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第三部分 非谓语动 I. 非谓语动词的意义、形式和 用法一、什么叫非谓语动词？与谓语动词有什么区别？非谓语动词就是不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构,如果出现更多动词： 1.加连词（and / but / so） 2.放入从句 3.变为非谓语动词 （主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语） At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _D_down to eat our picnic lunch. (2005上海） A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat Prices of daily goods _B_ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. have been bought D. buying二 、 非谓语动词有哪些？ 非谓语动词分为三种形式：1.to do 不定式 （将要发生的） 2.ing 动名词或现在分词 （同时进行） 3.ed 过去分词 （被动、完成）根据时态和语态可具体分为：非谓语动词一般式进行式完成式动词不定式to do to be doneto be doingto have doneto have been doneV.ing doingbeing donehaving donehaving been done过去分词done三、非谓语动词在句中通常作什么成分？非谓语动词主语宾语表语补语定语状语动词不定式V.ing过去分词四、非谓语动词所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作的先后关系是什么？ 弄清非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作之间的先后关系是解题的关键所在非谓语表示的动作非谓语动词的形式在谓语表示的动作之后to do/to be done与谓语表示的动作同时发生to do/to be done /to be doing ;doing/being done ; 在谓语表示的动作之前done;to have done/to have been done ; having done/having been doneII.非谓语动词考点巧讲 一、非谓语动词用法区别一） 不定式和ing动名词作主语的区别： 1.表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。 2.动名词作主语 时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it作形式主语放在句首。 1) Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here. 2) It is not very good for you to smoke so much. 3.若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式上的一致。Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.1). Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _d_the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have B. Having had C. Have D. Having 2). In fact _d_ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important match. A. this B. that C. there D. it 4.下列句型中常用动名词作主语:Its no good/use doing something.二）不定式和动名词作宾语的区别：1. 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如： manage, promise, pretend, plan, offer, agree, ask, dare, choose, fail, help(帮助)，want(想要) ,refuse等。只能接不定式作宾语的动词口诀：决定想做计划需要同意，能做被用来做的事 迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事decide to do sth. 决定做某事 want would like to do sth. 想做某事 plan to do sth. 计划做某 need to do sth. 需要做某事 agree to do sth. 同意做某事 afford to do 能做某事 be used to do 被用来做 cant wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事 make up ones mind to do 下决心做某事 used to do 过去常常做某事 fail to do 未能做某事2. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如： practise, appreciate, dislike, excuse, forgive, keep, resist, risk, deny, advise, fancy, complete, forbid, permit, allow, stand, refer to, give up, lead to, take to, set about, get down to, object to, succeed in, have difficulty in.只能接-ing作宾语的动词口诀：喜欢花费忙着想象忍不住想要结束练习 错过建议保持介意值得考虑 enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 spend.doing sth. 花费做某事 be busy doing sth. 忙于做 imagine sb. doing sth. 想象做某事 cant help doing sth. 忍不住做某事 feel like doing sth. 想要做某事 finish doing sth. 完成做某事 practice doing sth. 练习做某事 miss doing sth. 错过做某事 suggest doing sth. 建议做某事 keep (on) doing sth. 保持（继续）做某事 mind doing sth. 介意做某事 be worth doing sth. 值得做某事 consider doing sth. 考虑做某事注意：此to 非彼tolook forward to doing sth. （盼望） pay attention to doing sth. （注意） be used to doing sth. （习惯于） prefer doing sth to doing sth. （更喜欢） devote to doing sth （致力于） make a contribution to doing （做贡献） 1) I cant stand _c_ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop 2) He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldnt risk _b_ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 3.有些动词如begin, start; love, like, hate, prefer后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing分词作宾语， 意义上无多大区别(但ing分词一般表示经常性的行为；不定式表示具体的行为)。 1) I like _c_ very much, but I dont like _ this afternoon. A. swimming, swimming B. to swim, to swim C. swimming, to swim D. to swim, swimming 2) Little Jim should love _a_ to the theatre this evening A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking如果like, love, prefer前有would/should, 后面则应该接动词不定式。would like 还有哪些用法？思考：下列情况中动词后接不定式还是接ing 分词作宾语呢？1). Only then did I begin _ (see) she was really good to me. 2).The moment he returned home, I was starting/beginning _ (cook) supper.3).The water began _ (freeze).4.有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有明显差别。如：forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等Stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过Try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做Go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waiting答案：A5.Need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.Practice 1）My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take 2）Children should be allowed _ their own decisions. A. making B. to make C. make D. having made三）作宾补的区别 1.能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有： ask, advise, tell, force, get, allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, intend,expect, encourage, persuade, permit, request, order, warn, cause等。2.使役动词，感官动词接 不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语；和带to的不定式作主语补足语。 常见的使役动词有make, let, have等； 感官动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel以及look at, listen to等。翻译：你宁愿让谁和你一起去？3. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。 I heard her _( sing) an English song just now. I heard her _ (sing) an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. I heard the English song _( sing) many times. (4) I heard the English song _( sing) when I passed by her room yesterday. 四）作定语的区别不定式、ing 分词和过去分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。 