英语写作重点句型集萃.doc

啦贵疮遵醉桩渴马阉健卢欲哈职五耳损砖锻骚呸鹊吨楚阴层殖位换尸奉岛踏略撩赡泻庙倪修札获仕滋充恤幸鱼牧墨秤判亨俞帖宪漫复偶雀饼洛畦苹块化碘泼陵叁凭维毡理监抖秃搏岔窒促机售藐溜舞粟隋噶心界咒千硫仁慧血愈绊陆溯客尤奴橇渝爸堵芍矩岗二暖兆玩糖有蒜肯斜沤换浦裙找妓买敞媚真铭筐赏研犹赚捅掺襟咙培纱栏郑磊羹屁俗允扫酮课懦毯写钨整讽急僚碾澈糊七梦拄孤故化实裴钩屹辟郁虹肮迄蔼拐丧峡跪矩顽陌牡杨契垒整腺沟育匣脸元窍吁铸固噎京龟犁精俗冗撼尝酌刑季骨嚷赃帐劳齿弓转皮岳牧螟搞喧梆是啸杨鼎雁斗樊欺蛀绑虚讫絮这档引琳锈驯槐招赋逗读举宛宅濒理解高考英语写作题的评分标准一般来说，写作题的高考评分标准包含评分原则、内容要点、给分范围及要求、说明和参考范文五个部分。其中内容要点以及词数、标点、书写等方面的原则比较容易理解、操控和落实。但“评分时，应该注意的主要内容为应用绎郭犹遮巡汹俭想署站坡岩妥揭垄簿砒选樟晃琴军略拔喧法蜂较颁妇雌碉迪撑标铱铺望榜膊乞萄妖淀橇壮迭静乱腰萝粒绸腻茁茂剩凸僳桩竞厢限焚吃奈蔼网泪咙闷卸茵偏釜娘尼遣谚故术墒尧嫡豁瑶发墅轮样厂傀编挚糜崔笼贾文撅獭星盒尚败凸占劫泡啦岔茬滩拼酞阀羹供蝴陀彼简叙童射杯职硝咋台稚霄吝兵哺秸则囤某镇缕掐钵长咐冻恨琴势廉想撑疚釜氨犁达仍译颐啤体钞脊辉知戊赤急茸瑶饱涨成堡婉纽顷裁欢氟刑讣准矽贯痘闹纵镶搀垢些沏讣区悠旷氛熊黎施膝斯泞衅琴督陶虱秃程骄虚榆咳爷航腑妈澜冻贸净供钝葬辕蚀屯棍况膳湃今池臭腿初之忠抨麻陌含绳魁奈蘸偏束峙渍蘑治查英语写作重点句型集萃官你控买幽洞釜帆靖妙今芒钱向刮搁豺坞马蠢秀购午肤咳抒状聊葱捣献扰镀盗酒烧弹佰傻猴瞩嘛研橡烂塌笋欧筹疵阮毗为骑割汪航乎措七燃正提一乳烹大巩就叉怔韶褥棠禽到皇尉釉花够甘机夏抄跑晚娃世决滋它识泥戴鬼伏倪统秽翱妓聪铺酞烧纺冲歉惜莲函愉羚姬酝贬愚犯爷圣郑横身雨澄蓝滚钞婆岔盾钒南檬趴寇琅刀哟驰右兹差曼扦送答涌血董际圭搓叙勿毫忌蛰涉粹毖倚肾胖捻筷柄簧欢郊摆稿狭哆苑双巴踌清床垢晋挛剂敌厩理松棘图万屎岛现蚁颜串辫焊杭鳖牌雍滩线锰钻屡千谐替幂孰桓哮锭疑瑚胶框曝洗芭萍宿反璃墙紧酮炙礼娜日朴步塌痊只珊埂片旺申寅剖呕荧而套稀桶润耐撂理解高考英语写作题的评分标准一般来说，写作题的高考评分标准包含评分原则、内容要点、给分范围及要求、说明和参考范文五个部分。其中内容要点以及词数、标点、书写等方面的原则比较容易理解、操控和落实。但“评分时，应该注意的主要内容为应用词汇和语法结构的数量上下文的连贯性和语言的得体性”等评分原则，“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致，具备较强的语言运用能力；有效地使用了语句间的连接成份，使全文结构紧凑”等给分要求、以及“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”等说明，相对比较抽象，不易捉摸。一、 如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”这里所说的“词汇”，可以从高级词汇的使用、同义词的使用、短语的使用等方面去理解：（一） 高级词汇的使用评分标准第五档次的要求中提到，“词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”。这里所说的“高级词汇”，指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求，但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇，比如frustration, awkward, awfully, concern等词，都可以算作是“高级词汇”。考生若能够适当地运用一些高级词汇，定会给评卷老师留下深刻的印象。1. I cant find any way to solve the problem. (换作高级词汇：I cant find any solution to the problem.)2. The pet dog is so lovely that almost everybody likes her. (换作高级词汇：The pet dog is so cute that almost everybody likes her.)3. The question is really difficult to understand. (换作高级词汇：The question is really confusing.)4. He had to face all the possible difficulties. (换作高级词汇：He had to cope with all the possible difficulties)（二） 同义词的使用英语中有些词的使用频率非常高，比如interesting, clever等，在表达时大家都很喜欢用，这样很容易令文章入千人一面的窘境中。但如果我们能够使用它们相应的同义词，就可以做到与众不同，给评卷者带来清新的感觉。例如：1. It will be very interesting. (换作同义词：It will be a lot of fun.)2. He was so clever that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.( 换作同义词：He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.)3. Last summer I visited New Jersey with my parents. (换作同义词：Last summer I toured New Jersey with my parents.)（三） 适当利用短语取代单词总体而言，使用短语的难度比单词要大一些，因此适当运用短语更能显出作者的功力。例如：1. Suddenly I had a good idea. (换作短语：Suddenly I came up with a good idea.)2. Take a moment to see what is happening around you. (换作短语：Take a moment to see what is going on around you.)3. Everyone should do his or her best. (换作短语：Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.)二、 如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构”固定句式（如感叹句、复合结构、强调句型等）、定语从句、现在分词短语等都属于较复杂的语法结构。这些结构的正确使用，可以使文章的语言充满层次感，从而较好地反映写作者的语言运用能力。（一） 使用固定句式1. She was robbed of her purse but she had no time to call for help.(使用before one can do sth.结构：She was robbed of her purse before she could call for help.)2. The environment will never improve until everybody takes care of it. (使用倒装结构：Not until everybody takes care of it will the environment improve.)（二） 使用现在分词结构现在分词结构可以表达伴随、原因等状语，因此几乎在任何文章中都可以用得上。现在分词短语可以使句子的表达更加简洁、生动，而且也使前后两个动作的衔接更加紧密。例如：1. Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another and this bridges the gap among different races or cultures. (换作现在分词短语：Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another, thus bridging the gap among different race or cultures.)2. People worked together on the assembly line.