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电大统计学原理形考作业一：(第一三章)一、判断题1、 2、 3、 4、 5、 6、 7、 8、 9、 10、二、单项选择题1、C 2、B 3、B 4、D 5、D 6、D 7、A 8、C 9、B三、多项选择题 1、AD 2、BCE 3、ACE4、BCE 5、BCE 6、ACD四、简答题1、标志是总体各单位所共同具有的某种属性和特征，标志表现是标志特征在各单位的具体表现。标志分为品质标志，如“性别”，“籍贯”；数量标志，如：年龄“，“工资”，相应的标志表现有品质标志表现如“男”“杭州”；数量标志表现，如“20岁”，“2000元”。2、统计总体是根据一定的目的和要求所确定的研究事物的全体，它是由客观存在的、具有某种共同性质的许多个别事物构成的整体。样本是从总体中抽取出来的用来代表总体的那部分单位，具有以下几个特点：（1）样本中的单位来自总体；（2）样本是非唯一的；（3）样本具有一定的代表性；（4）样本具有客观性。3、普查是专门组织的一次性全面调查。普查属于不连续调查，调查内容主要是反映国情国力方面的基本统计资料；而全面统计报表属于连续调查，调查内容主要是需要经常掌握的各种统计资料。全面统计报表要经常填报，因此报表内容固定，调查项目较少；而普查是专门组织的一次性调查，在调查时可以包括更多的单位，分组更细、项目更多。因此，有些社会经济现象不可能也不需要进行经常调查，但又需要掌握比较全面、详细的资料时，就可通过普查来解决。普查花费的人力、物力和时间较多，不宜常组织，取得经常性的统计资料还需要靠全面统计报表。4、调查对象与调查单位的关系是总体与个体的关系。调查对象是由调查目的决定的，是应搜集其资料的许多单位的总体；调查单位也就是总体单位，是调查对象所包含的具体单位。调查对象和调查单位概念不是固定不变的，随着调查目的的不同二者可以互相变换。填报单位是负责上报调查资料的单位，填报单位与调查单位有时候一致，有时候不一致。例如：农村耕地调查，调查对象是农村所有的耕地，调查单位是每一块耕地，填报单位是农户或农业生产经营单位。5、单项式分组就是以一个变量值为一组，组距式分组是以变量值变化的一个区间为一组。变量有离散变量和连续变量两种，离散变量可一一列举，而连续变量是连续不断，相邻两组之间可作无限分割。所以，离散变量可作单项式分组和组据式分组，而连续变量则只能作组距式分组。在离散变量中，当变量值变动幅度较小时，采用单项式分组；当变量值变动幅度较大时，则采用组距式分组。6、基本步骤为：第一步：将原始资料按数值大小依次排列。第二步：确定变量的类型和分组方法（单项式分组或组距式分组）。第三步：确定组数和组距。当组数确定后，组距可计算得到：组距全距组数，全距=最大值最小值。第四步：确定组限（第一组的下限要小于或等于最小值，最后一组的上限要大于最大值）。第五步：汇总出各组的单位数，计算频率，并编制分配数列。五、计算题1、等距分配数列可按照以下标准来编制 向上累计 向下累计工人数 企业数 比重 频率 频数 频数 频率200300 3 10 10 3 30 100300400 5 16.7 26.7 8 27 90400500 9 30 56.7 17 22 73.3500600 7 23.3 80 24 13 43.3600700 3 10 90 27 6 20700800 3 10 100 30 3 10不等距分配数列答案有多种，但基本的原则是要反映出一定的规律性。如：工人数 企业数 比重200250 1 3.4250400 7 23.3400600 16 53.3600700 3 10700800 3 102、分配数列如下：成绩 人数 比重60以下 4 106070 6 157080 12 308090 15 37.590100 3 7.5合计 40 100分组标志为“成绩”，为数量标志，该班考试成绩为“两头小，中间大”的钟型分布。统计学原理形考作业二：（第四章）一、判断题1、 2、 3、 4、 5、 6、 7、 二、单项选择题1、A 2、C 3、D 4、B 5、C 6、D 7、B 8、B 9、D 10、C 11、D 12、D 三、多项选择题 1、BE 2、ADE 3、ABC 4、DE 5、ADE 6、ADE 7、ABCDE 8、BDE 四、简答题1、结构相对指标、比例相对指标和比较相对指标有什么不同的特点？请举例说明。答：结构相对指标是以总体总量为比较标准，计算各组总量占总体总量的比重，来反映总体内部组成情况的综合指标。如：各种工人占全部工人的比重。比例相对指标是指总体不同部分数量对比的相对数，用以分析总体范围内各个局部之间比例关系和协调平衡状况。如：轻重工业比例。比较相对指标是不同单位的同类指标对比而确定的相对数，用以说明同类现象在同一时期内各单位发展的不平衡程度。如：甲地职工平均收入是乙地职工平均收入的1.3倍。