2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷85

2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Japan remains tied to the Western camp partly because the relationship has become（ ）to her economy and politics over forty years association.问题1选项A.integralB.unilateralC.rationalD.hierarchical【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 日本依然和西方保持着关系，因为这层关系是他40年社交出来经济和政治的不可分割的一部分。integral构成整体所必需的，完整的。unilateral单边的；植单侧的；单方面的。rational合理的；理性的。 hierarchical分层的；等级体系的。2. 单选题Attitudes on the two sides in the Revolutionary War precluded the possibility of a peaceful solution.问题1选项A.presagedB.prejudicedC.anticipatedD.prevented【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意: 双方对美国革命战争的态度决定了不可能通过和平的方式解决问题。presage:预感， 预言。prejudice:偏见。anticipate:预期，期望。prevent:阻止，妨碍，。preclude:阻止,妨碍,排除。故选D。3. 单选题During the 19th century, Jews in most European countries achieved some equality of status with non-Jews, at times Jews were harassed by anti-Semitic groups.问题1选项A.annoyedB.opposedC.exploitedD.despised【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意: 在19世纪的时候，大多数欧洲国家的犹太人获得了与非犹太人的平等地位，但是有时他们还会受到反犹太人群体的讨厌。annoy:烦恼，惹恼。oppose:反对，反抗。exploit:开发，开拓。despise:轻视，蔑视。harass:困扰，烦恼。故选A。4. 单选题His work shed provocative yet necessary light on an important way to slow the spread of this virus.问题1选项A.provisionalB.seductiveC.disturbingD.insulting【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 他的工作就是着手放缓这种病毒的传播。provisional:临时的,暂定的。seductive:诱人的，有魅力的。disturbing：干扰的，令人不安的,骚扰的(与画线词provocative:挑衅的，煽动的，意思相近)。 insulting:侮辱的，无礼的。5. 单选题During the reading lesson, the teacher asked students to read a few（ ）from the novel.问题1选项A.piecesB.essaysC.fragmentsD.extracts【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意: 上阅读课时，老师要求学生阅读小说中的几个 。pieces (完整的)作品; essay 论文,文章; fragment 片段, 一般指文艺作品中的残存部分；extract 书本中的 摘录，选段等。故选D。6. 单选题The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about the consequences.问题1选项A.optimisticB.anxiousC.uncertainD.scared【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 该国进行核实验，也不（ ） 实验结果。optimistic 乐观的; anxious 焦虑的，担忧的; uncertain 无常的，不确定的，含糊的; scared 恐惧的，害怕的。Apprehensive 忧虑的，不安的。故选B。7. 翻译题人类建立秩序是出于必须和渴望战胜环境的挑战，这样一种有秩序的状态就称作 “国家”，而“法律”就是维持国家存在的规则，时间伴随着这些由法律和秩序建立起 来的安宁和平静，在时间的流逝中，经过了数世纪的进化，人类终于进入了探索他自己 所在的星系的时刻，只有人类在所有的生物中的进化能被视为进步。当社会发生变革 时，每个人在其所生活的大群体中的价值和权力都会增加，个人价值在人类群体从部落 渐渐变成文明社会时并未减少，它反而成了统治所有人的法令的指导。【答案】Order was caused by the need and desire to survive the challenge of the environment. This orderly condition called the state, and the roles that maintained it, file law. With time the partner to this tranquility, man marched across the centuries of his evolution to the brink of exploring the boundaries of his own galaxy. Of all living organisms, only man has the capacity to interpret his own evolution as progress. As social life changed, the worth and rights of each member in the larger group, of which he was a part, increased. As the groups grew from clans to civilizations, the value of the individual did not diminish, but became instead a guide to the rules that govern all men.8. 填空题Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists（1）research the relation between actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain （2）rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence（3） approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks （4）in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, （5）to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know theyre working for a （6） and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity，says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.“But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for（7）performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with discouraged students, Eisenberger holds （8） an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing （9）.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in （10）students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.【答案】（1）who（2）that（3）on（4）creativity（5）according（6）reward（7）poor（8）As（9）grades（10）which【解析】（1）语法题。考查定语从句。此空后的句子为定语从句，先行词为“Behaviorists”，所以应填关系代词who，引导修饰人的定语从句。（2）语法题。考查宾语从句。空后的内容为maintain的宾语，应填一个可引导宾语从句的词。