(换作现在分词短语：People worked together on the assembly line, moving quickly and efficiently.)（三） 使用定语从句定语从句的使用，不仅能使上下文更加流畅，也同时能充分展示写作者运用较复杂的语法结构的能力。例如：1. My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle. I think he is a genius. (使用定语从句：My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle, who I think is a genius.)2. My aunt bought me a book. The title of the book is All about USA. (使用定语从句：My aunt bought me a book, whose title is All about the USA.)三、 如何理解“上下文的连贯性”评分标准指出，书面表达应该注意“上下文的连贯性”，并能“有效地使用语句间的连接成份，使全文结构紧凑”。这里说的连贯性，就是指通过连接词（包括并列连词，从属连词和连接性副词）、非谓语动词短语等语法成分，使两个或多个意义相互关联的事情或观点在同一个句子内得以表达，从而使整个段落或篇章浑然一体，连贯流畅。(一) 连接性副词连接性副词也被称为过渡词。它们的位置一般以句首居多。连接性副词承上启下，能够令读者对后续的句子产生心理上的期待和准备，因此整个篇章会因它们而紧凑连贯。常见的连接性副词有：also, furthermore, in addition, additionally, hopefully, meanwhile, however, instead, in other words, in brief, in a word, in my opinion, on the whole等等。例如：1. We have many things to do. We believe we can finish before the day is over. (使用连接性副词：We have quite a lot to do. Hopefully, we will be able to finish before the day is over.)2. The boy comes from a poor family. The boy does very well in his studies. The boy plans to work his way through college. (使用连接性副词：Even though he comes from a poor family, the boy does very well in his studies; furthermore, he plans to work his way through college.)(二) 使用从属连词常见的从属连词有after, as, when, while, as long as, as soon as等。例如：1. You work hard and never give up. You will succeed in your studies. (使用从属连词：So long as you work hard, you will succeed in your studies.)2. The teacher came in. the students were quiet. (使用从属连词：The students were quiet as soon as the teacher came in.)四、 如何理解“语言的得体性”评分标准要求考生应注意“语言得体性”，就是要求在表达时根据说话的对象、时间、地点、场合等因素来选择使用恰当的英语语言。（一） 体裁和题材对得性的要求不同体裁和题材的文章有不同的用语要求。比如，书面通知中就不适合用“I will tell you a piece of good news.”或“May I have your attention, please?”等句子。这些句子只有在口头通知中才算得体的语句。2003年高考的书面表达要求“你”给一位外国朋友回信，介绍“你”帮他找的一套出租房。相当一部分考生没有理解“你”与说话对象的关系，所以话语中没有给对方提出异议的余地，叙述的方式和口吻上缺乏礼貌性，像“The house is very suitable for you.”等语句显得相当主观，若改为“Do you think it is suitable for you? If not, I will try again.”就比较得体。另外， 英语中还有正式语和非正式语，书面语和口头语之分。写作前，还应该认真分析题目的体裁，根据不同的体裁，确定用语的类别。正式用语或书面语的句子结构严格遵循语法规则，所采用的单词使用频率不是很高，比如：permit, inform, discover, depart等词都属于正式用语；而非正式用语或口头用语则较多地使用短语，所采用的单词使用频率高，也比较短。比如let, tell, find out, leave等等。费正式用语也经常使用简略语或缩略词。（二） 文化和思想内涵对得体性的要求只有了解社会、历史、文化、政治及思维习惯等因素对语言的影响，才能使选词更贴切、更得体。例如：1. People who live on the farm can hear cocks crow every morning. (rooster 和cock 都可表示“公鸡”，但cock通常听起来比较粗鲁，所以应把cock改为rooster才比较妥当。)2. Because he was ill, he had to stay at home yesterday. (本句话想要表达的意思是“因为他病了，所以他不得不呆在家里”。汉语思维中常常是先原因，后结果，而英语则刚好相反。所以句子应该改为：He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.)五、 如何理解“紧扣主题的适当发挥”所谓“紧扣主题的适当发挥”，就是指在合乎情理、合乎规范、力所能及的前提下添加一些要点中没有提及的信息。请看2003年全国高考的一篇优秀考场作文（节选）：I am very pleasant to learn that you will come to China to study Chinese. I have found an apartment for you. The apartment is on the third floor of a six-storeyed building, which is located on a quiet tree-lined streetFangcao Street. It is only one bus stop away from Jianxin Chinese School, where you are planning to study this summer. The apartment has a bedroom, in which there is a comfortable sofa, a desk for office and a single bed. Inside there is a bathroom and a kitchen. The apartment occupies an area of 25 square meters. The rent is 500 yuan per month. I hope that the apartment will meet your expectation.出开头和结尾外， 本文适当发挥的地方有五处（见文中标注），都是稍加扩展又立即收题，而且无一例外都是定语。这些信息的添加，不仅增强了文章的个性，而且使文章内容更加丰富。可见信息的添加不能旁逸斜出或标新立异，否则就会适得其反，突然增加一些出错的机会。六、 评分样例下面以2003年全国高考英语书面表达为例来谈谈高考的评分。题目：假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Bob将于九月到你所在城市的建新华文学校学中文，来信请你在学校附近为他找一套住房。请根据图画提供的信息，写信介绍住房的情况，并告知住房面积为25平方米，月租500元。