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Aabandon1.to leave someone, especially someone you are responsible for ;2.to go away from a place, vehicle etc permanently, especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay;3.to stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continueabdomenthe end part of an insects body, joined to the thorax(昆虫的腹部）.abundantsomething that is abundant exists or is available in large quantities so that there is more than enough(大量的，充足的）.accessthe right to enter a place, use something, see someone etcaccess toaccidentalhappening without being planned or intendedacidification酸化adherestick to(粘附，附着）.adulthoodthe time when you are an adultagendaa list of problems or subjects that a government, organization etc is planning to deal withalternativean alternative idea, plan etc is different from the one you have and can be used instead(共替代的，非传统的）.a mixed blessingsomething that is good in some ways but bad in others(好坏参半的事）Having your parents living nearby is a mixed blessing.amphibiananimals that are able to live on land and in water（两栖动物）.anewagain.annualhappening once a year(每年的）annually adv.anonymitywhen other people do not know who you are or what your name is(匿名）Every step will be taken to preserve your anonymity.antennaeone of two long thin parts on an insects head, that it uses to feel things（天线）.appetitea desire for food.at hand1.likely to happen soonRecent economic performance suggests that a major crisis is at hand.2.close to you and available to be usedDont worry, help is at hand !3.needing to be dealt with nowPeter turned his attention to the task at hand.authenticdone or made in the traditional or original way = genuine:authentic French foodBbachelora man who has never been marriedbarna large farm building for sorting gain or keeping animals in（仓库）.beadsa small piece of glass, wood(小珠子）belatedhappening or arriving late(来得很迟的）benignkind and gentle（仁慈的）.bewilderto confuse.bewilderedtotally confuseda bewildered expression on his facebindto tie or unitebreeda type of animal that is kept as a pet or on a farm（种，品种）.by hand1. done or made by a person rather than a machineWe had to wash our clothes by hand.2. delivered by someone personally, rather than being sent through the post, emailed etcCcacaothe seed from which chocolate and cocoa are made (可可树）calicolight cotton cloth with a small printed pattern (印花布）canopya cover made of cloth that is fixed above a bed, seat etc as a decoration or as a shelter（悬于上空的覆盖物）canvas1uncountable strong cloth used to make bags, tents, shoes etc（帆布）a canvas bag2countable a painting done with oil paints, or the piece of cloth it is painted on（油布）The gallery has a canvas by Paul Czanne. Four Women on a Bench, oil on canvas , 1991captureto catch a person and keep them as a prisoner（俘获）.carveto cut away material from wood or stone(切，雕刻）cash cropa crop grown in order to be sold rather than to be used by the people growing it (商品作物，经济作物）catch-allintended to include all possibilities(包罗万象的）a vague catch-all clause in the contract a catch-all termchoketo be unable to breathe properly because something is in your throat or there is not enough air hokechopto cut something into small pieces.chorea task that you do regularly.clamberto climb with difficulty usually using both of your hands and feets（攀爬）claw1HBAHBB a sharp curved nail on an animal, bird, or some insects.coffina long box in which a dead person is buried or burnt.coila continuous series of circular rings into which something such as wire or rope has been wound or twisted.come ofresult from Nothing ever came of them.commiserateto express your sympathy for someone who is unhappy about something （怜悯，同情）commoditya product that is bought or sold(商品）.companywhen you are with other people and not aloneThe two men enjoy each others company . Ritas husband is away for the week, so I thought Id go over and keep her company (=be with her so that she doesnt feel lonely) .compatibleable to exist or be used together without causing problems （兼容的）compounda substance containing atoms from two or more elements（复合物）.condominiumone apartment in a building with several apartments, each of which is owned by the people living in it (公寓）conservationthe protection of natural things such as animals, plants, forests etc, to prevent them being spoiled or destroyed (保护）.constanthappening regularly or all the time.consultto ask for information or advice from someone because it is their job to know something.contaminateto make a place or substance dirty or harmful by putting something such as chemicals or poison in it(污染）-contaminationconversionchange.corridora long narrow passage on a train or between rooms in a