而且上文的宾语从句“argue that.”也可以推断出本空填that。（3）固定搭配。固定短语depend on意为“依赖，依靠”，其名词形式dependence也需要跟介词 on。（4）语义连接。本文是在讲述奖励、表扬与创造性的关系，此句意为“但是小心地使用小量的金钱报酬能激起分级学校孩子们的 ”第一段中提到“destroy creativity”, 因此该空格处应填“creativity”。（5）固定搭配。According填在空格处, 句意为：根据一项个性与社会心理学的六月杂志的研究。（6）语义连接。本文讲奖励与创造性的关系，此句意为“如果孩子们知道他们在 为 工作。”显然，此空处应填“reward”(奖励) 。（7）语义连接。推测此句意为“但是如果奖励表现不好的, 或者制造过高的对创造力的奖励期望值,这很容易扼杀创造性。因此此处填poor比较合适。（8）语义连接。此句意为作为后一种观点的例子”。（9）语义连接。前句句意: 给平常成绩的学生打高分的老师，最终会使学生泄气。此句句意: 他指出，各大学在严格控制评分标准和恢复不及格成绩方面做出越来越多的努力。此处应填grade的复数形式。（10）语法题。考查定语从句。此空后的句子应为定语从句，先行词为“token economies”，故此空应填一个可引导定语从句的关系词，而且空格前面有介词in,故只能填“which”。9. 单选题Hardly （ ）when a loud explosion was heard.问题1选项A.the train had startedB.the train had been startedC.had the train startedD.did the train start【答案】C【解析】考查倒装句。句意: 在没有发出巨响的爆炸声前，火车很难启动。Hardly是一个否定词位于句首,故用倒装。这里是过去的过去，故用过去完成时。10. 单选题President Clintons decision on Apr. 8 to send Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji packing without an agreement on Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization seemed to be a massive miscalculation. The President took a drubbing from much of the press, which had breathlessly reported that a deal was in the bag. The Cabinet and White House still appeared divided, and business leaders were characterized as furious over the lost opportunity. Zhu charged that Clinton lacked the courage” to reach an accord. And when Clinton later telephoned the angry Zhu to pledge a renewed effort at negotiations, the gesture was widely portrayed as a flip-flop.In fact, Clinton made the right decision in holding out for a better WTO deal. A lot more horse trading is needed before a final agreement can be reached. And without the Administrations goal of a “bullet-proof agreement” that business lobbyists can enthusiastically sell to a Republican Congress, the whole process will end up in partisan acrimony that could harm relations with China for years.THE HARD PART. Many business lobbyists, while disappointed that the deal was not closed, agree that better terms can still be had. And Treasury, Secretary Robert E. Rubin, National Economic Council Director Gene B. Spelling, Commerce Secretary William M. Daley, and top trade negotiator Charlene Barshefsky all advised Clinton that while the Chinese had made a remarkable number of concessions, “were not there yet， according to senior officials.Negotiating with Zhu over the remaining issues may be the easy part. Although Clinton can signal U.S. approval for Chinas entry into the WTO himself, he needs Congress to grant Beijing permanent most-favored-nation status as part of a broad trade accord. And the temptation for meddling on Capital Hill may prove over-whelming. Zhu had barely landed before Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss) declared himself skeptical that China deserved entry into the WTO. And Senator Jesse A. Helms (R-N C) and Ernest F. Hollings (D-S. C ) promised to introduce a bill requiring congressional approval of any deal.The hidden message from these three textile-state Southerners: Get more protection for the U S. clothing industry. Hoping to smooth the way, the Administration tried, but failed, to budge Zhu on textiles. Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood, and Detroit. Zhu refused to open up much of the lucrative Chinese securities market and insisted on cultural restrictions on American movies and music. He also blocked efforts to allow U. S. auto makers to provide fleet financing.BIG JOB. Already, business lobbyists are blanketing Capitol Hill to presale any eventual agreement, but what theyve heard so far isnt encouraging Republicans, including Lott, say that the time just isnt right” for the deal. Translation: Were determined to make it look as if Clinton has capitulated to the Chinese and is ignoring human, religious, and labor rights violations; the theft of nuclear-weapons technology; and the sale of missile parts to Americas enemies. Beijings fierce critics within the Democratic Party, such as Senator Paul D. Wellstone of Minnesota and House Minority leader Richard A. Gephardt of Missouri, wont help, either.Just how tough the lobbying job on Capitol Hill will be become