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说明文突破说明文是对事物的特征、本质、性能、状态，或事物的发生、发展、结果、用途、原理等进行介绍、解释、说明的一种文体。它所说明的对象可以是实体的事物，如仪器仪表、自然环境等，也可以是抽象的事理、如概念、原理、定律、规章等。它包括说明书、解说词、文献资料、图表等形式。尽管说明文中可能会掺有一些记述、描写或议论的成分，但说明文的最主要表达方式还是说明。必须说明的是与汉语说明文相比，英语说明文所涉及的范围似乎更大，在英语中，天文地理、人情世故、客观事物、主观意识等宇宙间的一切都可以通过说明文加以阐述说明，象the importance of being on tie（准时的重要性）和the happiness of reading books（读书之乐）之类的话题，在汉语中似乎应该属于议论文的范围，但在英语中却一般列在说明文中。与英语记叙文相比，英语说明文的语言特征并不那么明显。但尽管如此，也还是有一些语言现象在英语说明文中经常出现。1、多用现在时态。因为说明文通常是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解释，而这种客观介绍与解释一般是不随时间和空间的变化而改变的。2、采用客观描述。说明文一般是对客观存在的说明与介绍，因此，语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉。在英语中，使用被动语态（如用It is said that替代I think that），引进权威的信息来源（如用according to sb 替代in my ipinion），选用委婉语是使说明文避免主观色彩，增加客观性，从而为读者接受的重要语言手段。3、遣词用字简炼、平实、确切。说明文的主要目的是帮助读者认清事物，明白事理，故其语言通常较为浅显、通俗，比较易于读者理解。其内容也很客观真实，它的用词总是贴近事物的本来面目，不会使用华丽的词藻和夸张的写作手法，一般也不加描述和议论（这与记叙文、描写文和议论文是不同的。）解答说明文体裁的完形填空题是要着重把握这样两个方面：1、弄清叙述的顺序。在说明的过程中，条理化是非常重要的，因为客观事物本身是有条理性，按照客观事物本身的条理进行解说，说明的效果就比较好。有些事物本身可能并无明显的条理性，这时，作者会选择一个合适的角度，有条不紊地对其加以说明。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序（指先因后果或先果后因，先主后次的顺序）和认识顺序（指由此及彼，由浅入深，由局部到整体，由现象到本质，由具体到抽象的顺序）。把握了说明的顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络。2、了解说明文的种类。说明文依照内容展开方式可以分以下几类：(1)过程说明文。这是用得最广的一种说明文，它又分为人为过程的说明文（给予指令或建议）和自然过程的说明文（提供信息和分析）两种，文章形式既有实用性较强的产品介绍，生活知识；也有专业性很强的学术论文；还有幽默风趣的科学小品等。过程说明文中的时态通常用一般现在时。(2)实例说明文。它是用实例、事实来阐述特征过程、现象、观点的一种说明文。那些空洞的概念和高深的理论经过事实和例子的佐证立即就会变得具体明白、简单起来。(3)比较（对比）说明文。它是运用比较和对比的手段来分析和说明事物的一种说明文。通过比较相似事物和对比相异事物，可以使事理更加明了。(4)分类说明文。对于复杂事物，往往可以根据它的性质、形状、成因、功能等属性的差别，分成若干类，然后依照类别分别进行说明。通过分类说明可以加深读者对事物本质的了解。(5)因果说明文。通过分析事物的因果关系阐明事物的性质或经过的文章称为因果说明文。在对有关因果关系透彻分析的基础上得出的结论总是令人信服的。(6)界说（定义）说明文。就是用简洁而明确的语言把事物的本质属性揭示出来，给人们以清晰的概念。界说（定义）说明文中总是有一个定义句，其句式为被定义对象的所属类别+限制性定语。定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，如A bat（蝙蝠）is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on fruit and insects but is not a bird .因此，界说（定义）说明文既能使读者对被说明文的事物有一个明确的本质的了解，又能使读者将该事物与其他事物区别开来。英文说明文的写作方式除了以上六种外，还有其他一些但对于中学生来说，这六种方式是首先值得了解的。另外，值得一提的是，在一篇说明文中，常常是以一种写作手法为法，同时辅以其他写作手法。有时，甚至会几种手法混用，并不分什么主次。弄清了说明文的种类和不同，说明文的写作特点，有助于我们采取不同的阅读策略，进而达到迅速、准确理解文章的目的。请看下面的例题。 （一）One of the most remarkable things about the human mind is our ability to imagine the future. In our 1._we can see what has not yet happened. For example, while we are looking forward to 2._a new place or country, we 3._what it will be like. We predict( 预料) the 4._ people will eat, dress and act. Of course, we do not always predict things 5._. Things are often very different from the way we 6._them to be. One of the 7._ dreams in history is the dream of the German scientist, Kekule, who had been 8._ to work out a very difficult problem in physics. He had 9._and analysed(分析) the problem from every angle(角度) for days, but