不定式作定语和被修饰的名词具有 “动宾关系”, 即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的承受者; 如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式动词后加上相应的介词分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：The question _ed_ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.The question _being ed_ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance.The question _to be ed_ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.注：ing分词作定语有时意义不同： flying fish 飞鱼 a running dog 走狗 a falling tide 落潮 a crying boy 哭着的孩子 a running machine a swimming pool a waiting room a walking stick a fishing pole a reading room五）作状语的区别现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别 1). European football is played in 80 countries , _a_ it the most popular sport in the world . (NMET 1998) A. making B. makes C. make D. to make 2). He hurried to the station only _a_ that the train had left . (2005广东) A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found 现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果 六）作表语的区别动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释解或用来表示“身份、职业”等。这时主语与表语位置可以互换 The main job of the ant queen is laying eggs. Our work is serving the people 现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词，汉语注解不是“激动”、“高兴”，而是“使得激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到 ”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in.，若人/物本身有趣时，就是sb./sth. is interestingdelighting令人高兴的delighted感到高兴的disappointing 令人失望的disappointed 感到失望的encouraging 令人鼓舞的encouraged 感到鼓舞的pleasing 令人愉快的pleased 感到愉快的puzzling 令人费解的puzzled 感到费解的satisfying 令人满意的satisfied 感到满意的surprising 令人惊异的surprised 感到惊异的worrying 令人担心的worried 感到担心的二、动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。 1) LiPings/ My helping her moved her deeply. (动名词结构作主语, 其逻辑主语用所有格)2) I appreciate your/you/LiPings/ LiPing coming to see me. 动名词结构作宾语, 其逻辑主语用宾格或所有格均可)3) Is there any hope of our team winning the match? 逻辑主语是无生命名词时, 只用普通格4) What made me angry was many students failing in the exam. (以-s 结尾的名词, 只用普通格)Practice 1) I would appreciate _c_ back this afternoon . A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. youre calling 2) _c_ made her mother very angry. A. Mary marrying Jim B. Marys married Jim C. Marys marrying Jim D. Marys being married Jim 3). The discovery of new evidence led to _c_. A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught4).The noise of _c_ could be heard out in the street. A. desks opening and closing B. desks opened and closed C. desks being opened and closed D. desks being opened and closed三、独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.The meeting being over, they all left the room.III.实战演练一、非谓语动词题目三步走： 1. 判定题目是否考察非谓语 2. 判断主被动关系3. 判断时间先后顺序二、做题时需注意的要点：1动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。例如：I saw the young man enter the house.（同时发生） I hope to go there next time.（之后发生）2不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Im sorry to have broken your glasses.3不定式进行式表示不定式的动作，与谓语动词同时发生。例如：When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.4不定式的被动式有两种形式：to be done表示将要被做，to have been done表示已被做。例如：The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.The cinema is said to have been built last year.5. 在表示情绪的动词，如like, love, hate, prefer等后，用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式 例如：I hate eating the same food every day. Would you like to watch TV in the evening?6. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义，相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。 例如：The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned. He needs to clean the house first.7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语，但在少数介词，如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”则省去“to”。 例如：I have done nothing but help him with his luggage. I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.8. 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，因此，要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句。例如：The accident which happened yesterday was very serious.9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的，则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示。 例如：Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.10. 分词作状语时， 分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致。若它们之间的关系是主谓关系，用现在分词，而动宾关系则用过去分词。如果分词的动作先于谓语，分词要用完成时。 例如：Having finished his composition, he went home. While looking through the paper, he found some errors.三、巩固练习A1. When he was a boy, he used to go there and watch _.A. to repair bicycles B. bicycles to be repairedC. bicycles being repaired D. repairing bicycles2. - Have you considered _ your job as a teacher?- Yes. I like the job because a teacher is often considered _ a gardener.A. to change; to be B. to change; being C. changing; being D. changing; to be3. The dog, _, will be made a good watchdog.A. to train properly B. being trained properly C. properly to train D. trained properly4. _ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it. A. Having stolen B. Having been stolen C. Stolen D. Stealing5. _ the front door _, he had to enter the room through the back door.A. Seen; painted B. Seeing; paintedC. Being seen; being painted D. Seeing; being painted6. And there, almost _ in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet.A. having lost B. losing C. to be lost D. lost7. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting8. To answer correctly is more important than _.A. that you finish quickly B. finishing quickly C. to finish quickly D. finish quickly9. The old farmer, _ the badly injured and burnt soldier, came out of the burning farmhouse, calling continuously for help. A. supporting B. having supported C. being supported by D. being supported10. In January , 2004, the United States successfully launched “Spirit”, a Mars Exploration Rover, _ a new milestone in the history of mankind.A. it marked B. marking C. marked D. to mark11. It was getting dark; I found a car _ in a pool by the side of the road.A. to be stuck B. stuck C. sticking D. stick12. You cant imagine what great trouble they have _ the problem _.A. to solve; being talked about B. solving; discussing C. to solve; to talk about D. solving; being discussed13. The monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _ the river.A. to have discovered B. to have been discovered C. to discover D. having been discovered14. The thief fell to the ground, his left foot _ and blood _ down from his mouth.A. breaking; running B. broken; running C. breaking; run D. broken; run15. The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes _ on the screen.A. to fix B. to be fixed C. fixed D. fixing16. As I will be away for at least a year, Id appreciate _ from you now and then so that I can know how everyone is getting along.A. having heard B. to hear C. hearing D. being heard 17. _, the subject was always in my mind.A. Walking or sleeping B. Walking or slept C. Having walked or slept D. To walk and sleep18. - Did you get a dictionary? - No, I _, but there were not any _.A. tried; to be left B. had tried to; leaving C. tried to; left D. had tried; have left19. When he came to, he found himself _ on a chair, with his hands _ back.A. to sit; tying B. sitting; tying C. seating; tied D. seated; tied20. The joke told by Tom made us _, so the teacher couldnt make himself _.A. to laugh; hearing B. laughing; heard C. laughing; hear D. laughed; heard21. All of the flowers now _ here have developed from those once _ in the forest.A. raised; grown B. rising; growing C. raised; growing D. rising; grown22. Henry cant attend the party _ at Toms house at present because he is preparing the speech at the party _ at Maries house tomorrow.A. held; being held B. to be held; to be heldC. to be held; held D. being held; to be held23. Seeing the soldiers well _ for the flood-fight, the general nodded with satisfaction.A. prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. having prepared24. Dont worry. Ill have it _ and get someone _ it to you tomorrow.A. typed; send B. to type; to send C. type; send D. typed; to send25. The sun was shining brightly, _ everything there _ more beautiful.A. making; look B. to make; looked C. and made; looking D. and making; be looked26. How could he get the plan _ without any one to support him?A. to carry out B. carry out C. carrying out D. carried out 27. New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before _.A. being fully accepting B. fully accepting C. having fully accepted D. fully accepted 28. Having passed all the tests, she felt a great weight _ off her mind.A. taking B. taken C. take D. to be taken 29. Im examining the article he has just finished _ the possible mistakes in it.A. being corrected B. to correct C. corrected D. having corrected30. _ full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.A. We did not make B. Having not made C. We had not made D. Not having made31. We should prevent such a silly mistake _ again.A. occurring B. to occur C. to be occurred D. from being occurred 32. I regret _ hard at school, or I would have succeeded in passing the exam.A. not to work B. having not worked C. to have not worked D. not having worked33. They looked forward with hope _ a chance to receive further education.A. for getting B. of getting C. to get D. to getting34. “Well, Ill tell you a secret .” said the boy, with his mouth almost _ my ear.A. touched B. touching C. touch D. to touch 35. Towards evening, the patient opened his mouth as if _ something to his son.A. said B. say C. to say D. to have said36. - Would you be _ lend me your bicycle? - Sure.A. so kind as to B. kind enough as to C. very kind to D. so kind to37. The beach is so beautiful that it is worthwhile, I think, _ for a short holiday.A. of going B. to be going C. your going D. you to go38. The teacher asked more _ to prevent the students eyes from being injured.A. to do B. done C. to be done D. being done39. Some of the schools in Shanghai have moved one step closer to _ with the global education community.A. being connected B. connect C. having connected D. be connected40. The performance of the host, _ to please the audience and draw their attention, was greeted with a cold silence, however.A. had intended B. intended C. being intended D. to intend41. _ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _ the beautiful scenery.A. Tiring; to admire B. Being tired; admiring C. Tired; to admire D. Tired; admiring42. The 18-storeyed building, when _, will shut out the sun _ up the rooms in my house.A. completed; lighted B. completing; lighting C. completing; lighted D. completed; lighting43. - I hear Warren _ in a middle school. - What? I cant imagine him _ as a teacher.A. teaches; working B. teaches; work C. teach; to work D. teach; working44. _ hes only been learning English for a year, he speaks it very well.A. Considered B. Considering C. Having considered D. To consider45. It was _ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.A. to have played B. playing C. played D. having played46. At no time does the salesgirl get up late in the morning, for she is always too busy _ a good rest.A. to take B. taking C. took D. taken 47. _ as the most excellent student in her university, as most classmates had expected, made her parents very happy.A. Mary was chosen B. Mary chosen C. Mary being chosen D. Marys being chosen48. _ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _ to death.A. Seeing; frightened B. Seeing; frightening C. Seen; frighten D. To see; frightening49. You will see this product made in this factory _ wherever you go.A. to
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