中考不定式动名词总结.doc

中考英语重点知识归纳总结 要想在中考中立于不败之地，必须把握试题具有的特点：内容覆盖面广，考查范围均为大纲中所列的所有语法项目包括动词非谓语形式、时态、被动语态、情态动词、冠词、形容词、副词、代词、连词、从句、倒装、习惯表达法等；重点突出，强调动词的考查；突出语境的作用，提供语境间接考查语言知识的运用。因此，教师必须对语法知识部分进行全面、细致的复习。要重视语境题、时态题、动词短语相关的单选题。在复习期间，可以采取相对集中的方式整理、复习，补补“漏子”，理理“辫子”，按照教学大纲的要求“先上口，后归纳，抓核心，辨差异，找规律，编口诀，举一反三，巧滚雪球”，使初中英语内容融会贯通。中考英语重点知识很多，笔者仅就考试中出现最频繁的非谓语动词进行以下归纳梳理，供教师参考。一、动词不定式的用法 1、动词不定式作主语 To master a language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。 To teach English is my favorite. 教英语是我的爱好。 Its my pleasure to help you. 很乐意帮助你。 动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。 Its very kind of you to have given us much help. 你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。 Its necessary to find the witness. 有必要找到目击者。 Its difficult for him to learn English well. 他学好英语很困难。 注意：It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do sth.是someone is + adj.+ to do sth. 的强调式。即把形容词提到句子的强调地位。这时句中sb.即是形容词的逻辑主语，又是不定式的逻辑主语。It is+形容词+for sb.+ to do sth.中的sb.只能作不定式的逻辑主语。 也就是说，sb.既是形容词的逻辑主语，又是不定式的逻辑主语时sb.前面用of，如果sb.只能作不定式的逻辑主语时，sb.前面用for。如： It is very important for you to master a foreign language.你们掌握一门外语是非常重要的。 句中的you就只能作不定式的逻辑主语。 It is very brave of you to have done it for the soldier.你真勇敢，为士兵做了这件事情。 句中的you是形容词和不定式的共同主语。 用于这一句型的形容词中学课本中出现的还有：careful，careless，clever，courageous，foolish，good，honest， nice， polite， right，silly，wise，wrong，grateful，naughty等。 注意：此类形容词绝大多数是说明某人品质、特性或行为方式的主动形容词。2、动词不定式作宾语 接动词不定式作宾语的动词有： decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage等。 我们可用这样一个虚构词“merdowphfla”，其汉语谐音为“磨豆腐喽” 帮助归纳记忆。每一个字母代表一个英语单词。m-mean(打算),manage(设法)；e-expect(期盼)；r-refuse(拒绝)；d-dare(敢)，desire(渴望), determine(决心)，decide(决定),demand（要求)；o-offer(企图);w-want(想要)，wish(希望)；p-promise(答应)，pretend(假装),plan(计划)；h-hope; fail(失败),l-long(渴望)，learn(学习)； a-ask(要求), arrange(安排)。 例如： I have decided to be a good teacher. 我决定要当一位好教师。 He refused to come to the party. 他不肯来出席这个晚会。 That stranger asked to see the manager. 那位陌生人要求见经理。 I fear to offend him. 我怕得罪他。 I dont care to see him again. 我不愿再见到他。 Weve arranged to drop by at six oclock. 我们已经安排在六点钟访问。 He failed to follow the instructions. 他没有按照说明书来做。 The girl had no choice but to cry. 那女孩除了哭以外，就没有别的选择。 注意： 在cant help but, cant choose but, cant but，had better, would rather, rather than 和 dobut/except/besides 结构中，后面的动词不定式符号“to”常常省略。 例如： Mr. Cheng couldnt help but leave. 程老师只好离开。 I could do other things besides play football after school. 放学后，我除了踢足球还可以做其它事情。 The boy can do everything but speak. 那男孩什么都能做，除了说话。 You had better leave here for the moment.你最好暂时离开这儿。 I would rather stay at home on Sunday 星期天我宁愿呆在家里。 He prefers to work on the farm rather than do his homework at home.他宁愿在农场干活也不愿意在家做作业。 动词不定式作宾语，后面又有宾语补足语时，常用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语不定式放在后面。例如： We found it difficult to learn a foreign language. 我们发现学习外语很困难。 I think it wrong to come late for class.我认为上课迟到是不对的。 teach, decide, wonder, show, learn, forget, ask, find out, advise, discuss等动词后面可以接what, which, when, where, how, whether 等 +不定式。 例如： He teaches us how to learn English well.他教我们怎样学习好英语。 We discussed where to buy the computer.我们讨论了哪里能买这种电脑。 He didnt tell us when to start out. 他没有告诉我们何时出发。 在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语、补语的动词不定式再次出现时，to后面的内容常常承前省略（to留下），但如果有助动词have 或be 的任何形式，应该保留原形be或have。 