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可数名词和不可数名词一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的，这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词（表示某类人或事物中的个体，如worker, farmer, desk, factory等）和集体名词（表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people,family 等）。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的，这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词（表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等）和抽象名词（表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, homework, time, health, friendship等）。二、关于可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下：1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如：book books room rooms house houses day days2. 以s,ss, ch,sh, x 结尾的名词，在词尾加-es 。如：bus buses glass glasses watch watches dish dishes box boxes3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，要先将y改为i再加-es。如：city cities body bodies factory factories等等。4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词，要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如：half halves leaf leaves knife knives wife wives5. 特例 悄悄话：特例常常考，要记住。 child children man men woman women policeman policemen（规律：man men） tomato tomatoes potato potatoes初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es，其余的当然加-s喽！如：photo photos foot feet tooth teeth悄悄话： oo变成ee。 sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形悄悄话：变复数时词形不变。 people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。三、关于不可数名词1. 不可数名词没有复数，当它作句子的主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。 如：The food is very fresh.食品很新鲜。2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词，有复数形式，但他们的意义往往发生变化。如：water （水） waters （水域） orange （橘汁） oranges （橘子）3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数，表示种类时就可数，但意义大多不发生变化。如：fruit fruits food foods fish fishes hair hairs四、名词可数不可数“六注意”1、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如：desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式，只有单数形式。如：some bread， a little milk等。2、单数可数名词表示泛指时，前面要用不定冠词a（an），表示特指时，前面要用定冠词the; 而不可数名词前不能用a（an）修饰，表示特指时，前面一定要用定冠词the。如：He is a factory worker. 他是一名工人。 No one can see air. 没有人能看见空气。3、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰，表示一些，许多。如：There are some oranges on the desk. 桌子上有一些桔子。There is a lot of water in the bottle. 瓶里有许多水。4、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如：two apples, four books等。不可数名词前通常用单位词+of来表示数量。如： a piece of paper, three pieces of paper等。5、可数名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如：This picture is very beautiful. 这幅画很美。不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式，但是不可数名词前有复数单位词时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：There are two cups of tea on the table. 桌上有两杯茶。6、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many; 对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。 如：How many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果？How much tea is there in the cup?杯里有多少茶水？注意：对不可数名词前的单位词的修饰语提问时，疑问词用how many。 如：How many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包？英语中的名词按其表示的事物性质的不同可分为可数名词与不可数名词。这两种名词在用法上是有区别的，现归纳如下： 一、可数名词有单数、复数之分，如： mapmaps；oniononions；bakerbakers 不可数名词没有复数形式，只有单数形式。如： some water；a lot of bread 二、单数可数名词表示泛指时，前面要用不定冠词a （an）；而不可数名词不能用a（an）。如： Li Hong is a driver. I am a teacher.李红是一名司机，我是一名教师。 We cant see milk on the table.我们看不见桌上有牛奶。 友情提醒在表示特指时，不可数名词和可数名词前都要用定冠词the。如： Pass me the ball，please.请把球传给我。 The chicken on the plate is yours.盘子里的鸡肉是你的。 三、可数名词表示复数意义时可用many等词修饰。如：many apples，a lot of tomatoes，a few pens 不可数名词则要用much、a little等词修饰。如：much meat，a little bread，little water Tips这两类名词都可以被some、any、a lot of （lost of） 等修饰。如：some eggs/paper（纸）。 A lot of （lots of） knives/orange juice 四、可数名词前通常可用具体的数词来修饰。如： three women，ten babies 不可数名词表示数量的多少时，必须与表示数量的名词连用，即“数词+表示数量的名词（可数名词）+of+ 不可数名词”。如： two glasses of milk两杯牛奶 five pieces of bread五片面包 五、可数名词做主语时，谓语动词的单、复数与主语的单、复数须保持一致。不可数名词做主语时，谓语动词只能用单数形式。如：There is some rice in the bowl.碗里有些米饭。 All the students are in the classroom.所有的学生都在教室里。 Tips如果不可数名词前有复数名词短语修饰时，谓语动词须用复数形式。如：There are two bags of rice in the room.房间里有两袋子大米。 六、对可数名词的数量提问用how many；对不可数名词的数量提问要用how much，但对不可数名词前表示数量名词中的修饰语提问时要用how many。