考查动词词义。句意：大脑的大小会 。A选项remain留下，保持；B选项increase增加，增大；C选项decrease 减少，减小；D选项vary变化，不同。因此D选项vary符合句意。10.nor含否定意义，放在此空格处，句意为：大脑的大小和智力没有任何关系。而且后面主谓倒置（部分倒置），故C项为正确答案。11.句意： 检测出的最大的大脑来自一个智力差的人。ever意为“曾经，以前”，在空格处表示“有史以来”，故A项为正确答案。12.考查名词词义。句意：有史以来检测出的最大的大脑来自一个 差的人。A选项health健康；B选项body身体；C选项mind智力，头脑；D选项thought思想，C选项mind符合句意。13.考查上下文语义。空格所在句的前面提到最大的大脑来自一个智力差的人，后面一句说On the other hand，因此推测后面是说：另一方面，某些最杰出人士的大脑却很小。B选项small意为“小的”，故B项为正确答案。14.考查形容词词义。句意：非常 智力测验表明种族间的智力没有差异。A选项true真实的，正确的；B选项exact准确的；C选项certain某一，已确定的；D选项accurate 精确的。D选项accurate符合句意。15.句意： 平等的教育条件，无论是哪个种族还是哪个地域的人，他们的平均排名没有差异。A选项Provided如果；B选项Concerning关于；C选项Given如果有（机会等）；D选项Following之后，因此C项符合句意。16.考查动词词义。句意：每个种族的成员都会 文明的倒退或进步。A选项make使产生，制造；B选项cause引起；C选项move移动；D选项turn使转动，因此B选项cause符合句意。17.考查逻辑关系。空格所在句的句意为：培训和教育可以改变一群人的反应， 使他们能够以一种特有的方式行事。前后两句为并列关系，故A项为正确答案。18.考查形容词词义。句意：培训和教育可以改变一群人的反应，并且使他们能够以一种 方式行事。A选项ordinary普通的；B选项peculiar异常的；特有的；C选项usual常见的；D选项common共有的，普通的，因此B选项peculiar符合句意。19.考查定语从句。句意：他们总是可以重新开始或者继续尝试比以往更好的新事物。That在空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词something，故A项为正确答案。20.考查介词。句意：继续尝试比 更好的新事物。D选项in the past意为“在过去；以往”，符合句意。7. 单选题His physical and emotional（ ）to Oxford and to Mississippi, to the land and to the people that shaped him, was at the core of his being.问题1选项A.personalityB.characterC.fidelityD.morality【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意：全身心的（ ） 是他的全部：无论是对牛津和密西西比，还是对那片土地和那些塑造他的人。personality 个性；character 性格；fidelity 忠诚；morality 道德。故选C。8. 写作题There are many reasons for a person planning to do PhD research (for example, new experiences, career preparation, and increased knowledge). Why do you think people should pursue a doctoral degree? Write an essay of no less than 200 words about your opinion on this topic.【答案】Why do people go for a Ph. D. ? The disinterested reason most often given is satisfying their thirst for knowledge. Ph. D. students are those with high degree of internal motivation that stems from their inborn curiosity and love of intellectual pursuits. They expect that after obtaining their degree they will metamorphose into scholars. For those the temptation of researching new and exciting subjects is also irresistible, or at least preferable to all other choices.So, a PhD means that you have a lot of knowledge and information about your field. Your knowl- edge is not only theoretical, but also of practical use, and you can share it with others for problem- solving. You are an expert and specialist in your area of study, and your educated opinion will be highly valued among friends, colleagues and even the media.With a PhD degree, you may have more career choices. At the same time, you can gain a higher salary and position within the company compared to candidates who do not have the same educational level as you. Furthermore, your expertise in the field also gives you the opportunity to acquire teach-ing positions at a college or university.There are also other reasons for pursuing a Ph. D. , which are more pragmatic. Going through years of study for a PhD degree also means that you will have built up a reliable and diverse set of professional networks. You will have worked with renowned experts and scholars in the field and will have made important contacts during conferences, all of whom can serve as excellent career references for any job positions.In this sense, the doctoral degree is not only a passport to a world of research and new knowl- edge ,but also a valuable asset that increases ones chances for obtaining higher paid, more satisfying jobs. It is seen as an investment in ones life for future successful career, a certificate proving ones special abilities that gives advantages of the owner in the job market.Whatever reasons a person may have when planning to do Ph. D. research, the ultimate goal is to enjoy a better life. A PhD program involves hard work, rigorous critical thinking skills and a lot of in- vested time, money and research. However, you receive many benefits and rewards for having a doc- torate degree, whether it is for personal satisfaction, social status, and employment or for the sake of education and knowledge itself.9. 