2022年考博英语-中国人民解放军陆军装甲兵学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第10期

2022年考博英语-中国人民解放军陆军装甲兵学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 不定项选择题Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great dealor at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned. Ideas about social classwhether a person is “working-class” or “middle-class”are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He wasand still isinclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house but also these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about tomorrow. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in previous generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather that the old conflicts will re-appear, but between different groups.1. Which of the following is seen as the cause of class differences in the past?2. The writer seems to suggest that the description of _ is closer to truth.3. According to the passage, which of the following is Not a typical feature of the middle-class?4. Working class peoples sense of security increased as a result of all the following factor EXCEPT _.5. Which of the following statement is incorrect?问题1选项A.Life style and occupation.B.Attitude and income.C.Income and job security.D.Job security and hobbies.问题2选项A.middle-class ways of spending moneyB.working-class ways of spending the weekendC.working-class drinking habitsD.middle-class attitudes问题3选项A.Desiring for security.B.Making long term plans.C.Having priorities in life.D.Saving money.问题4选项A.better social securityB.more job opportunitiesC.higher living standardD.better legal protection问题5选项A.Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British society.B.The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C.Difference in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D.Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working class people.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】1. Which of the following is seen as the cause of class differences in the past? 1. 下列哪一项被认为是过去阶级差异的原因？A. Life style and occupation. A. 生活方式和职业。B. Attitude and income. B. 态度和收入。C. Income and job security. C. 收入和工作保障。D. Job security and hobbies. D. 工作保障和爱好。【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第二段前两句“过去，工人阶级的收入往往比教师和医生等中产阶级的收入低。由于这一点，也由于工人的工作普遍不那么有保障，生活方式和态度出现了明显的差异。”可知，收入的不同和工作普遍没有那么有保障是造成过去阶级差异的原因，所以该题选择C项“收入和工作保障”。【干扰项排除】A项“生活方式和职业”和B项“态度和收入”中的生活方式和态度是阶级差异的结果，并不是其原因，这两项曲解原文；D项“工作保障和爱好”，原文第二段提到“工人领完工资交给妻子后就去挥霍在喝酒和赌博上”可知，工人喝酒和赌博的爱好是阶级差异造成的结果，不是原因，该项也曲解原文。2.【选项释义】2. The writer seems to suggest that the description of _ is closer to truth. 2. 作者似乎在暗示_的描述更接近事实。A. middle-class ways of spending money A. 中产阶级花钱方式B. working-class ways of spending the weekend B. 工人阶级过周末的方式C. working-class drinking habits C. 工人阶级的饮酒习惯D. middle-class attitudes D. 中产阶级的态度【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】首先根据题干定位至第三段第一句“中产阶级男人如何理财的陈词滥调也许更接近事实（The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth）”可知，这里讲到中产阶级男人如何理财的陈词滥调更接近事实，然后下文提到“他不仅考虑买一套房子，而且这也为他和他的家人提供了安全感”，综合理解可推断，作者在这其实是暗示中产阶级花钱的方式更接近事实，所以A项“中产阶级花钱方式”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“工人阶级过周末的方式”和C项“工人阶级的饮酒习惯”根据第二段最后一句“人们普遍认为（it was widely believed），典型的工人会在周五晚上领取工资，然后在给妻子料理家务后，就出去把剩下的钱挥霍在啤酒和赌博上”可知，这两项是人们普遍认为的观点，并不是作者暗示的内容，属于张冠李戴；D项“中产阶级的态度”根据解题思路可知，该项曲解原文。3.【选项释义】3. According to the passage, which of the following is Not a typical feature of the middle-class? 3. 根据文章，下列哪项不是中产阶级的典型特征？A. Desiring for security. A. 渴望安全。B. Making long term plans. B. 制定长期计划。C. Having priorities in life. C. 在生活中有优先权。D. Saving money. D. 存钱。【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第三段二三四句“他（中产阶级男人）过去倾向于更长期的观点，现在依然如此。他不仅考虑买一套房子，而且这也为他和他的家人提供了安全感。只有在极少数情况下，工人们才有机会（或接受教育和培训）制定这样的长期计划。”可知，中产阶级的典型特征就是寻求安全感，制定长期计划，以及有接受教育和培训的机会，即比工人们更有优先权享受到这些机会，只有D项“存钱”没有提到，所以该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A项“渴望安全”、B项“制定长期计划”和C项“在生活中有优先权”根据解题思路可知，这三项符合原文，属于反向干扰。4.【选项释义】4. Working class peoples sense of security increased as a result of all the following factor EXCEPT _. 4. 工人阶级的安全感增加，除了_以外，其他因素都有影响。A. better social security A. 社会保障的改善B. more job opportunities B. 更多就业机会C. higher living standard C. 更高的生活水平D. better legal protection D. 更好的法律保护【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第四段二三句“在很多情况下，工厂工人的收入与他们的中产阶级主管一样多，甚至更多。