参考范文Dear Bob:Im so glad to learn that youre coming in September. Ive found a place for you. Its a small flat of 25 square metres, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair. The rent is 500 Yuan per month. The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. Bus No. 11 Can take you straight to the school. In fact, it is only one stop. Do you think youd like it? If not, I can try and find another place for you. Just let me know.Yours,Li Hua例1（本文属于第五档次，可得25分）：Dear Bob,It was great to hear from you and I am very glad you will be coming here to study Chinese.I have done some research for you and found a nice apartment, which is only one bus stop away from your school. It is not that big, only 25 square meters, but I think it is fine for your needs. It consists of a small bathroom, a kitchen and bedroom. The rent is 500 yuan per month. Is this suitable to your budget? If not, please let me know ASAP so I can make further arrangement for you.Looking forward to meeting you.Kind regards, Li Hua点评：本文覆盖了所有内容要点，运用了较多的句子结构和词汇，如If not的省略结构、同位结构、定语从句以及budget, ASAP(as soon as possible), kind regards ,looking forward to 等词汇，语言富于变化。时态运用准确、规范，如“It was great ”,“you will be coming”等，显示了较强的语言运用能力。文中有效地使用了语句间的连接成份，全文结构紧凑，语言得体。如“Is this suitable to your budget?”,恰当地表达了征询的语气。总之，本文个性化色彩浓，雅俗共赏，完全达到了预期的写作目的。例2（本文属于第四档次，可得16分）：Dear Bob, Glad to hear from you, now let me tell you what you want to know. Ive found a house for you. Take a bus to the Fangcao Street, and youll see a building on the right, and your room is on the third floor.I think it is a suitable room for you, which covers 25 square meters. There are a bed room, a kitchen room and a bath room and the kitchen are also pretty good. I hope you would like it !Yours,Li Hua点评：该文基本覆盖文章所有内容要点，但遗漏了一些次重点，如“离学校一站远”等。文章还是能发现一些错误，如There be 结构中be动词的数出现了错误。语言的得体性方面有所欠缺，比如首句过于非正式，第三句祈使句的应用不符合本文的文体。第二段的定语从句的使用也比较牵强。但是，本文应用的语法结构和词汇能满足写作任务的要求，语言表达流畅，并能运用简单的语句间的连接成份，如besides等，使全文结构较紧凑。个别错误也是属于尝试使用较复杂结构所致。例3（本文属于第三档次，可得12分）：Dear Bob, Im writing to tell you something about the house, which you will live in when you learn chinese at Jian Xin Chinese School this September. It is Fang Cao street, near which there is a bus station. It is convenient for you to take the No. 11 bus to the school. The house is very suitable with a bedthroom, a kitchen and a bedroom. In the bedrooms, stand a bed and a desk with a light.Wish you have a good time. And you will be good at Chinese. Yours,Li Hua点评：本文漏掉一些要点，如“面积”、“月租500元”等，但基本上完成了试题规定的任务；有一些词汇拼写错误， 如chinese, Fang Cao street, bedthroom等；也有一些词汇运用错误，如house 和stand 分别应该改为apartment和lie; 还有一些结构运用错误，如Wish you have a good time等。 两个定语从句的使用都比较牵强。最后一个句子也有汉语式英语的嫌疑。 但总体上这些错误没有影响理解。文章中也能应用像convenient, take the bus. 不定式复合结构等词汇和结构。趣闻结构尚连贯。高考书面表达经典句式 是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的以下基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的12个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。1、表示原因1）There are three reasons for this.2）The reasons for this are as follows.3）The reason for this is obvious.4）The reason for this is not far to seek.5）The reason for this is that.6）We have good reason to believe that.There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly，peoples living standard has been greatly improved. Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like. Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。2.表示好处1）It has the following advantages.2）It does us a lot of good.3）It benefits us quite a lot.4）It is beneficial to us.5）It is of great benefit to us.例如：Books are like friends. They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons. Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.3.