例如： Whod like to go with me? Id like to.谁想跟我一起去？我。 China is not what it used to be.中国已经不过去的中国了。 You are late. You ought to have come five minutes ago.你迟到了。你应该五分钟以前到。 I know I ought to have.我知道我应该。 3、动词不定式作宾语补语 例如：We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。 Please ask him to come here quickly. 请叫他快过来。 注意：接动词不定式作宾语补足语的情况。 主语+ ask/ require/ tell/ order/ force/ get/ want/ like/ expect/ advise/ allow/ permit/ forbid sb to do sth. He asked me to work hard for the people.他要求我们为人民努力学习。 She tells us not to come late. 她叫我们不要迟到。 主语 + think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/feel sb to be I think him to be honest. 我认为他诚实。 I believe her to be a good student. 我相信她是个好学生。 主语 + think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/feel sb to have done We considered him to have been to the U.S.我们认为他去过美国。 He is considered to have been to Beijing. 有人认为他去过北京。 主语+ hear（listen to, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, have, let , make）sb do 即hear, listen to, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, have, let , make 后面接动词不定时作宾语补足语不带to。 例如： I saw him go out just now. 我刚才看见她出去了。 He made us do a lot of homework.他让我们做很多作业。 这些动词可以用下面口诀帮助记忆。 不定式作宾补何时不带to？ 下面口诀给予帮助。 二听、五看、一感觉， 使役动词有三个， help可带,可不带（to) ， 所以把它排在外。 二听：hear, listen to 五看：see, watch, notice, observe, look at 一感觉：feel 三个使役动词：have, let, make 例如： She felt somebody touch her hair. She let me read her diary.I made him tell the truth. Did you hear him say that yourself?We have to help them (to) clean the town.注意：变为被动语态时要加to。He was made to tell the truth.主语 + call on/ depend on/ wait for/ ask for sb to do sth. 例如：He called on us to learn from Lei Feng.他号召我们向雷锋学习。He depends on his parents to give him food and clothing.他依靠父母提供吃穿。4、动词不定式作表语 What I should do is to finish the task soon. 我应该做的是赶快完成任务。 The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 当务之急是马上去找孩子。注意：不定式作表语，其主语通常是 job, work，wish, hope, thought, idea, way, method, aim, duty, intention, purpose, suggestion 等。主语和表语同为不定式，其含义往往一个是条件，另一个是结果。Not to grasp firmly is not to grasp at all. 抓而不紧等于不抓。What I wish is to learn English well. 我所希望的是把英语学好。 To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。不定式结构作表语时，通常带to，但是当主语部分有一个动作动词do时（这个do 可以是限定动词形式，也可以是非限定动词形式，而且不论是什么时、体形式均可），用作表语的动词不定式中的to可以省略。例如：What we need to do is (to) reduce our use of energy and use natural forms of energy which are free and which will last for ever. 我们要做的是减少能源的消耗和利用各种天然能源。天然能源是即不花钱，又取之不尽，用之不竭的。All I did is (to) empty the battle. 我只需倒空瓶子。What he has done is (to) serve the people. 他做的事就是救人。All we have to do is (to) push the button. 我们只需要按一下按钮。5、动词不定式作定语 There are many ways to solve the problem. 有许多方法能解决这个问题。 I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告诉你。 注意：下面词语chance, wish, courage, need, promise, time, opportunity, way, the first, the secod, the last, the only one 等常常接动词不定式作定语。例如： He is always the first to arrive and the last to leave.他总是第一个到达，最后一个离开。There is no need to ask him the question.没有必要问他这个问题。不定式与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上是主谓关系。There is no one to look after her.没有人照顾他。He needs a person to talk with him.他需要一人和他谈话。不定式与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上是动宾关系。She s looking for a room to live in.