社会保障和法律的改善，已经使它比以前更没有必要担心明天。”可知，工人阶级收入的提高、社会保障和法律的改善是使他们更有安全感的因素，只有B项“更多就业机会”是没有提到，所以该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A项“社会保障的改善”符合原文，属于反向干扰；D项“更好的法律保护”符合原文，属于反向干扰；C项“更高的生活水平”，工人收入比中产阶级收入一样多甚至更高，从而生活水平也会相应上升，所以该项也属于反向干扰。5.【选项释义】5. Which of the following statement is incorrect? 5.下面哪个陈述是错误的？A. Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British society. A. 英国社会的各个方面都在慢慢地发生着变化。B. The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing. B. 工人阶级和中产阶级年轻人之间的差距正在缩小。C. Difference in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear. C. 收入差距将继续存在，但职业差距将消失。D. Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working class people. D. 中产阶级有时会觉得自己不如工人阶级。【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第一段首句“在过去的25年里，英国社会发生了巨大的变化至少在很多方面是这样的”可知，英国社会在很多方面都发生了巨大的变化，也就是说变化快速，所以A项“英国社会的各个方面都在慢慢地发生着变化”与原文不符，该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B项“工人阶级和中产阶级年轻人之间的差距正在缩小”根据最后一段第一句“生活方式和态度的变化可能在年轻人中最容易看到”以及第三句“与前几代人相比，现在的差异似乎要小得多”可知，工人阶级和中产阶级年轻人之间的差异正在缩小，该项属于反向干扰；C项“收入差距将继续存在，但职业差距将消失”根据最后一段第四句“然而，在高薪人群（无论他们从事何种工作）和低收入人群之间仍然存在着巨大的差距”可知，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；D项“中产阶级有时会觉得自己不如工人阶级”根据第四段最后一句“事实上，在过去几年里，中产阶级对自己的地位感到有点羞愧的趋势越来越明显”可知，该项也符合原文，属于反向干扰。2. 单选题_ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.问题1选项A.ThatB.WhichC.AsD.It【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. That那个 B. Which哪个C. As作为 D. It它【考查点】非限制性定语从句。【解题思路】分析句子结构可知，主句结构完整，所以前半句为非限制性定语从句，修饰后面整个主句，空格处要填入一个引导词，而as引导非限制性定语从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾，所以该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、D项不引导非限制性定语从句；B项引导非限制性定语从句不放在句首。【句意】众所周知，马克吐温是伟大的美国作家。3. 翻译题1. China is playing an increasingly important role in helping the international community in the process of eradicating extreme poverty by 2030. Since the implementation of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, China has helped as many as 400 million people out of poverty. In the next five years, China will provide assistance to other developing countries in poverty reduction, education development, agricultural modernization, environmental, protection, health care and so on. China has made remarkable progress in poverty alleviation, and it has made unremitting efforts in promoting economic growth. This will encourage other poor countries to cope with their own development challenges. These countries can learn from Chinas experience in seeking the path of development with their own characteristics.【答案】1. 中国在帮助国际社会到2030年消除极度贫困的进程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。自上世纪70年代末实施改革开放以来，中国已帮助多达4亿人摆脱贫困。未来5年里，中国将在减贫、教育发展、农业现代化、环境保护、卫生保健等方面向其他发展中国家提供援助。中国在减贫方面取得了显著进展，在促进经济增长方面做出了不懈努力。这将鼓励其他贫困国家应对自身的发展挑战。这些国家在寻求具有自身特色的发展道路时，可以借鉴中国的经验。4. 不定项选择题We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other, more surprising causes.Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition. Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit evil smelling gases, the worst of which is hydrogen sulfide.Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfur-producing bacteria gain the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”.Alcohol, hunger, too much talking. breathing through the mouth during exerciseanything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though its not understood why. Some peoples breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us, the simple, dry-mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath.Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is, they dont necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus. If the mouthwash contains alcoholas most doit can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.1. The phrase “emanate from” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “_”.2. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?3. According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because _.4. Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because _.5. We can infer from this passage that _.问题1选项A.thrive onB.account forC.originate fromD.descend from问题2选项A.Tooth trouble.B.Sulfur-rich food.C.Too much exercise.D.Mental strain.