there 10._ to be no way of 11._ out the answer. Then one night he went to bed and dreamed. When he 12._ up, he realized that he knew the answer. He had solved the problem in his 13._. The hypnotist(催眠者)sat in the chair opposite him and spoke 14._: I want you to concentrate on my voice. Think about 15._. You know nothing but my voice. And as you pay attention to my voice, your 16._ will get heavier. Soon youll be asleep. You will hear my voice and 17._ my words, but your body will be asleep, your eyes are too heavy. You are 18._ asleep, and when you wake up you will 19._ nothing. You will forget everything. Now I am going to 20._ slowly from one to five. One, two, three, four, five.1.A.brains B. senses C. minds D. sights2.A.visiting B. seeking C. reaching D. discovering3.A.imagine B. know C. feel D. guess4.A.custom B. habit C. style D. way5.A.quickly B. simply C. correctly D. neatly6.A.required B. wished C. left D. expected7.A.funny B. dull C. famous D. silly8.A.managing B. trying C. thinking D. hoping9.A.studied B. learned C. discussed D. researched10.A.used B. ought C. seemed D. had11.A. making B. finding C. turning D. letting12.A.gave B. sat C. woke D. got13.A.dream B. lesson C. research D. exercise14.A.softly B. loudly C. slowly D. firmly15.A.everything B. something C. nothing D. anything16.A.eyes B. feet C. head D. body17.A.believe B. repeat C. take D. understand18.A.really B. extremely C. actually D. almost19.A.accept B. remember C. hear D. receive20.A.count B. say C. add D. speak内容概要：本文讲述了人的大脑有预测未来的非凡能力，甚至在梦中有时也能解决一些难题。答案简析：1、选C。从前一句话中可以得到足够的启示。2、选A。此处强调过程，另三个词系短暂动词，不能这样用。3、选A。imagine表示一种心理描绘，与look forward to，predict 和expect 等词意相吻合。4、选D。这里强调的是行为方式。此外，第6个空格前重现了类似的表达方式。5、选C。情况经常与我们预计的不同，说明我们的预计不总是“正确的”。6、选D。四个选项中只有expect与predict 同义。7、选C。开普勒的梦不具有 funny，dull和silly的特征。8、选B。从下文来看，已成功地解决了问题，而不是“想”、“希望”或“努力”去做。9、选A。“研究”与“分析”是紧密相联的。study 此处意为“研究”。research作“研究”讲时，若接宾语，须加上介词on 或into。10、选C。凭语感确定。11、选B。find out 意为“弄清”、“找出”。其余三个词组不合文意。12、选C。wake up“醒来”,符合情节发展的进程：睡觉做梦醒来。13、选A。由前文可知，他是在“梦”中解决了难题。14、选A。softly意为 gently and slowly，这是催眠者对催眠对象应该采用的方式。15、选C。从前后句来看，催眠者希望他什么也不要想。16、选A。从下文your eyes are too heavy一句中可得到暗示。17、选D。听到并且“理解”合乎逻辑。18、选D。almost asleep意为迷迷糊糊地睡着了，从眼皮沉重，还有简单的思维活动来看，不能说是完全睡着了。19、选B。这里的remember nothing等于下一句中的forget everything。20、选A。后面列举的一、二、三、四、五这一串数字，表明“计数”已经开始。（二）The Voice of America began during the World War II. When Germany was broadcasting a radio program to get international 1_, American officials believed they should 2_ the German broadcast with words that they thought were the facts of world events. The first VOA news report began with words in 3_ . “The 4_may be good or bad, but we shall tell you the truth.” Within a week, other VOA 5_ were broadcasting in Italian, French and English.After the World War II ended in 1945, some Americans felt