2、强度相对指标与平均指标的区别是什么？答：主要区别：（1）其他各种相对指标都属于同一总体的数量进行对比，而强度相对指标除此之外，也可以是两种性质不同的但又有联系的属于不同总体的总量指标之间的对比。（2）计算结果表现形式不同。其他相对指标用无名数表示，而强度相对指标主要是用有名数表示。（3）当计算强度相对指标的分子、分母的位置互换后，会产生正指标和逆指标，而其他相对指标不存在正、逆指标之分。3、如何理解权数的意义？在什么情况下，应用简单算术平均数和加权算术平均数计算的结果是一致的？答：加权算术平均数中的权数，指的就是标志值出现的次数或各组次数占总次数的比重。在计算平均数时，由于出现次数多的标志值对平均数的形成影响大些，出现次数少的标志值对平均数的形成影响小些，因此就把次数称为权数。在分组数列的条件下，当各组标志值出现的次数或各组次数所占比重均相等时，权数就失去了权衡轻重的作用，这时用加权算术平均数计算的结果与用简单算术平均数的结果相同。4、什么是变异系数？变异系数的应用条件是什么？请写出标准差变异系数的计算公式。答：变异系数是以相对数形式表示的变异指标。变异系数的应用条件是：为了对比分析不同水平的变量数列之间标志值的差异程度，就必须消除数列水平高低的影响，这时就要计算变异系数。5、请分别写出结构相对指标、动态相对指标和强度相对指标的计算公式并举例说明。答：结构相对指标，如：某门课程及格率为98。 动态相对指标，如：今年产量为去年的95。强度相对指标，如：人均国内生产总值10000元/人。 6、请分别写出简单算术平均数、加权算术平均数、加权调和平均数的计算公式并分别说明其应用条件。答：简单算术平均数：加权算术平均数： 加权调和平均数：简单算术平均数适合于总体单位数比较少，资料没有进行分组，而且标志值只出现一次的情况；加权算术平均数适合于总体单位数比较多，而且标志值不只一次出现，资料分组的情况；加权调和平均数适合缺少总体单位数的情况。各位电大的同学，插播一个小广告，你们知道淘宝刷客吗？就是帮淘宝卖家刷信誉的。商家给你红包你去买它店里的东西，他的店就有信誉了，你也可以得到1-8快不等的佣金。想做的可以加我qq了解550168183，这个只是兼职，挣钱不多哈，时间是自由的。全职妈妈最好了。五、计算题1、解：甲产品的动态相对数： 乙产品的动态相对数： 丙产品的动态相对数：2002年计划完成相对数：2、解：（1）按加工零件数分组 人数 比重2530 7 17.53035 8 20 3540 9 22.5 4045 10 254550 6 15合计 40 1003、解：4、解：平均劳动生产率5、解：（1）甲市场平均价格（2）平均单位产品成本所以甲市场的平均价格比较高。6、解： 统计学原理形考作业三：(第五七章)一、判断题1、 2、 3、 4、 5、 6、 7、 8、 二、单项选择题1、A 2、C 3、C 4、C 5、C 6、A 7、B 8、D 9、A 10、B11、B 12、D 三、多项选择题 1、ABCD 2、ACD 3、BC 4、ABCE 5、BDE 6、AD 7、ABCD 8、BCDE 9、ABD 10、ACE四、简答题1、什么是抽样推断？抽样推断都有哪几方面的特点？答：抽样推断是在抽样调查的基础上，利用样本的实际资料计算样本指标，并据以推算总体相应数量特征的统计分析方法。特点：（1）是由部分推算整体的一种认识方法论；（2）建立在随机取样的基础上；（3）运用概率估计的方法；（4）抽样推断的误差可以事先计算并加以控制。2、什么是抽样误差？影响抽样误差大小的因素有哪些？答：抽样误差是指由于抽样的偶然因素使样本各单位的结构不足以代表总体各单位的机构，而引起抽样指标和全及指标之间的绝对离差。影响抽样误差大小的因素有：总体各单位标志值的差异程度、样本的单位数、抽样方法和抽样调查的组织形式。3、什么是参数和统计量？各有何特点？答：参数是一个全及指标，它反映了全及总体某种数量特征；统计量即样本指标，它反映了样本总体的数量特征。其特点是：全及指标是总体变量的函数，但作为参数其指标值是确定的、唯一的，是由总体各单位的标志值或标志属性决定的；而统计量是样本变量的函数，是总体参数的估计值，其数值由样本各单位标志值或标志属性决定，统计量本身也是随机变量。4、什么是抽样平均误差和抽样极限误差？二者有何关系？答：抽样平均误差是反映抽样误差一般水平的指标；而抽样极限误差是反映抽样误差的最大范围的指标，二者既有联系又有区别。二者的联系是：极限误差是在抽样平均误差的基础上计算得到的，即；二者的区别是：（1）二者涵义不同；（2）影响误差大小的因素不同；（3）计算方法不同。5、请写出相关系数的简要公式，并说明相关系数的取值范围及其判断标准。答： 相关系数的简要公式：（1）相关系数的数值范围是在1和1之间，即（2）判断标准：，；不相关，完全相关。6、拟合回归方程yc=a+bx有什么前提条件？写出参数a，b 的计算公式并解释经济含义。