问题3选项A.it keeps offending bacteria from reproducingB.its smell adds to bad breathC.it kills some helpful bacteriaD.it affects the normal flow of saliva问题4选项A.they cant mask the bad odor long enoughB.they cant get to all the offending bacteriaC.their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worseD.they cant cover the thick layers of mucus问题5选项A.offensive breath cant easily be curedB.elderly people are less offended by bad breathC.heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breathD.offensive breath is less affected by alcohol【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】1. The phrase “emanate from” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “_”. 1. 第一段中的词组“emanate from”很可能是“_”的意思。A. thrive on A. 靠发展B. account for B. 对负责、做出解释C. originate from C. 发源于D. descend from D. 由传下来的【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段第二句“在大多数情况下，令人不快的口气emanates from口腔中的细菌，尽管还有其他更令人惊讶的原因（causes）”，根据后面的causes可知，offensive breath（口臭）和bacteria in the mouth（口腔中的细菌）之间应该是一个因果关系，是bacteria（细菌）导致了offensive breath（口臭），那么可以反推，offensive breath（口臭）是来源于bacteria（细菌），故C项“发源于”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“靠发展”、B项“对负责、做出解释”和D项“由传下来的”根据解题思路可知，这三项属于曲解原文。2.【选项释义】2. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath? 2. 下列哪项被提到是口臭的原因之一？A. Tooth trouble. A. 牙齿问题。B. Sulfur-rich food. B. 高硫的食物。C. Too much exercise. C. 太多锻炼。D. Mental strain. D. 精神紧张。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第四段“酒精、饥饿、说话太多、运动时用嘴呼吸，任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭。压力也是如此，虽然不知道为什么。有些人每次去面试时口气都会变酸。”可知，压力也会造成口气问题，D项“精神紧张”也属于压力问题，所以该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A项“牙齿问题”没有提到，属于无中生有；B项“高硫的食物”根据第三段第二句“例如，当我们睡觉时，唾液流得很慢，产生硫的细菌占了上风，产生了所谓的早晨口气”可知，原文提到的是含硫的细菌能够导致口臭，并不是食物，该项属于曲解原文；C项“太多锻炼”根据第四段第一句“酒精、饥饿、说话太多、运动时用嘴呼吸，任何使口腔干燥的东西都会产生口臭”可知，原文说的是运动时用嘴呼吸会引发口臭，该项条件不足，属于曲解原文。3.【选项释义】3. According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because _. 3. 根据这篇文章，酒精与口臭有关的主要原因是_。A. it keeps offending bacteria from reproducing A. 它能阻止有害细菌的繁殖B. its smell adds to bad breath B. 它的气味增加了口臭C. it kills some helpful bacteria C. 它杀死了一些有益的细菌D. it affects the normal flow of saliva D. 它影响唾液的正常流动【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据文章最后一句“如果漱口水中含有酒精大多数漱口水都含有酒精会使口腔干燥，从而加剧这一问题”可知含有酒精的漱口水会使口腔干燥，从而产生口臭，原因是唾液流动变得缓慢，那么推断，酒精与口臭有关的主要原因是因为使得口腔唾液流动缓慢，所以D项“它影响唾液的正常流动”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“它能阻止有害细菌的繁殖”是漱口水的作用，并不是酒精，属于张冠李戴；B项“它的气味增加了口臭”和C项“它杀死了一些有益的细菌”没提到，属于无中生有。4.【选项释义】4. Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because _. 4. 漱口水不能有效治疗口臭，主要是因为_。A. they cant mask the bad odor long enough A. 它们掩盖不了难闻的气味B. they cant get to all the offending bacteria B. 它们无法接触到所有有害的细菌C. their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worse C. 它们强烈的气味和口臭混合在一起，使情况更糟D. they cant cover the thick layers of mucus D. 它们不能覆盖厚厚的粘液层【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据最后一段二三四句“一些漱口水声称能杀死导致口腔异味的细菌。问题是，它们不一定能触及所有有害细菌。在厚厚的黏液层下，大多数细菌都能很好地免受漱口水的侵害。”可知，漱口水不能治疗口臭是因为厚厚的黏液层覆盖了有害细菌，所以漱口水不能触及到所有的有害细菌，B项“它们无法接触到所有有害的细菌”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“它们掩盖不了难闻的气味”和治疗口臭无关，属于出处错位；C项“它们强烈的气味和口臭混合在一起，使情况更糟”没有提到，属于无中生有；D项“它们不能覆盖厚厚的粘液层”漱口水不能治疗口臭的原因是厚厚的黏液层使得漱口水不能接触到所有的有害细菌，并不是不能覆盖厚厚的黏液层的原因，该项曲解原文。5.【选项释义】5. We can infer from this passage that _. 5. 从这篇文章中我们可以推断出_。A. offensive breath cant easily be cured A. 口臭不容易治好B. elderly people are less offended by bad breath B. 上了年纪的人对口臭不那么反感C. heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breath C. 酗酒者受口臭的影响较小D. offensive breath is less affected by alcohol D. 口臭受酒精的影响较小【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】文章前五段描述了引起口臭的多种原因，包括酒精、饥饿、说话太多、运动等使口腔干燥的因素，后三段阐述了能够增加唾液流动和掩盖口臭的方法，综合可以推断，引起口臭的因素有很多，所以并不是很容易治好，A项“口臭不容易治好”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“上了年纪的人对口臭不那么反感”根据第五段第一句“随着年龄的增长，唾液的流动会逐渐减慢，这也解释了为什么老年人比年轻人更容易出现口臭问题”可知，原文提到了老年人比年轻人更容易口臭的原因，但该项并未提及，也无从推断，属于无中生有；C项“酗酒者受口臭的影响较小”和D项“口臭受酒精的影响较小”，在原文提到了酒精会使口腔干燥，从而导致口臭，所以酗酒者更加受到口臭的影响，这两项属于反向干扰。5. 单选题“You try to get some sleep. Ill _ the patients breakfast”, said the nurse.问题1选项A.see toB.stick toC.get toD.lead to【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. see to注意，负责 B. stick to坚持C. get to到达，开始，接触到 D. lead to导致，通向【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】根据句意“我来_病人的早餐”可知，空格处填入see to表示“负责”符合句意，所以该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】护士说：“你试着睡一会儿。我来负责病人的早餐。”6. 