单选题There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the（ ）from fall to winter.问题1选项A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意：我很喜欢季节变更，但是我最喜欢的时间是秋冬的 。transmission 传递；transformation 变形，转化；transition 转变，过渡时期；transfer 迁移、传递。因此，C项符合句意。10. 单选题To call someone bird-brained in English means you think that person is silly or stu-pid. But will this description soon disappear from use in the light of recent research? It seems the English may have been unfair in associating birds brains with stupidity.In an attempt to find out how different creatures see the world, psychologists at Brown University in the USA have been comparing the behaviour of birds and humans. One experiment has involved teaching pigeons to recognize letters of the English alphabet. The birds study in “classrooms”，which are boxes equipped with a computer. After about four days of studying a particular letter, the pigeon has to pick out that letter from several dis- played on the computer screen. Three male pigeons have learnt to distinguish all twenty-six letters of the alphabet in this way.A computer record of the birds four-month study period has shown surprising similar- ities between the pigeons and human performance. Pigeons and people find the same letters easy, or hard, to tell apart. For example, 92 percent of the time the pigeons could tell the letter D from the letter Z. But when faced with U and V (often confused by English chil-dren) ,the pigeons were right only 34 percent of the time.The results of the experiments so far have led psychologists to conclude that pigeons and humans observe things in similar ways. This suggests that there is something funda- mental about the recognition process. If scientists could only discover just what this recog- nition process is, it could be very useful for computer designers. The disadvantage of a present computer is that it can only do what a human being has programmed it to do and the programmer must give the computer precise, logical instructions. Maybe in the future, though, computers will be able to think like human beings.1.The writer suggests that the expression “bird-brained” might be out of use soon be- cause it is（ ）2.sychologists have been experimenting with pigeons to find out whether the birds3.U and V are confused by（ ）.4.There are similarities in observing things by pigeons and humans（ ）.5.The research may help（ ）问题1选项A.sillyB.impoliteC.unnecessaryD.inappropriate问题2选项A.are really silly or stupidB.can learn to make ideas known to peopleC.see the world as human beings doD.learn more quickly than children问题3选项A.92 percent of pigeonsB.many English childrenC.most people learning EnglishD.4 percent of English children问题4选项A.because pigeons are taught by humansB.because pigeons have brains more developed than other birdsC.because their basic ways to know the world are the sameD.because pigeons and humans have similar brains问题5选项A.computer designersB.computer salesmenC.psychologistsD.teachers【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.根据题干关键词“bird-brained”定位至第一段：To call someone bird-brained in English means you think that person is silly or stupid. But will this description soon disappear from use in the light of recent research? It seems the English may have been unfair in associating birds Brains with stupidity（在英语中，如果称某人为“鸟脑”，意思就是这个人非常愚蠢或没头脑。不过最近的一项研究显示，这个叫法可能很快会不再使用。看来英语将鸟的大脑与愚蠢联系在一起是不公平的）。因此，正确答案为D。2.根据题干关键词“Psychologists, experimenting, pigeons”定位至第二段：In an attempt to find out how different creatures see the world，美国布朗大学的心理学家将鸟类和人类的行为进行了比较，为了了解不同的生物是怎么领会世界的。据此可知，心理学家用鸽子做实验是为了发现鸟类与人类在领会世界方面是否相同。3.根据题干定位至第三段：But when faced with U and V (often confused by English children), the pigeons were right only 34 percent of the time（当面对字母U和V （英语孩子常常混淆这两个字母）时，鸽子的正确率只有34%）。据此可知B项正确。4.根据题干关键词“o