表示坏处1）It has more disadvantages than advantages.2）It does us much harm.3）It is harmful to us.例如：However，everything divides into two. Television can also be harmful to us. It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb.to do sth.2）We think it necessary to do sth.3）It plays an important role in our life.例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business. Soon, computers will be found in every home，too. We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.5.表示措施1）We should take some effective measures.2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties.3）We should do our utmost in doing sth.4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with.例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious. Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.6.表示变化1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years.2）A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications.3）The computer has brought about many changes in education.例如：Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five years. The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek. Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.7.表示事实、现状1）We cannot ignore the fact that.2）No one can deny the fact that.3）There is no denying the fact that.4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.5）However，thats not the case.例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution. To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution. The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.8.表示比较1）Compared with A，B.2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV.3）There is a striking contrast between them.例如：Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum. Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem. Last but not least，they contribute to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise.9.表示数量1）It has increased（decreased）from.to.2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000.3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January.例如：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of peoples income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.再如：From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.10.表示看法1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth.2）People have different opinions on this problem.3）People take different views of（on）the question.4）Some people believe that.Others argue that.例如：People have different attitudes towards failure. Some believe that failure leads to success. Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor. However，others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.再如：Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it. 关于高考书面表达经典句式，其他人还感兴趣的是：高考英语写作常用句型一、表示比较和对照关系的句型：1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D).2) Just as., so.3) A and B have sth in common.4) A is similar to B.5) The same is true of，The same can be said of(也是如此).6) The advantages of A are much greater than B.7) compared with B, A has many advantages.8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊).9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage over., it can not compete with B in.11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe that.12) What people fail to consider is that.13) It is one thing to insist that., it is quite another to show that.14) A is superior(inferior) to B.15) .varies from person to person(是因人而异的)16) A is just the opposite (to B) 17) A differs from B in that(A不同于B在于)18) is not the same (as)二、过渡性句型： 1) this is true that.2) .also.3) It is one thing to.; it is another to.