她再找房子住。He has a lot of work to do today.他今天有很多工作要做。6、不定式作状语 不定式作状语可以作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、方式状语、表程度状语。English is difficult to learn.英语很难学习。The problem is easy to deal with.这问题很好处理。 Its too dark for us to see anything. 太黑我看不见东西。 The question is simple for him to answer. 问题简单要他回答不值得。We went to the hospital to see our teacher. 我们去医院看了我们的老师。She is making a test to get a kind of usefulmedicine from a Tibet flower.她在做试验，从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。不定式作目的状语可以用in order to或so as to 表示，但so as to 不能放在句首。例如：In order to go to key university, he studies hard.为了上重点大学，他学习很用功。 He sat in the front in order to/so as to see more clearly.=He sat in the front so that/in order that he could see more clearly. 为了看得更清楚，他坐在前排。(目的)He went to a big city in order to/ so as to find a good job.=He went to a big city so that/in order that he could find a good job. 为了找一个好工作，她去了大城市。(目的) 动词不定式作结果状语常常可以用以下结构。 so as to；so + adj/adv + as to do 如此以致；enough to do 足够做；too + adj /adv to do太而不能；suchas to do如此以致例如：He sat in the front so as to see more clearly.=He sat in the front so that he saw more clearly. 他坐在前排，结果看得更清楚。(结果) She got up early so as to catch the first train.=She got up so early that she caught the first train. 他起床很早结果赶上了早班车。(结果) He was so kind as to give me a lot of help.他很善良结果帮了我很多忙。 The boy is old enough to join the army.那孩子达到了参军的年龄。 He is too young to go to school.他还不到上学的年龄。 He is such a good man as to help the old woman get off the bus.他就是这样一个好人扶老人下汽车。动词不定式作结果状语表示一种出乎意料的结果常常用only to do 结构。例如：He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.他匆匆赶到车站，结果发现火车已经走了。We waited for two hours, only to be told to come the next day.我们等了两个小时，结果告诉我们次日再来。He arrived late only to find the train gone.I visited him only to find him out.二、动名词的用法动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成，形式同现在分词形式一样，其否定形式是not + 动词原形 + ing。 1、动名词作主语： Talking like that is not polite. 那样谈话不礼貌。 Learning from others is important. 向别人学习很重要。 Putting on more clothes is not so good . 多穿衣服不一定好。 动名词作主语通常用一般式，可以像动词不定式一样，用 it 先行词代替，而把动名词写在后面。 Its no use waiting here, lets go home. 在这儿等着也没用，我们回家吧。 Its very difficult climbing this mountain. 爬这座山很困难。 2、动名词作表语 The nurses job is looking after the patients. 护士的工作是护理病人。 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 3、动名词作定语 She is studying in the reading room. 她在阅览室学习。 He slept in the sleeping bag. 他在睡袋里睡觉。4、动名词作宾语 Please stop smoking in the house. 请不要在家里抽烟。 I like reading in the forest. 我喜欢在树林里读书。 Do you mind my opening the windows? 你介意我打开窗户吗？ She is found of collecting stamp. 她喜欢集邮。 下列动词接动名词： avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, stand, understand, cant help, 等。 我们可用这样一个虚构词“madpsfameicarfe”，其汉语谐音为“卖的不是发霉咖啡”帮助归纳记忆。每一个字母代表一个英语单词。m-mind(介意), a-avoid(避免), d-delay(推迟), p-practise(练习),s-suggest（建议）, s-stand（忍受）,s-stop(停止),f-finish(完成),f-forgive（原谅） ，a-advise(建议), m-miss(错过), e-escape(逃脱),i-imagine(设想)，c-cant help(禁不住), a-admit(承认), r-risk(冒险), f-fancy(认为，想象)，e-enjoy(喜爱)。b.下列短语动词接动名词be fond of, be good at, be worth, devote to, feel like, get used to, give up, have difficulty, insist on，look forward to, pay attention to, put off, refer to等。He is fond of playing basketball.他喜欢打篮球。I have difficulty learning English.