答：拟合直线回归方程的要求是：（1）两变量之间确实存在线性相关关系；（2）两变量相关的密切程度必须显著；（3）找到合适的参数a、b，使所确定的回归方程达到使实际的y值与对应的理论值的离差平方和为最小。 回归方程中参数a 代表直线的起点值，在数学上称为直线的纵轴截距，它表示x=0时y的常数项。参数b称为回归系数，表示自变量x增加一个单位时因变量y的平均增加值。回归系数的正负号与相关系数是一致的，因此可以从回归系数的正负号判断两变量相关的方向。六、计算题1、解：2、解：3、编制分配数列如下：成绩 组中值 人数 比重60分以下 55 3 7.56070 65 6 157080 75 15 37.58090 85 12 3090100 95 4 10合计 40 1004、解：5、解：产量x 成本y xy 2 73 146 4 53293 72 216 9 51844 71 284 16 50413 73 219 9 53294 69 276 16 47615 68 340 25 4624合计 426 1481 79 30268 x=6代入方程6、解：设回归方程表达式为当人均收入增加1元，销售额平均增加0.92万元x=14000代入7、解： 收入每增加1元，支出平均增加0.8元。统计学原理形考作业四：(第八九章)一、判断题1、 2、 3、 4、 5、 6、 7、 二、单项选择题1、A 2、A 3、B 4、C 5、B 6、D 7、A 8、B 9、C 10、D11、B 12、C 三、多项选择题 1、ABE 2、CDE 3、ACD 4、AB 5、BCD 6、BC 7、ABCD 8、ABC 9、ABD 10、ABDE四、简答题1、答：（1）综合反映复杂现象总体数量上的变动状况。它以相对数的形式，表明多种产品或商品的数量指标或质量指标的综合变动方向和程度。（2）分析现象总体变动中受各个因素变动的影响程度。包括现象总体总量指标和平均指标的变动受各个因素变动的影响程度分析。（3）利用连续编制的指数数列，对复杂现象总体长时间发展变化趋势进行分析。2、答：数量指标综合指数 质量指标综合指数一般情况下，编制数量指标综合指数时，应以相应的基期的质量指标为同度量因素；而编制质量指标综合指数时，应以相应的报告期的数量指标为同度量因素。3、答：平均指数要成为综合指数的变形，必须在特定的权数的条件下。具体讲，加权算术平均数指数要成为综合指数的变形，必须在基期总值这个特定的权数条件下；加权调和平均数指数要成为综合指数的变形，必须在报告期总值这个特定的权数条件下。列式证明如下：4、答：时期数列是指由反映现象在一段时期内发展过程总量的时期指标构成的动态数列。时点数列是指由反映现象在某一瞬间总量的时点指标构成的动态数列。二者相比较有以下特点：（1）时期数列的各指标值具有连续统计的特点，而时点数列的各指标值不具有连续统计的特点。（2）时期数列各指标值具有可加性的特点，而时点数列的各指标值不能相加。（3）时期数列的各指标值的大小与所包括的时期长短有直接关系，而时点数列各指标值的大小与时间间隔长短无直接的关系。时期数列平均发展水平的计算公式：间断时点数列平均发展水平计算公式：（间隔不等）（间隔相等）5、答：环比发展速度计算公式： 定基发展速度计算公式： 累积增长量计算公式： 逐期增长量计算公式：各期环比发展速度的连乘积等于定基发展速度：相邻两个时期的定基发展速度之商等于相应的环比发展速度： 逐期增长量之和等于累积增长量： 五、计算题1、解：（1）城镇物价指数： 农村物价指数：城镇物价上涨13.45，农村物价上涨16.39（2）产品成本指数：产品成本降低了72.7。2、解：（1）单位成本指数：（2）产量总指数：指数体系：3、解： 由于销售量的变动对销售额的影响额：350111.3238.69（万元）4、（1）该商店上半年商品库存额： （2）该商店下半年商品库存额： （3）该商店全年商品库存额： 5、解：6、解：年份199719981999200020012002城镇居民可支配收入逐期增长量累积增长量定基发展速度（）环比发展速度（）定基增长速度（）环比增长速度（）5760.35425.1335.2335.294.1894.185.825.825854.0428.993.7101.63107.911.637.916280426519.7109.02107.289.027.286322.642.6562.3109.76100.689.760.686860537.41099.7119.09108.519.098.5平均增长量平均发展速度103.56平均增长速度平均发展速度13.567、解：（1）（2）14303233.21（亿元）请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Do
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