不定项选择题Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in child-rearing, but what do fathers do? Much of what they contribute is simply the result of being a second adult in the home. Bringing up children is demanding, stressful and exhausting. Two adults can support and make up for each others deficiencies and build on each others strengths.Fathers also bring an array of unique qualities. Some are familiar: protector and role model. Teenage boys without fathers are notoriously prone to trouble. The pathway to adulthood for daughters is somewhat easier, but they must still learn from their fathers, in ways they cannot from their mothers, how to relate to men. They learn from their fathers about heterosexual trust, intimacy and difference. They learn to appreciate their own femininity from the one male who is most special in their lives. Most important, through loving and being loved by their fathers, they learn that they are love-worthy.Current research gives much deeper, and more surprising, insight into the fathers role in child-rearing. One significantly overlooked dimension of fathering is play. From their childrens birth through adolescence, fathers tend to emphasize play more than caretaking. The fathers style of play is likely to be both physically stimulating and exciting. With older children it involves more teamwork, requiring competitive testing of physical and mental skills. It frequently resembles a teaching relationship: come on, let me show you how. Mothers play more at the childs level. They seem willing to let the child direct play.Kids, at least in the early years, seem to prefer to play with daddy. In one study of 2.5-year olds who were given a choice, more than two-thirds chose to play with their father.The way fathers paly has effects on everything from the management of emotions to intelligence and academic achievement. It is particularly important in promoting self-control. According to one expert, “children who roughhouse with their fathers quickly learn that biting, kicking and other forms of physical violence are not acceptable.” They learn when to “shut it down.”At play and in other realms, fathers tend to stress competition, challenge, initiative, risk-taking and independence. Mothers, as caretakers, stress emotional security and personal safety. On the playground fathers often try to get the child to swing ever higher, while mothers are cautious, worrying about an accident.We know, too, that fathers involvement seems to be linked to improved verbal and problem-solving skills and higher academic achievement. Several studies found that along with paternal strictness, the amount of time fathers spent reading with them was a strong predictor of their daughters verbal ability.Form sons the results have been equally striking. Studies uncovered a strong relationship between fathers involvement and the mathematical abilities of their sons. Other studies found a relationship between paternal nurturing and boys verbal intelligence.1. The first paragraph points out that one of the advantages of a family with both parents is _.2. According to paragraph 3, one significant difference between the fathers and mothers role in child-rearing is _.3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?4. Studies investigating fathers involvement in child-rearing show that _.5. The writers main point in writing this article is _.问题1选项A.husband and wife can share houseworkB.two adults are always better than oneC.the fundamental importance of mothers can be fully recognizedD.husband and wife can compensate for each others shortcomings问题2选项A.the style of play encouragedB.the amount of time availableC.the strength of emotional tiesD.the emphasis of intellectual development问题3选项A.Mothers tend to stress personal safety less than fathers.B.Boys are likely to benefit more from their fathers caring.C.Fathers tend to encourage creativeness and independence.D.Girls learn to read more quickly with the help of their fathers.问题4选项A.this improve kids mathematical and verbal abilitiesB.the more time spent with kids, the better they speakC.the more strict the fathers are, the cleverer the kidsD.girls usually do better than boys academically问题5选项A.to warm society of increasing social problemsB.to emphasize the fathers role in the familyC.to discuss the responsibilities of fathers