如： I can see two pictures on the wall.How many pictures can you see on the wall？ There is a lot of pork in the basket.How much pork is there in the basket？ I want three glasses of water.How many glasses of water do you want？ 七、另外，有些集合名词也是可数名词，但不同的是，它们以单数形式出现，表示复数概念，如people，police，family等；而有些可数名词本身就以复数形式出现，如clothes，glasses（眼镜）等；有的可数名词单、复数形式相同，如Japanese，sheep，Chinese等。如： The Chinese people are hardworking and brave.中国人民勤劳勇敢。 The sports clothes are new.这些运动服是新的。 I have one sheep. He has two sheep.我有一只羊，他有三只羊。 可数与不可数名词的练习I.找出下列笑话中的可数名词，并写出其复数形式：In the market, a buyer asked a seller “How much is this cat, please?” “100 dollars.” “But you only asked for 20 dollars yesterday!” “Yes, thats true. But this cat ate a bird last night and the bird was worth 80 dollars!”II.找出不可数名词，在横线上打勾，并将可数名词变成复数形式： homework _ half _ advice_ money _ knowledge _ boot _ blood _ music _ chicken _ heat _ mouth _ bread _ information _ milk _ cow _ tear _III.选择填空：1 The deer has four _ A. foot B. feet C. feets D. foots2Her two brothers are both _. A. policeman B. policemans C. policemen D. policemens3There are four _ and two _ in the group.A. Japanese, Germen B. Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese, Germans4Two _ would come to the village. A. woman-doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctors5 Can you see nine _ in the picture? A. sheep B. dog C. pig D. horse6The _ has two _. A. boys, watches B. boy, watch C. boy, watches D. boys, watch7The boy often brushes his _ before he goes to bed. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths8The Japanese _ will not leave China until she finishes her study.A. woman B. women C. man D. men9There are lots of _ in the basket on the table. A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss10. The cat caught two _ last night. A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices三.用所给名词的适当形式填空。1. How many_(sheep) are there on the hill?2. There is some_(food) in the basket.3. The baby has only two_(tooth) now.4. There is a lot of_(water) in the bottle.5. There are five_(people ) in his family.6. Lets take_(photo), OK? 7. I have lots of_(tomato) here.8. The_(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.9. The_(child) are playing games on the playground now.10. Their_(dictionary) look new.11. I see you have a few white_(hair).12. They are_(woman) doctors.13. Can you give me some bottles of _ (orange), please?14. There are many_(fox) in the picture15. I would like some apple_(juice). I am very thirsty. There be句型 一、专题讲解 1、定义： There be 结构“某地有某人(某物)”。其基本句型为“There be + 某物或某人(主语) + 某地”。 2、be动词的选择： There be 结构中的谓语动词be（is / are）在人称和数上应与其后的主语保持一致。主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词时用is ；主语是复数时用are。 3、具体结构：(1) There is + 单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. E.g. There is a desk in the classroom. 在教室里有一张桌子。 (2) There are + 复数名词+ 地点状语. E.g. There are 5 apples in the box. 盒子里有五个苹果。 口诀：“有” 字放前面，有“啥”放中间； 时间地点放后面；单数is, 复数are；注意be的两变化。 4、句型变化： (1)、否定句：there be的否定式通常在be后加not。 E.g. There is a bike under the tree. 树下有一辆自行车 There isnt a bike under the tree. E.g. There are 2 little girls in the room.在房间里有两个小女孩。 There arent 2 little girls in the room. (2)、一般疑问句及其答语： 1、一般疑问句：把be动词提前,首字母大写,句末用问号即可。 2、回答时，“用什么问，就用什么答”，用Is / Are there来提问，就用there is / are来回答。 肯定回答：Yes, there is / are. 否定回答：No, there isnt / arent. E.g. 1、There are two cats in the tree.树上有两只猫。 Are there two cats in the tree? Yes, there are. No, there arent. . 2、There is a computer on the desk . 在桌子上有一台电脑。 Is there a computer on the desk？ Yes, there is. No, there isnt.课堂练习：1. There is a new bed and an old desk in the room .否定句： 一般疑问句 ： 否定回答 ： 5、some和any在“there be”句型中的用法： some 一些（some用于肯定句） any 一些（any用于否定句和一般疑问句） 注意：There be句型在变成否定句或一般疑问句时，要注意把句中的some变成any。 E.g.1、There is some water in the bottle .在瓶子里有一些水。 There isnt any water in the bottle.（否定句） Is there any water in the bottle？（一般疑问句） 2、There are some children in the picture. 图片里有一些小孩。 There arent any children in the picture. （否定句） Are there any children in the picture？