我学习英语有困难。c.介词后面接动名词 What about going to the cinema? 去看电影怎么样？On seeing his teacher, he jumped off his bike. 他一看见老师就下自行车。.几个特殊情况：1) 有些动词的后面既能跟动名词又能跟不定式，区别不大。他们是： begin, start, continue. Like, love, dislike, hate, prefer 等。He began to learn English at the age of five.He began learning English at the age of five.他五岁开始学习英语。注意：（1）begin, start 本身是进行式、后面的动词是see, understand, realize 等后面跟动词不定式。 表示习惯的， 一般性的多接动名词，表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接动词不定式。 He is beginning to give class.他就要上课了。He began to realize he was wrong.他开始意识到他错了。 He likes to sing the song “The Red Star”.他喜欢唱红星之歌。He likes singing.他喜欢唱歌。 （2)advise, allow, forbid, permit, consider 接动名词作宾语，但它们后面如果有了人称代词作宾语，就接动词不定式作宾语补足语。例如：We dont allow smoking here.我们不允许在这抽烟。（泛指一切人）We dont allow students to smoke here. 我们不允许学生在这里抽烟。（泛指某个人）（3）remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop, go on, cant help接动名词和动词不定式都可以， 它们的具体含义不一样。 remember doing sth 记得做过某事；remember to do sth 记住要要做某事 I remember seeing him once somewhere. 我记得在某地见过他一次。 I remember to meet him at the station. 我记住要到车站去接他。forget doing sth 忘了做过某事；forget to do sth 忘记要做某事 I will never forget seeing Chairman Mao in Yanan.我永远不会忘记在延安见到了毛主席。 Never forget to turn off the light when you leave the room.离开房间的时候千万别忘了关灯。regret doing sth 对发生的事后悔；regret to do sth 对将要做某事抱歉/遗憾I regret not having worked hard. 我后悔以前没有用功。I regret to say I cant help you.很遗憾说我不能帮助你。try doing sth 试一试；try to do sth 设法/企图做某事； If no one answer, you try knocking at the back door.如果没有人回话，你就试一试敲后门。I tried to persuade him to stop smoking, but he wouldnt listen.我想方设法劝他戒烟，他不听。mean doing sth 意味着；就是；mean to do sth 打算做某事Wasting the bus means waiting for 15 minutes. 误了这班车意味着要等15分钟。I had meant to go to the cinema, but my old school friend came to see me.我本来打算去看电影的，但是我的老同学来看我。stop doing sth 停止做某事；stop to do sth 停下来做别的事When the classroom teacher came in, the students stopped talking.班主任走进教室，学生就不说话了。As soon as he saw me in the street, she stopped to say hello to me. 在街上他一看见我就跟我打招呼。Stop smoking, please. 请不要抽烟 。 Lets stop to have a rest. 咱们停下来休息一下吧。go on doing sth 继续做（原来未做完的）某事；go on to do sth 继续做某事（做完一件事后继续做另外的事）He went on painting his picture. 他继续画画。After dinner, I went on to do my homework. 吃完晚饭，我继续做作业。cant help doing sth 情不自禁地做某事；cant help to do sth 不能帮助做某事We couldnt help laughing when the monkey made faces at us.猴子对我们做鬼脸的时候我们情不自禁地笑了。Im too busy now. I cant help to do such a thing for the moment.我现在太忙。暂时不能帮助做这样的事情。need, want, require 作“需要”解，接动名词的主动式和动词不定式被动式意思相同。The desks need repairing.= The desks need to be repaired.这些课桌需要修理。The trees want watering. = The trees want to be watered.这些书需要浇水了。The patients require examining. = The patients require to be examined. 这些病人需要检查了。三、分词的用法分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加-ing， 而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加-ed。一般说来，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。使用分词应注意的问题：1、分词的否定形式。not + 分词 Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.不知道下一步干什么，她停下来等着。 Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesnt dare to go to school. 小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校 2、分词的时态 分词的一般式表示动作同谓语动词的动作同时发生或之前发生。 Seeing the teacher coming in, the students stopped playing. 看到老师进来，学生们停下来不玩了。 