VOAs 6_ had to be changed, 7_ the Soviet Union became enemy of America. They wanted to 8 _ Soviet listeners. Then VOA began broadcasting in Russian.In the early years VOA began adding something new to its broadcast that was 9_ “ Music USA”. Another new idea came along in 1959. VOA knew that many listeners did not know 10_English to completely understand its 11_English broadcast. So VOA 12 _ a simpler kind of English, 13_uses about 1,500 words and is spoken 14_ of course, it is special English.In the 15_ of most VOA listeners, the most 16_program is the news report. News from around the world 17_ into the VOA news rooms in Washington 24 hours a day. It comes from VOA reporters in 18_ cities and also from other 19_ like BBC. VOA writers and editors use these materials to 20_ news reports, which are being broadcast in 43 languages.1.A.business B. culture C. support D. information2.A.reply B. answer C. join D. interrupt3.A.same B. short C. English D. German4.A.news B. problems C. effects D. opinions5.A.stations B. news C. announcers D. officials6.A.home B. position C. purpose D. results7.A.if B. supposing C considering D. in order that8.A.reach B. satisfy C. attack D. support9.A.known B. reported C. called D. printed10.A.American B. British C. standard D. enough11.A.normal B. fast C. good D. exact12.A.invented B. discovered C. taught D. stopped13.A.it B. who C. which D. that14.A.slowly B. rapidly C. normally D. loudly15.A.pleasure B. course C. opinion D. advice16.A.difficult B. important C. various D. common17.A.flies B. sends C. delivers D. pasts18.A.all B. major C. American D. news19.A.broadcasts B. forms C. newspapers D. countries20.A.broadcast B. announce C. translate D. prepare内容概要：本文讲述了VOA（美国之音）电台的开办、发展的一些过程，重点说明了它的办台宗旨。答案简析1、选C。二战期间，德国做广播节目的初衷应是呼吁国际“支持（support）”，而不可能是另三项。 2、选B。由with words可以想到answer。reply后接宾语时要加to。3、选D。要回复德国电台，得用“德文”来播，这样德国人能听懂。4、选A。前文已说了播出的是news report。 5、选C。播音的主体当然是announcers（播音员）了。 6、选C。VOA电台成立之初的目标主要是对二战中的一些敌对国家进行宣传，随着二战结束，敌对国家有所改变，那么广播的目的与对象的也应随之而改变。 7、选C。considering“考虑到”,表示改变广播目的背景。 8、选A。reach是中性词，其他三词要么是褒义，要么是贬义，在此不合语境。 9、选C。凭语感选定。 10、选D。对英语不是很精通才导致不能完全听懂英文广播的。 11、选A。区别于后文提到的special English。 12、选A。原来没有的东西，现在有了，故用invent。 13、选C。引导非限制性定语从句，指物。 14、选A。正常英语听不懂，除了词汇问题，更重要的还有语速问题，即速度要“慢”。 15、选C。后面叙述的就是看法、观点。16、选B。后面的内容体现了新闻报道的重要性。 17、选A。flies表达了新闻的及时、快速的特点，其余的词没有这种意思。 18、选B。major cities指大城市。根据常识可排除A、D，根据around the world，可排除C。 19、选A。由like可知，所选词须与BBC同类。20、选D。由后面的定语从句可以推知，这里指新闻报道的前期“准备”工作，包括选材、翻译、录音等一系列工作。