building, with doors leading off it（走廊）.creeka narrow piece of water where the sea flows into the land（小溪）crisisa situation in which there are a lot of problems that must be dealt with quickly so that the situation does not get worse or more dangerous (危机）.crossa mixture of two things, breeds, or qualitiescross betweenThe tour managers role is a cross between hostess and courier. Their dog is a cross between two well-known breeds.cubthe baby of a wild animal such as a lion or a bearcultivate1to prepare and use land for growing crops and plantsThe land was too rocky to cultivate.2formal to plant and take care of a particular cropsynonym growWe cultivated maize and watermelons.3to work hard to develop a particular skill, attitude, or qualityTry to cultivate a more relaxed and positive approach to life. The company has been successful in cultivating a very professional image.4to make an effort to develop a friendly relationship with someone, especially someone who can help youProfessor Gladwyn would be an acquaintance worth cultivating.curatorsomeone who is in charge of a museum or zoo（管理者）Hes Curator of Prints at the Metropolitan.cuticlethe area of hard skin around the base of your nails（外皮）.Dd.p.i.dot per inch(分辨率单位、扫描精度）DDTa chemical used to kill insects that harm cropsdeemto think of something in a particular way or as having a particular quality = consider.degradationthe process by which something changes to a worse condition（下降，降低）.deliberateintended or planned(深思熟虑的，故意的）.depriveto prevent someone from having something, especially something that they need or should have:dprive sb. of sth.detectto notice or discover something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear etc.（查明，侦察出）.dime storea shop that sells many different kinds of cheap goods, especially for the house (廉价商店，折扣商店）disguiseto change someones appearance so that people cannot recognize them.docksails into a dock so that it can unload (停靠码头）doomto make someone or something certain to fail, die, be destroyed etc.(命中注定）.doughnuta small round cake, often in the form of a ring.draperieslong heavy curtains drapery dreiprin. 1 布料, 纺织品 2 打褶悬挂的布等drearydull and making you feel sad or bored.dwellinga house(住所）.Eearthworma common type of long thin brown worm that lives in soil（蚯蚓）.echoea sound that you hear again because it was made, for example, in a large empty room or a valley（回音）enrageto make someone very angryMany readers were enraged by his article.entailto involve something as a necessary part or result（使.成为必要）.erosionthe process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea(侵蚀,腐蚀）: the problem of soil erosionthe erosion of the coastlineexpancea very large area of water, sky, land etc（广阔的区域）.exploitto use something fully and effectively(开发，开采）.Ffaintdifficult to see, hear, smell etc.falcona bird that kills and eats other animals and can be trained to hunt(猎鹰）.feelerone of the two long things on an insects head that it uses to feel or touch things（触角）.fervorvery strong belief or feeling(热情，热烈）.flaketo break off in small thin pieces(剥落）The paint is beginning to flake off. Use a moisturising cream to stop your skin flaking.fuela substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy（燃料，燃烧剂）.funerala religious ceremony for burying or cremating (=burning) someone who has died.fungicidea chemical used for destroying fungus(杀真菌剂）Ggasolinea liquid obtained from petroleum, used mainly for producing power in the engines of cars, trucks etc = petrol British English（汽油）.gaugean instrument for measuring the size or amount of somethinggenerateto produce or cause something(生成，产生）.get out of handbecome impossible to control any longerThe previously peaceful demonstration seemed to be getting out of hand.glossarya list of special words and explanations of their meanings, often at the end of a book.（词汇表）gobleta cup made of glass or metal, with a base and a stem but no handle（高脚杯）.grabto take hold of someone or something with a sudden or violent movement = snatch.grant(formal) to give someone something or allow them to have something that they have asked for.griefa feeling of great sadness(悲伤）Hhand overto give someone power or responsibility over something which you used to be in charge ofhazardousdangerous, especially to peoples health and safety.hectarea unit for measuring area, equal to 10,000 square metres（公顷）.hitcha small problem that makes something difficult or delays it for a short timehufffeeling angry or bad-tempered, especially because someone has offended youin a huffhundlecollection of things fastened or wrapped together.Iicicle/ aisikl/ countablea long thin pointed piece of ice hanging from a roof or other surfaceidlydoing nothingillusiona false idea, belief or impression(幻觉）imposingarge, impressive, and appearing important(仪表堂堂的）an imposing building Hes a tall, quietly spoken, but imposing figure.indexan alphabetical list of names, subjects etc at the back of a book, with the numbers of the pages where they can be found.