中考英语动词语态.doc

中考英语动词语态被动语态复习要点英语的谓语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。前者表示句子的主语为动作的发出者，后者表示句子的主语为动作的承受者。请比较： Tom broke the window. （主动语态）1 2 3 The window was broken by Tom. （被动语态）3 2 1从以上对比可以看出，主动句中的主语Tom在被动句中变成了短语by Tom，主动句中的宾语the window变成了被动句中的主语。由于被动句中的主语即主动句中的宾语，因此，只有及物动词才有被动语态16.1 被动语态的构成被动语态的基本构成是：be + 过去分词。与主动语态一样，被动语态也有各种时态形式，列表如下（以动词ask为例）：时 间一 般进 行完 成现 在am/is/are asked被问am/is/are being asked正在被问have/has been asked已经被问过过 去was/were asked（过去）被问was/were being asked（过去）正被问had been asked（过去）已被问过将 来shall/will be asked将要被问1被动语态的各种时态均由助动词be的变化构成。2被动语态的否定式和疑问式均由助动词或第一个助动词构成。过去将来should/would be asked（过去）将要被问16.2 常见的被动结构He wrote the book two years ago. The book was written by him two years ago. 这本书是他在两年前写的。They are cleaning the house. The house is being cleaned (by them). 房子正在被（他们）打扫。Youre wanted on the phone. 有你的电话。My aunt gave me an apple. *I was given an apple. / An apple was given to me. *有人给了我一只苹果。被动句中省略了by my aunt。His mother bought him a new coat. *He was bought a new coat. / A new coat was bought for him. *有人给他买了一件新大衣。被动句中省略了by his mother。People usually call me Jim for short. I am usually called Jim for short. 我常常被人直呼吉姆。They asked Mike to write soon. Mike was asked to write soon. 迈克被要求尽快写信。He made the baby laugh. The baby was made to laugh (by him). 那个婴儿被（他）逗笑了。请比较前后两句中的划线单词，被动句中需要加上to。在被动句中作主语补足语的不定式一律要带to，不论其作宾语补足语时是否带to（请见以上各例句）。16.2.4 短语动词的被动结构短语动词的被动结构是：S + V(被动式) + 介词/副词(+ by短语)。例如：We have sent for a doctor. A doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请医生了。I turned off the radio just now. The radio was turned off just now. 收音机刚才（被）关掉了。They are taking good care of the children. The children are being taken good care of. 孩子们正在受到良好的照顾。在将含有短语动词的主动句转换成被动句时，原短语动词中的介词或副词（如以上句中的for, off, of）不能遗漏。16.2.5 带情态动词的被动结构带情态动词的被动结构是：S + V(情态动词+主要动词的被动式) (+ by短语)。例如：You must do it at once. It must be done at once. 这件事必须立即做。We can see the park from the window. The park can be seen from the window. 公园可以从窗户那里看到。16.3 如何判断使用被动语态？在我们做题过程中，如何判断使用被动语态？以下四条可供参考： 句中含有by sb时，例如：The windows _ (break) by those boys.本句中含有by those boys，因此可以判断使用被动语态。答案是：were broken。 句中含有with sth时，例如：The ground _ (cover) with thick snow.本句中含有with thick snow，因此可以判断使用被动语态。答案是：is covered。 主语后的及物动词缺少宾语时，例如：I _ (tell) to come at once.我们知道，tell的句型是tell sb to do sth。但是本句中tell的后面缺少宾语，说明主语I是动词tell的动作对象，因此tell要用被动语态。答案是：was told。 主语和谓语动词在逻辑上有动宾关系时，例如：English _ (teach) in middle schools.本句中既没有by sb，也没有with sth，这时，就要分析句子的主语和谓语动词之间是否存在逻辑上的动宾关系。English不可能发出teach的动作，只能是teach动作的对象，它们之间存在着动宾关系，因此，tell要用被动语态。答案是：is taught。以上四条中，前三条比较直观，而最后一条最为可靠。16.3 使用带情态动词的被动结构和带不定式的被动结构，即结合willshallwould be（p. p）结构，掌握canmay mustshouldhas tohave toto be going tobe（p.p. ）结构，以及各种结构的变换方式。如： It will be given to him. The building shall be founded next year. Apples cannot be kept for a long time. The baby must be looked after carefully. This problem should be resolved as soon as possible. The dog has to be killed. Many trees are going to be planted here.英语中的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，因此也可构成被动语态。短语动词被看成一个整体，是固定词组，所以构成被动语态时不可分开。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构成方法相同。如：1动词+介词He will be operated on by the best surgeon 他将由最好的外科医生给他动手术。This matter has been carefully looked into 此事已得到仔细调查。He is often laughed at by his classmates 他经常被同学嘲笑。2动词+ 副词These problems have been seriously thought over 这些问题已得到认真考虑。The lights are turned off at 11 pm every day 每天晚上11点钟关灯。The fire was soon put out 那场大火很快被扑灭。3动词+副词+介词These privileges should be done away with 此类特权应该被取消。Women were looked down upon in the past 妇女过去受到歧视。The lost time must be made up for. 失去的时间必须补回来。4动词+名词+介词The children have been taken good care of 这些孩子得到了很好的照料。What they did have been paid great attention to 他们所做的一切已得到极大的关注。Time is precious and should be made full use of. 时间宝贵，应该充分利用。 专项练习一 把下列句子变成被动语态1 His mother told him not to waste time on fishing.2 Father gave me a toy at Christmas.3 This factory produces machine tools.4 They should do it at once.5 They named the child tom.二 选择题1)It is said that a new robot _by him in a few days.A designed B has been designed C will be designed D will have been designed2)We are late. I expect the film _by the time we get to the cinema.A will already have started B would already have started C shall have already started D has already been started3) She will stop showing off if no notice_ of her.A) is taken B) takes C) will be taken D) has taken4) Diamond _in Brazil in 1971.A) is found B) has been found C) was found D) had been found5)“Have you moved to the new flat?” “Not yet. The room_.”A) has been painted B) is painted C) paints D) is being painted6) My pictures _until next Friday.A) wont develop B) arent developed C) dont develop D) won t be developed7) Tim _since he lost his job three weeks ago.A) had been unemployed B) was unemployed C) has been unemployed D) has unemployed8) A great number of colleges and universities _since 1949.A) has been establish B) have been established C) have established D) had been established9) Ill have to push the car to the side of the road because we _if we leave it here. A) would be fined B) will be fined C) will being fined D) will have been fined10)“_two tickets for the new play at the Grand Theatre on Saturday. Shall we go and see it together?”A) They have been given B) I have been given C) I am given D) They have given to me