（三） Leonardo da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503. He was working 1_ a special painting for a church at that time, 2_ the church painting was not 3_ well. An Italian businessman asked da Vinci to paint a picture of his second 4_. This is the woman who 5_ be seen in the Mona Lisa.All in all, the Mona Lisa is a very good example of da Vincis 6_ and it satisfied the husband. Da Vinci used 7_ and light in a clever 8_ in the painting. Da Vinci loved science and 9_. Right away a person can see that there is a lot of geometry(几何形状) in the Mona Lisa. The face of the Mona Lisa is made of many circles and 10_ shapes like 11_. Even her 12_ can be seen as a small part of a large circle. The woman in the 13 _ is sitting on a balcony(阳台), and 14_ can be seen behind her. Da Vinci loved to study rocks, so these can be seen 15_ in his other paintings. The woman is sitting with her knees 16_ the side. Her head is turned to look out of the painting. Her hands are 17_ together in front of her. This way of 18_ is now used by many 19_ when 20_. The Mona Lisa is a remarkable master.1.A.up B.in C.on D.about2.A.but B.thus C.however D.so3.A.doing B.going C.making D.working4.A.servant B.daughter C.nurse D.wife5.A.must B.should C.might D.can6.A.works B.jobs C.novels D.photos7.A.heaviness B.black C.darkness D.oils8.A.way B.picture C.hand D.eye9.A.chemistry B.maths C.geography D.biology10.A.square B.round C.long D.egg11.A.balls B.sticks C.vases D.boxes12.A.smile B.shout C.cry D.anger13.A.church B.painting C.sofa D.house14.A.trees B.buildings C.mountains D.flowers15.A.by and by B.here and there C.over and over D.up and down16.A.on B.by C.to D.beyond17.A.caught B.held C.supported D.hung18.A.painting B.living C.smiling D.sitting19.A.women B.actresses C.girls D.models20.A.they are being painted B.painting C.being painted D.they have painted 内容概要：文章描述了达芬奇的名画蒙娜丽莎的由来以及其中的一些细节，并从专业与大众的角度对该画以及该画的影响做了诠释。 答案简析：1、选C。work on指从事某一件事。 2、选A。上下文意义有“转折”关系。 3、选B。go well表示进展顺利，如：Everything goes well（一切顺利）。 4、选D。从后面的the husband中可以得到足够的启示。 5、选D。这一用法在本文中出现了多次。 6、选A。works意为“作品”。蒙娜丽莎应是达芬奇的“作品”之一。 7、选C。与light相对应的是darkness。 8、选A。明暗对比是绘画技巧、方法之一。9、选B。在其画中大量使用几何形状，说明他喜爱“数学”。10、选B。和circles相当的自然是“round”shapes。 11、选A。圆形的东西，四个选项中只有balls肯定是。 12、选A。根据常识，B、C、D三项无法用几何图形来表达。13、选B。the woman指的就是“画”中的蒙娜丽莎。 14、选C。由后面的rocks可以联想到mountains。 15、选C。在其它的一些画中也能看到rocks，说明rocks“反复地、再三地” 出现在他的画中。16、选C。to the side指侧向一边，符合画的意境。 17、选B。保持身体姿势怎样用hold。 18、选D。前面谈的就是蒙娜丽莎的“坐”姿。19、选D。仿效这种坐姿的应是艺术“模特”。 20、选A。模特应该是在供人们作画时才摆出这种坐姿的。（四） We know the kiss as a form of expressing affection（情感，喜爱）. But long 1_ it became it, it was customary in many countries to use it as a(n) 2_ of respect. Some native Africans 3_the ground over which a chief（首领）has walked. Kissing the hand and foot has been a mark of respect from the 4_ times. The early Romans kissed the mouth or eyes 5 _a form of dignified(高贵的) greeting. One Roman emperor allowed his important nobles to kiss his lips, but the 6_ important ones had to kiss his hands, and the 7_important ones were 8_allowed to kiss his feet! Most likely the kiss as a form of affection can be traced back to primitive（上古的，原始的） times