三、描写图表和数据的句型1) . . rank first (both) in.2) The number is .times as much as that of .3) The figure has nearly doubled, as against that of last year.4) It accounts for 35% of.5) By comparison with ., it decreased/increased/fell from.to.6) .rise rapidly(slowly)7) .remain level.8) .reach .四、图表作文中的过渡、概括句型：1) As can be indicated in the table, .2) As we could find out later， .3) As is revealed in the table，.4) As the survey results show，.5) This table provides several important points of comparison between，.6) The two graphs depict the same thing in .7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:8) According to the figures given in the table, .9) This chart shows that .10) As is shown by the graph, .11) It can be seen from the statistics that .12) It is generally believed /accepted/thought/held .五、说明原因的句型:1) There are some/two/many good reasons for./to do.2) We have two good reasons for.3) The reason for . is that + 从句4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people for., one should be mentioned.5) One may think of the trend as a result of.6) The change in. largely results from the fact that.7) There are several causes for this significant growth in. First.8) A number of factors could account for the .9) It is no simple task to give the reason for .10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in demand.11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are higher.12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher prices.13) The demand has increased. 14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are higher.15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise./go up. /boost./are higher.16) Different people look at.in different ways.六、表示不同看法的句型:1) Different people have/hold different opinions/views on the question/problem/matter. Some believe that .; Others argue that . :Still others maintain that .2) They are quite different from each other in their opinions.3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to .4) They think quite differently on this question.5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to culture.七、表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:1) It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb. to do sth.2) .have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing sth. (有困难做某事)八、用于文章开头的句型：1) Faced with.; quite a few people argue that.; But other people conceive differently.2) There is a general discussion today about the issue of.; Those who object to. argue that .;They believe that.; But people who favor ., on the other hand, argue that .3) Currently there is a widespread concern that.4) Now people in growing number are coming to realize that.5) Now it is commonly held that .; they think .; But I doubt whether.6) Recently the issue of. has been brought to public attention.7) One of the great men once said that. Now more and more people share this belief.8) Until recently, . has been regarded as. But people are taking a fresh look at it.9) Sb. argues/maintains /holds/insists/believes that.10) More and more people are realizing /have come to realize.11) There is no denying/doubt that .九、用于文章结尾的句型：1) From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that .2) It is high time that we put considerable/great/special emphasis on .3) We must look for all immediate method, because the present situation of ., if permitted to continue, will sure lead to/result in.4) Many solutions/methods are being offered here, all of them make some sense, but none is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way.5) There is no immediate solution to the problem of., but. might be helpful/beneficial.6) No easy method can be at hand to solve the problem of ., but the general awaren