（一般疑问句）课堂练习：1. - Are there _ shops near here? - No, there are _ shops near here. A. some, not B. some, any C. any, not D. any, no 2There are some tables on the floor.（变为否定句） 6、就近原则：若句子中有几个并列的主语时 be的形式要与离其最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致。 E.g. 1.There is a pen, two pencils and some books on the desk. 书桌上有一支钢笔、两支铅笔和一些书。 2.There are two pencils, a pen and some books on the desk. 书桌上有两支铅笔、一支钢笔和一些书。3.There some books，two pencils and a pen on the desk. 书桌上有一些书、两支铅笔和一支钢笔。课堂练习：There milk and eggs on the table .在桌子上有牛奶和鸡蛋。 There eggs and milk on the table. 7、“there be” 和“have”的区别 There be表示“存在有” ；have（has）表示“所属有”。他们都翻译为“有”，但具体用法不相同，且两种结构不能同时合用。 E.g.1、I have a book .我有一本书。（注：书归我所有，我是书的主人。 所属有） 2、There is a book on the desk .在桌子上有一本书。（书只是存在于桌子上，但书不属于桌子所有。） 8、常见的的介词和介词短语： 介词：at 在. in 在.里面 on 在.上面 under 在.下面 behind 在.后面 near 在.附近 介词短语举例：at home 在家 in the box 在盒子 on the floor 在地板上 in front of 在前面 under the tree 在树下 behind the door 在门后面 near the zoo 在动物园附近 （2）变式练习 一、用恰当的be动词填空。 1. There _ _a map on the wall. 2. There _ _many things on her desk. 3. There _ _a big dog and a small cat near the table. 4. There _two bikes under the tree. 5. There _ _a pen, two pencils and an eraser in the pencil-box. 6. There _ _some books, a pencil-box and a pen on her desk. 7.There some milk in the glass. 8.There some people under the big tree. 9.There lots of flowers in our garden. 二、单选题 1. _ there a radio on your desk? A.Are B. Is C. Am 2. _ there a map on the wall? Yes, there _. A. Are / is B. Is / are C. Is / is D. Are /are 3.There _ two apples, one orange and one banana on the table. A. has B. are C.am D.is 4.There _ a pencil, a book and two pens on the table. A.is B. are C.am D.have 5. Are there _ pictures on the wall? No, there arent _ . A. any / any B. some / any C. some / some D. any/some 6.There_ some water in the cup . A. is B.am C. are D. be 二、巩固练习 1.把下列句子改为否定句和一般疑问句。 1I have a ping-pong ball. 否 疑 2There is a book and a pen in the bag. 否 疑 3His aunt has a new TV. 否 疑 4There are some boys in our class. 否 疑 五、拓展训练一、单选题 1.There_ some water in the cup .A. is B. am C. are D. be 2. _there a book on the desk now ? A. Is B. Are C. Were D. Was 3. How many people _in your family ?A. do you have B. are there C. you had D. there are 4.There _any trees in front of the classroom. A. isnt B. arent C. hasnt D. havent 5. There _sheep in the field . A. is B. are much C. are many D. are a 6. There are _in the field .They are eating grass. A. a horse B. much horses C. many horse D. many horses 7. There _a new bed and an old desk in the room . A. is B. are C. have D.has 8._any trees in the picture ? A. Is there B. Are there C. Was there D. Were there 9.There _ pencil-box, two books and some flowers on the desk. A. is a B. are some C. has a D. have some 10. How many _ are there in your classroom? A. desks B. desk C. chair D. door二、用“have, has” ， “there is ，there are” 或者“is there ，are there”填空。 1. I _ a good father and a good mother. 2. _ a book on the desk. 3. He _ a tape-recorder. 4. They _ a nice garden. 5. What do you _ ? 6. _ a reading-room in the building? 7. What does Mike _ ? 8. _ any books in the bag? 9. My father _ a story-book. 10. _ any flowers in the garden? 11. How many students _ in the classroom? 12. My parents _ some nice pictures. 13. _ some maps on the wall. 14. Davids friends _ some dogs. 15. _ many children on the hill.家庭作业一、填上恰当的be动词 1.There _ two women in the kitchen. 2.There _ an orange in the basket. 3.There _ three pens on the table. 4. _ there any birds in the tree? 5.There _ some girls playing in the park. 6.There _ many animals in the zoo. 7.There _ twenty apples on the tree. 8.There _ four seasons in a year. 二、按要求完成句子 1. There is a computer in my house. (一般疑问句) _ _ a computer in _ house? 2. There are some flowers on the teachers desk. (一般疑问句) _ _ _ flowers on the teachers desk ? 3. There arent any apples on the tree.(变回肯定句） There _ _ apples on the tree. 4. There is a pear in the box.(变否定句) There _ a pear in the box. 5. There are fifty students in my class.(对划线部分提问) _ _ students are there in your class?
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