when a mother 9_ fondle(爱抚) her child, just as a mother 10_ today. It only remained for society to 11_this as a custom for expressing affection between arms. We have evidence(根据) that this was already the 12 _ by the time of the sixth century, but we can only suppose it was 13 _ long before that. The first 14 _ where the kiss became accepted in courtship(求婚) was in France. From France the kiss spread rapidly all over Europe. Russia, which loved to 15_the customs of France, soon adopted it. A kiss from the Tsar(沙皇) became 16 _ of the highest forms of recognition from the Crown. In time, the kiss became a part of courtship. 17_ marriage customs developed, the kiss became a part of the 18_ ceremony典礼，仪式）. Today we regard it as an expression of love and tenderness. 19_ there are still many places in the world where the kiss is 20_ of formal ceremonies and is intended to show respect.1A.after B. before C. until D. since2.A.custom B. tradition C. expression D. affection3.A.watch B. touch C. kiss D. greet4.A.earliest B. latest C. longest D. eldest5.A.of B. as C. for D. in6.A.not B. little C. less D. least7.A.last B. less C. most D. least8.A.too B. also C. only D. ever9.A.would B. could C. should D. will10.A.would B. has C. doing D. does11.A.express B. allow C. kiss D. accept12.A.case B. event C. history D. evidence13.A.expressed B. practised C. kissed D. discovered14.A.city B. tribe（部落） C. society D. country15.A.allow B. copy C. spread D. use16.A.one B. it C. this D. that17.A.Since B. Once C. While D. As18.A.meeting B. greeting C. marrying D. wedding19.A.And B. Thus C. But D. When20.A.bit B. part C. some D. any内容概要：文章运用许多事例阐述了“kiss”的起源、发展及其功能。 答案简析：1、选B。今天，我们所了解的亲吻的功能是表示爱慕这样的情感，那么用亲吻表示尊敬，则应是“以前”的事了。 2、选C。与开头expressing相呼应，故用expression。第19空前再现了类似说法。 3、选C。前后谈论的都是“亲吻”。 4、选A。这句话仍然是对联But long before it became it 一句的例证，故发生的时间也应在很久以前。 5、选B。类似结构还有the kiss as a form of affection，as an expression of等。 6、选C。国王把人分成几个等级，从吻的部位不难看出一个人的地位。 7、选D。仅让其吻身体最低部位的脚，可见其地位最低。8、选C。由上下文和句末感叹号推知。 9、选A。would可用来表示过去的习惯性行为。 10、选D。does替代前文提到的fondles her child。 11、选D。根据上下文不难排除余者。 12、选A。case“情况”，event“事件”，history“历史”，evidence“证据”。主语this指的是前两句话的内容，显然可以视其为一种“情况”。 13、选B。风俗被“实践”，合乎语境。 14、选C。这里的society指群体，city，trible较为片面，较为武断，不能选用。 15、选B。很快采纳了法国的做法，说明它爱“效仿”法国。 16、选A。根据词的用法即可选定。17、选D。发展（develop）、变化(become)是有过程的，故选as（随着）。18、选D。只有“婚礼”与婚姻相关。19、选C。下一句所描述的亲吻功能正好与前面相反。 20、选B。part of意为“的一部分”。