(索引）indigenousindigenous people or things have always been in the place where they are, rather than being brought there from somewhere else = native(本地的，本土的）individualconsidered separately from other people or things in the same group(个人的），e.g. individual need.inherenta quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it(内在的）.in situif something remains in situ, it remains in its usual place (在原处）intensiveinvolving a lot of activity, effort, or careful attention in a short period of time(加强的，广泛的）,e.g. intensive reading, ICU(=intensive care unit).intersectif two lines or roads intersect, they meet or go across each other （相交，交叉）in the hands of somebody/in somebodys handsbeing dealt with or cared for by someoneThe matter is in the hands of the police.inventory1countable a list of all the things in a placeinventory ofWe made an inventory of everything in the apartment.2uncountable and countable American English all the goods in a shopsynonym stockJJPEGJoint Photographic Experts Group=联合图像专家组Kkittena young cat.Lladdera piece of equipment that is used for climbing up something(梯子）latcha small metal or plastic object used to keep a door, gate, or window closed.（门闩）lawnan area of ground in a garden or park that is covered with short grass: （草地，草坪）.leftoverremaining after all the rest has been used, taken, or eaten(剩余的，未用完的）.limpthe way someone walks when they are limping（跛行）loga thick piece of wood that is cut from or has fallen from a tree（原木）loomto appear as a large shape that is not clear, especially in a frightening or threatening way(赫然耸现，令人惊恐地隐现）Mmaid1BODH a female servant, especially in a large house or hotel.maintenance(coming from the verb maintain)the repairs, painting etc that are necessary to keep something in good condition（维护，维修，保养）.mandatoryif something is mandatory, the law says it must be done(强制的，义务的）synonym compulsory, obligatorymanifestto show a feeling or attitude（清楚表示，显露）.manifoldmany, of many different types.meannot wanting to spend money, or not wanting to use much of something（小气的）megabyteshort for MB, a unit for measuring computer information, equal to 1,024 kilobytes, and used less exactly to mean one million bytes (兆字节）mergeto combine, or to join things together to form one thingmerge with（使混合，合并）The bank announced that it was to merge with another of the high street banks.The company plans to merge its subsidiaries in the US.migratoryMoving from one habitat to another on a seasonal basismittena type of glove that does not have separate parts for each finger.modifyto make small changes to something in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective = adapt(调整）.mortalnot able to live for ever.mortalityalso mortality rate:the number of deaths during a particular period of time among a particular type or group of people(死亡率）.mumbleto say something too quietly or not clearly enough, so that other people cannot understand you = mutter.Nnestlinga very young bird that cannot leave its nest because it is not yet able to fly（雏鸟）.nonetheless(formal)in spite of the fact that has just been mentioned(虽然如此）.Oominousmaking you feel that something bad is going to happen（恶兆的）ominously adv.on the spota) if you do something on the spot, you do it immediately, often without thinking about it very carefully(立即）see also on-the-spot He had to make a decision on the spot.b) if you are on the spot, you are in the place where something is happening（在场）We ought to find out the views of the people on the spot.c) British English if you walk, run, or jump on the spot, you do it staying in the same place, without moving aroundAmerican Equivalent: in place If running outside doesnt appeal, try jogging on the spot indoors.orchida plant that has flowers which are brightly coloured and unusually shaped（兰花）organicrelating to farming or gardening methods of growing food without using artificial chemicals, or produced or grown by these methods（有机的）organisman animal, plant, human, or any other living thing(有机物）.originateto come from a particular place or start in a particular situation(发源，创造）.orphana child whose parents are both dead.ospreya type of large bird that kills and eats fish（鱼鹰）.Ppanea piece of glass in a window(片）panela thin board with a picture painted on it （板）perchanceperhaps.peregrine falcona hunting bird with a black and white spotted front (游隼）persimmona soft orange-coloured fruit that grows in hot countries (柿子)pesticidea chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops (杀虫剂）.plaguea disease that causes death and spreads quickly to a large number of people.playwrighta person who writes plays for the theater, television or radio.plowto dig and turn over a field or other area of land with a plough.pokera metal stick for moving the coal or wood in a fire（拔火铁棍）pomegranatea round fruit that has a lot of small juicy red seeds that you can eat and a thick reddish skin(石榴）.ponderto spend time thinking carefully and seriously about a problem, a difficult question, or something that has happened = consider(仔细考虑，深思）.porcha cover area at the entrance to a house or church（入口处）potentiallikely to develop into a particular type of person or thing in the future = possible（潜在的）.potentially adv.pounceto suddenly move forward and attack someone or something, after waiting to attack them（突然袭击）.predatoran animal that kills and eats other animals(食肉动物）.predatorya predatory animal kills and eats other animals for food(食肉的）.predicamenta difficult or unpleasant situation in which you do not know what to do, or in which you have to make a difficult choice(困境）.prefacean introduction at the beginning of a book or speech.preponderanceif there is a preponderance of people or things of a particular type in a group, there are more of that type than of any other(数量上的优势）There is a preponderance of female students in the music department.prevalencecommon at a particular time, in a particular place, or among a particular group of people(流行，盛行）.primerpaint that you put on the surface of wood, metal etc before you put on the main layer of paint （底层涂料）pronouncedvery great or noticeable（明显的，显著的）a pronounced Polish accent This disability is more pronounced in men.puckerif part of your face puckers, or if you pucker it, it becomes tight or stretched, for example because you are going to cry or kiss someoneHer mouth puckered, and she started to cry.Qquilta decorative cover for a bed made of two layers with soft material between them.quiverto shake slightly.Rrationto control the supply of something because there is not enough（限量供应）Fuel was rationed during the war.ravenousvery hungry;ravenously=hungrily.recaptureto make someone experience or feel something(重温，再次经历）refugeshelter or protection from someone or something（庇护所，避难所）.relentlessstrict, cruel, or determined, without ever stopping（不屈不饶的，坚持不懈的）repasta meal.replenish(formal) to put new supplies into something, or to fill something again（补充，补给）replenishment n.resolutionthe power of a television, camera, microscope etc to give a clear picture（分辨率、度）high/low resolution (=how clear or unclear the picture is)respectivelyin the same order as the things you have just mentioned（各自地）respective=各自的.restrictto limit or control the size, amount, or range of something(限制）revenuemoney that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services(收入总额）.ribbona long, thin of cotten, nylon, that is used for tying or decorating something(丝带）rivalto be as good or important as someone or something else(与.媲美）.robina North American bird like a European robin, but larger(知更鸟）.Ssafeguardprotect(保护）.Salle de EtatsHall of the States(万国大厅）sanctuaryan area for birds or animals where they are protected and cannot be hunted = refuge（庇护所，鸟类保护区）satina type of cloth that is very smooth and shiny（缎子）.self-pitya feeling of pity for oneself(自怜）shaggylong and untidy.show upto arrive, especially at the place where someone is waiting for yousynonym turn upSeth showed up, apologising for being late.We had 200 people show up for our seminarshuffleto walk very slowly and noisily, without lifting your feet off the ground.shutterone of a pair of wooden or metal covers on the outside of a window that can be closed to keep light out or prevent thieves from coming in（百叶窗）.simpleton(old-fashioned) someone who has a very low level of intelligence (头脑简单的人，傻子）sipto drink sth., taking a very small amount each time.slamshut with a loud noise.slapto hit someone with the flat part of your hand.snatchto take something away from someone with a quick, often violent, movement = grab.sniffto breathe air into your nose noisily, for example when you are crying or have a cold.snuggleto settle into a warm comfortable position.(依偎，紧贴）sparkleto shine broghtly with small flashes of light.spella piece of magic that someone does, or the special words or ceremonies used in doing it（魔力、咒语）square ones shouldersto stand straight and push your shoulders back, usually to show your determinationsqueezeto press something firmly together with your fingers or hands.stampto put your foot down onto the ground loudly and with a lot of f
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