clear on Apr. 20, when Rubin lectured 19chief executives on the need to discipline their Republican allies. With business and the White House still trading charges over who is responsible for the defeat of fast-track trade negotiating legislation in 1997, working together wont be easy. And Republicans-with a wink-say that theyll eventually embrace Chinas entry into the WTO as a favor to Corporate Amenity. Though not long before they torture Clinton. But Zhu is out on a limb, and if Congress overdoes the criticism, he may be forced by domestic critics to renege. Business must make this much dear to both its GOP allies and the White House: This historic deal is too important to risk losing to any more partisan squabbling.1.The main idea of this passage is（ ） .2.It can be inferred from the passage that （ ）.3.What does the sentence Also left in the lurch: Wall Street, Hollywood, Detroit convey?4.Who plays the leading part in the deal in America?5.What was the attitude of the Republican Party toward Chinas entry into the WTO?A. Contradictory B. Appreciative C. Disapproving. D. Detestful.问题1选项A.The Contradiction between the Democratic Party and the Republican PartyB.On Chinas entry into WTOC.Clinton was rightD.Business Lobbyists Control Capitol Hill问题2选项A.America will make concessionsB.America will hold out for a better WTOC.Clinton has the right to signal U. S. approval for Chinas entryD.Democratic party approve Chinas entry into the WTO问题3选项A.Premier Zhu rejected their requirements.B.The three places overdid criticism.C.They wanted more protection.D.They are in trouble.问题4选项A.White HouseB.RepublicansC.The Democratic PartyD.Businessmen.问题5选项A.ContradictoryB.AppreciativeC.Disapproving.D.Detestful.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章的主旨句为: Clinton made the right decision in holding out for a better WTO deal (克林顿故意拖延以谋取更多的利益的决定是正确的)。2.推断题。题干问的是从文章中推断出什么。选项C:克林顿有签署批准中国入世之权。D：民主党赞成中国加入世贸，这两项都是事实, 因此排除。选项B:美国会故意拖延以求取得更好的条件。根据文章推断这可能性小。推断选项A (美国将会作出让步)正确。3.推断题。根据题干定位至第五段，题干句子后一句: Zhu refused to open up much of the lucrative Chinese securities market and insisted on cultural restrictions on American movies and music. He also blocked efforts to allow U. S. auto makers to provide fleet financing (朱镕基拒绝开放利润丰厚的中国证券市场，坚持对美国电影和音乐实行“文化”限制。他还阻止了美国汽车制造商提供车队融资)。因此A项(朱总理拒绝了他们的要求)正确。4.细节题。通过文章内容推断商界在美国的交易中起主导作用。5.态度方向。共和党一开始是反对的。第六段说时间不对。最后一段共和党一下子有所改变，他们最终将会接受中国加入世贸组织以表示对整体美国的好感。不管是商人院外活动集团的作用，还是明确指出重开谈判的重要性。这一历史事件太重要绝不能因党争而失去机会。共和党纵然心中不愿，也不得不接受现实。心情是矛盾的。由此得出选择A:矛盾。11. 单选题It is often claimed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society where there is an enormous demand for commercial products of all kinds. Moreover, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase presumes an abundant and cheap supply. Many people believe that nuclear energy provides an inexhaustible an economical source of power and that it is therefore essential for an industrially developing society. There are a number of other advantages in the use of nuclear energy. Firstly, nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff. The nuclear reactor represents an enormous step in our scientific evolution and, whatever the anti-nuclear group says, it is wrong to expect a return to more primitive sources of fuel. However, opponents of nuclear energy point out that nuclear power stations bring a direct threat not only to the environment but also to civil liberties. Furthermore, it is questionable whether ultimately nuclear power is a cheap source of energy. There have, for example, been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, in Russia.The possibility of increases in the cost of uranium in addition to the cost of greater safety provisions could price nuclear power out of market. In the long run, environmentalists argue, nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about the destruction of the human race. Thus if we wish to survive, we cannot afford nuclear energy. In spite of the case against nuclear energy outlined above, nuclear energy programmes are expanding. Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on.Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is a doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.1.The writers attitude toward nuclear energy is（ ） .2.According to the opponents of nuclear energy, which of the following is TRUE of nuclear energy?3.Some people claim that unclear energy is essential because （ ）.4.Which of the following statements does the writer support?5.The function of the last sentence is（ ） .问题1选项A.indifferentB.tolerantC.favorableD.negative问题2选项A.PrimitiveB.CheapC.ExhaustibleD.Unsafe问题3选项A.it provides a perfect solution to mass unemploymentB.it represents an enormous step forward in our scientific evolutionC.it can meet the growing demand of an industrially developing societyD.nuclear power stations can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff问题4选项A.The demand for commercial products will not necessarily keep increasing.B.Nuclear energy is something we cannot do without.C.Uranium is a good source of energy for economic and ecological reasons.D.Grater safety provisions can bring about the expansion of nuclear energy programmes.问题5选项A.advance the final argumentB.reflect the writers attitudeC.reverse previously expressed thoughtsD.show the disadvantages of nuclear power【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.态度方向。作者在第一段引出了大众观点, 后面再否定。而且最后一段指出: Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power(权衡利弊 后我们有理由认为应该选择使用核能以外的其他能源)。因此作者对于核能的态度是否定的。2.细节题。根据题干关键词opponents of nuclear energy定位至第一段倒数第三句: 但是，核能的反对者们指出，核电站不仅仅给环境，而且是给全民的自由带来了直接的威胁。因此, 核能反对者认为核能不安全。3.细节题。根据题干定位至第一段, 第一句就指出: 有人认为核能必不可少，紧接着给出了原因: 工业持续发展的社会对便宜的能源有不断增长的需求，而核能可以满足这一需求。故选C。4.细节题。倒数第二句表明: Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue (这种扩张表现为工业生产和消费者需求正在不断的增长。但是，这种增长会不会，或者说能不能持续，是值得怀疑的)。即作者认为它不一定会增长。5.态度方向题。最后一句是表明了作者对核能的态度。12. 单选题The painting he bought at the street market the other day was a （ ）forgery.问题1选项A.man-madeB.naturalC.crudeD.real【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意:他那天在街上买的那幅画实际上是副赝品。man-made 人造的; natural自然的; crude粗略的; real 实际上。13. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human management is not traditionally seen as a central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered as individual responsibility. Labor is simply another force of production to be hired/rented at the lowest possible cost, which is a must as one buys raw material or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human resource management can be seen in the corporate pecking order. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer. By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work force, in fact, they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional or managerial employees. And the limited investments that made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in German (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in German than it is in United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at the speed with which new equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retaining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half cant effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1.Which of the following applies to the human resource management of American companies?2.What is the position of the executive of human-resource management in American firms?3.The money most American firms put in work force training mainly goeson （ ）.4.Why is there a slow pace of technological change in American firms?5.What is the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.They hire people with the least possible money regardless of their skills.B.They see skills gain as their employees own business.C.They refer to hire self-trained workers.D.They only hire skilled workers because of keen employment competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives of the firm.B.His position is likely to disappear when new technologies have been introduced.C.He has no saying in making important decisions of the firm.D.He is directly under the chief financial executive.问题3选项A.technological and managerial staffB.workers who will run new equipmentC.workers who lack of basic background skillsD.top executive问题4选项A.New equipment is more expensive in America.B.Ameri