（五）In the capital of Haiti, Port-au-Prince（太子港）, the most popular form of transportation is the “tap tap”. The tap tap is the quickest means of 1_ transportation and the least costly way to 2_ around. It is also a 3 _ happening. It is 4 _ you get the news of the day or something. A tap tap is a pickup truck that has been changed into a 5_ work of art. To make a tap tap, a designer first draws the layout(设计图) and a workman builds a 6_ wooden box to protect people from the sun or the rain. There are two long benches inside for at least twelve people to sit somewhat 7_. Lastly the artist and a painter work together to 8_ a colorful covering of the drawings.Each tap tap is a 9 _ work of art and no two are the same. 10_ you to visit Port-au-Prince, you could not 11_ these very colorful works of art.There are three to four thousand tap taps in Port-au-Prince. They are different 12 _ size and 13 _. Some are big, some small; some are 14 _, some beautiful and colorful. Although most of the tap taps are built to carry 15_ or so people at a time, they often carry more people. The fanciest tap taps always have more customers waiting for a ride.In Port-au-Prince, people who 16_ afford to buy their own private cars usually ride the taps. These trucks are also very 17_ for children going to and from school.Whenever I travel to Haiti, it is always a 18 _ to see so many wonderful newly-painted tap taps with all the people inside. The thing I like best is that you 19_ know who you might meet inside because in Haiti we are almost all 20_ with each other.1.A.official B.personal C.national D.public 2.A.take B.walk C.turn D.get3.A.social B.usual C.real D.useful 4.A.what B.how C.where D.whether5.A.mobile B.natural C.fixed D.perfect6.A.open B.covered C.big D.small7.A.properly B.happily C.separately D.comfortably8.A.design B.describle C.give D.show9.A.simple B.particular C.similar D.familiar 10.A.Get B.Set C.Advise D.Were11.A.find B.remember C.notice D.miss12.A.in B.of C.for D.about13.A.color B.shape C.appearance D.speed14.A.plain B.strange C.dirty D.bright15.A.a score of B.a dozen C.a hundred D.a number16.A.neednt B.shouldnt C.cant D.wouldnt17.A.possible B.practical C.equal D.dangerous18.A.dream B.pleasure C.surprise D.problem19.A.often B.sometimes C.never D.always20.A.connected B.famous C.friendly D.tied内容概要：本文介绍了海地首都太子港的一种叫“tap tap”的交通工具，它不仅外形独特，而且费用低廉，颇受百姓喜爱。答案简析：1、选D。由全文可知，tap tap是一种“公共”交通工具。 2、选D。get around意为“到处旅行”，而turn around则表示“转身”。 3、选A。由下一句可知，车上传播的是“社会”新闻。4、选C。where指在“tap tap”上。 5、选A。由第三节首句可知，车子本身就是一件艺术品，而车子显然是“移动的”。 6、选B。用来遮阳挡雨的东西，应该是遮盖式的。 7、选D。somewhat意为“稍微，有点”，根据其语气和上下文可逐一排除三个干扰项。 8、选C。根据词语搭配关系选定。9、选B。没有两辆相同，可见每辆车都堪称一件“特别的、独特的”艺术品。 10、选D。从句子结构和意义来看，该句应是一个虚拟语气的句子，而虚拟条件句在省略if时要将相关助动词提前。 11、选D。因为是艺术珍品，所以作者建议人们到太子港时一定要上车体验一下，不要“错失”。 12、选A。“在方面不同”介词用in。 13、选C。下面一句先讲了车子的大小(size)，后讲了外表（appearance）的美丽。 14、选A。因为是正反对比（从分号前的内容中可以看出），所以前后词的词义范畴必须一致，且意思正好相反。plain在此意为“朴素的”。 15、选B。上文已提到可提供12人乘座，12正好是a dozen。 16、选C。afford常与can或be able to连用。 17、选B。从全文来看，作者是推崇这种交通工具的，所以他可能会认为对接送孩子上学也“实用(practical)”。 18、选B。a pleasure令人愉快的事情。从接下来的内容中可以得到足够的启示。 19、选C。never可与后面might一起表示“你无法料到会碰到谁”，而只有碰到意想不到的熟人才会让人感到惬意。 选A。be connected with，意为“与有关联（有联系）”。
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