Coming into the room, he lay on his bed.回到家后，他就躺在床上。 分词的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词的前面发生。 Having received a letter, I knew everything is all right. 收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。 Having had my supper, I went out for a walk. 晚饭后，我出去散步了。 Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky. 他知道自己比赛获胜，高兴地把帽子扔上了天。 3、分词的被动形式 分词的被动形式表示分词动作同所修饰的名词有一种被动关系。 The entertainment building being built will be completed next year. 正在建设的娱乐大楼明年完工。Having been praised, he felt very happy.受到表扬以后，他感到非常高兴。Being punished every day, my son would not go to school.因为天天受罚，我儿子不愿意上学了。4、分词在句中的作用分词在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语，表语，状语，补语。 1）分词作定语 China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。 Thats an interesting story. 这是一个有趣的故事。 His written English is good, but his spoken English is bad.虽然他书面英语很好，但他口语不好。The abandoned dog was collected by the organization. 被遗弃的狗被这个组织收养。The girl singing for us is ten years old. 给我们唱歌的女孩十岁了。The girl beaten black and blue is Mary.被打的青一块紫一块的女孩就是玛丽。注意：作定语的分词要放在被修饰的名词之前，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。如果是分词词组作定语则放在被修饰的名词之后， 如被修饰的词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等不定代词，分词放在它们的后面。 现在分词的完成式一般不能作定语。The working people have played a great role in the activity. 工人在这次活动中起主要作用。 The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately. 被汽车撞伤的小孩马上被送到了医院。 There is nothing interesting. 没什么有趣的事。 及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，表示动作完成。The inspired audience stood up and gave him a long and warm applause. 受到鼓舞的听众站起来，对他抱一长时间的热烈的鼓掌。The excited expression on his face suggested that there was good news.他脸上兴奋的表情表明有好消息。There are fallen leaves everywhere.到处都是落过的树叶。分词和动名词都可以作定语，判断是分词还是动名词，可以根据它们和被修饰词有无逻辑上的主谓关系来判断，有主谓关系的是分词，否则判断为动名词。 a swimming girl(=a girl who swims) 游泳的女孩。（分词） a swimming pool(=a pool for swimming) 游泳的池子（动名词） 2）分词作状语 分词（短语）在句中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等。时间状语Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy.听到这个好消息他高兴得跳起来。现在分词短语作状语表示时间可以在前面加上 while 或when。When drinking to someones health, you should raise your glass.你为某人的健康干杯的时候，你应举起杯子。You do not need to worry about all the rules while having dinner with your friends.你跟朋友一起吃饭的时候不必担心一切规矩。原因状语Not having finished his homework, the student was punished.因为没有完成作业，学生受到了惩罚。Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong. 经老师一说，她知道自己不对。Lost in thought, he almost ran into a car. 因为埋头思考，差一点撞到汽车上。伴随状语The boy came in, following his parents.男孩跟着她父母进来了。She is there, waiting for us. 她在那儿等我们呢。The teacher came in, followed by some students.老师进来了，后面跟着几个学生。条件状语Given a little more time, I could do the work better.如果给我多一点时间，我会把工作做得更好。Time permitting, we will go to play. 时间允许的话我们去玩。结果状语The poor man died, leaving nothing to his children.可怜的老人死了没有给孩子们留下任何东西。 European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.欧洲的足球赛在80个国家举行，结果成为世界上最受欢迎的体育运动。It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.大雨滂沱，造成哪个国家洪水泛滥。注意：时间性：现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生，如果分词的动作发生在谓语之前，则用分词的完成式，即having done。人称一致性：句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语。语态性：句子的主语是分词动作的执行者用分词的主动形式；句子的主语是分词动作的承受者用分词的被动形式；在一些情况下，现在分词的完成被动式可以与过去分词互换，因为及物动词的过去分词既可以表示被动又可以表示完成。Having been educated by the Party, he became a communist fighter.= Educated by the Party, he became a communist fighter.在党的教育下他成了共产主义战士。3）分词作表语 The story is interesting. 故事有趣。 We are interested in computer. 我们对计算机感兴趣。 The glass is broken. 玻璃杯破了。 The water is boiled. 水是开的。 注意：表示心理状态的动词 excite, interest, surprise, worry, disappoint, encourage, frighten, please, puzzle等的过去分词作表语时，主语通常为人；其现在分词作表语时，主语通常是物。All felt excited at the news. They were too frightened to speak.I am surprised at what he said The news is exciting. 4）分词作宾语补足语 可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。 I saw him walking in the street. 我看见他在街上走。 I heard them singing in the classroom.我听见他们在教室里唱歌。 We found the boy sleeping. 我们发现小孩睡着了。have 后面的宾语补足语用过去分词常表示动作不是句子的主语发出的，而是由别人做 的。I have my hair cut. 我理发了。（是别人给我理发）She has her bike repaired. 她把自行车修理了。（别人修理的） They have their house rebuilt. 他们重修了房子。 5）过去分词作宾语补足语宾语补足语用来补充说明句子的宾语。过去分词作宾语补足语时具有以下特点：过去分词(done)常表示动作的完成、状态或动作的全过程。We found the young worker beaten black and blue all over. 我们发现那位年轻工人浑身被打得青一块紫一块。宾语与过去分词在逻辑上常存在着被动关系。He found his house broken into and a lot of things stolen. 他发现他家被人闯入很多东西被偷。不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时没有被动意味，只表示动作的完成和状态。When I came back, I found leaves fallen. 我到家的时候发现树叶已经落了。常带有过去分词作宾语补足语的动词可分为三类：表示感觉和心理状态的动词：see，hear，feel，watch，notice，think，find 等。We found everything around completely changed我们发现周围的一切都变了。He had never heard a word of English spoken before coming to England.他来英国之前从来没听人说过英语。She heard the door shut with a bang她听见门咣的一声关上了。I was glad to see the children well taken care of我很高兴地看到孩子们受到了很好的照顾。表示“致使”意义的动词：make，get，have，keep等。we kept those documents locked in a safe place我们将那些档案锁在了一个安全的地方。He kept the windows shut all the year他全年都关着窗户。Lets have the more difficult questions answered first我们先来回答较难的问题。He had his films developed at the same time他将胶片一起冲洗。He stood up in order to make himself seen by others他站了起来，为的是让别人看见他。You must get your bicycle repaired before starting你必须在出发之前将自行车修好。表示希望要求等意义的词：like，want，wish，order，expect等。 I want none of you involved in the matter我不想让你们中任何一个人卷入此事。You dont want your son killed，do you?你不想让你的儿子被杀死，是吧?We like the disputes settled.我们希望解决争端。The readers wished the serial story continued读者希望继续刊登那篇连载小说。注意：作宾语补足语的过去分词如与宾语之间是被动关系必须是及物动词，若是不及物动词，后面须加相应的介词。She was happy to hear her baby well looked after她高兴地听到她的宝宝受到很好的照顾。(after不能丢掉，因为look在本句中为不及物动词，不能单独作为过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动)某些不及物动词的过去分词也可以作宾语补足语(但用得很少)。例如：They found the guests gone他们发现宾客都走了。过去分词作宾语补足语与现在分词作宾语补足语的区别：过去分词和现在分词都可作宾语补足语，但各自与前面宾语的关系不同。过去分词表被动完成，现在分词表主动进行。Her eyes were wet as she stood there, watching our flag being raised看到我们的旗子正在升起，她站在那儿眼睛湿润了。He found two of the cups broken他发现有两个杯子被打破了。H e saw many people sitting in front of the factory他看到很多人正站在工厂门前。不定式的被动形式与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别：一般说来，不定式的被动形式作宾语补足语强调动作过程；及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语强调动作结果。但现在的倾向是在want, wish，like，expect等意愿动词后作宾语补足语，如果是不定式的被动形式，则可省去to be，从而使语气显得更为毅然决然。例如：We want the job(to be)done by the end of the week我们想在周末之前结束工作。在see, watch, hear, observe, listen to 接动词-ing 表示动词-ing的动作正在进行，接不带to动词不定式则表示不定式动作已经完成。I saw him go out.我看见他出去了。（我看见他出去的全过程。）I heard her singing in the next room just now. 我刚才听见她在隔壁唱歌。（我听见她正在唱