A级语法考点归纳.doc

A级语法考点归纳一 Subjunctive mood(虚拟语气)1虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法 从句时态 主句时态 与现在事实相反 be-were would (could, should, might)+do do-did 与过去事实相反 had done would (could, should, might)+have done 与将来事实相反 1.bewere do-did 2.should+do would (could, should, might)+do 3.were to+do If I were you, I would further my study abroad. If you had time, you should go to see the film Gone with the wind. If I had taken your advice, I would not have made such mistakes. If you became/ should become / were to become a millionaire, what would you do first?2虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法 1) 虚拟语气在表示建议、愿望、要求、命令这类词后宾语从句中的谓语动词用should + do , should 可以省去。 表建议：suggest, advice, recommend, propose 表要求：ask, require, request, demand, petition 表命令：order, command, 表愿望：desire Eg. He suggested that a library should be set up quickly. She demands that I should pay her immediately. He ordered the man should be released. The Queen desires that you should come at once. A级真题： The policeman demanded that she _ her identity card. A. show B. showed C. would show D. had shown2) 虚拟语气在wish, would rather, would sooner后宾语从句中的用法。用一般过去时表示现在的情况did用过去完成时表示过去的情况had doneEg. I wish I were young again.I wish I had listened to your advice then.I would rather you told me the truth now.I would sooner you didnt ask me that question.Id rather you hadnt told me the news yesterdayA级真题：1. I would rather you ( leave) _ for Hang Zhou last week. 2. My father wishes he ( go) _ to college when he was young. 3. I wish I (can ) _ help you.3. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：句型：it is important / essential / appropriate / imperative / vital / strange / surprising / natural that + （should ）doEg. It is important that he work hard.It is essential that the mission not fail.It is imperative that you should not be seen here.It is vital to her health that she take this medicine.It is surprising that he should kill time like that. 4虚拟语气在Its high time that 引导的定语从句中的用法：从句中用一般过去时（did）表示与现在事实相反，意思是：到了该做什么的时候了A级真题：Its high time that we _ ( buy) a new car.Its high time that we _ ( stop) playing computer games.二Attributive clause（定语从句） 限制性定语从句 1.关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as在从句中充当句子成分 This is the boy _ broke the vase. (who) He is the teacher _ everyone respects. (whom) The plane is a machine _ can fly. (which/that) This is the best film _ I have ever seen. (that) I want to book a room _ window is facing the sea. (whose) He is such a lovely boy _ makes everyone happy. (as) 2. 关系副词：when, where, why在从句中不充当句子成分 I will never forget the day _ I joined the Party. (when/on which) This is the house _ I lived two years ago. (where/in which) Do you know the reason _ he is crying? (why/for which) 只用that 的情况： 1. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时： The first thing that should be done is to work out a plan. He is the most excellent student that I have ever taught. 2. 先行词是指物的不定代词all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, few, much, none. Is there anything that I can do for you? All that glitters is not gold. There is little that can be done about it. 3. 先行词被any, every, only, very, all修饰时： He is the only person that can be trusted. He is the very person that I am looking for. 4. 先行词既包括人也包括物时： There are many persons and things that we must deal with in our daily非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是一个名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。这时，连词选which或as. 一般情况下，先行词在从句中充当主语时用which；先行词在从句中充当宾语或表语时用as. Eg. Our class has won the basketball, which made us happy. 此句中Our class has won the basketball整个句子是先行词，在从句中作主语 As we all know, New York is the capital of the America. 此句中New York is the capital of the America整个句子是先行词，在从句中作宾语A级真题：She has fallen in love with Jack, _ I find hard to imagine.A. who B. whom C. that D. which此题中She has fallen in love with Jack整句是先行词，作从句中find的宾语，故选D.which三Noun clause （名词性从句） 从属连词 that, whether 在从句中不充当句子成分 连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 在从句中充当句子成分 连接副词 when, where, how, why在从句中不充当句子成分 1. 主语从句 _ he became an artist is due to his fathers influence. (that) _ it will do us harm remains to be seen. (whether) _ she wants on her 18th birthday is a mobile phone. (what) _ we say must be based on fact. (what/whatever) _ team will win the game remains a mystery. (which) _ will be in charge of the project hasnt been made public. (who) _ I spend my holiday is none of your business. (when/where/whether) It is not clear _ he was absent from the meeting. (why) It is unlikely _ he could accept such an offer. (that)2. 宾语从句 At first, he didnt realize _ he had succeeded. (that) I think _ you missed an instructive lecture. (that) I didnt know _ they were satisfied with the arrangement. (whether) Do you know _ they left for HongKong? (why/when/whether) I want to know _ Tom said. (what)3. 表语从句 The reason was _ he was too poor to see a doctor. (that) The question is _ you are after in life: fame or personal gain. (what) April is _ the lilacs bloom. (when)4.同位语从句 在同位语从句中被修饰的名词Fact, idea, news, belief, truth, hope, doubt, opinion, decision, suggestion, impression, conclusion, evidence, proposal, question, problem, theory, information, possibility. I got the impression _ you are unhappy today. (that) There is a doubt _ she will come to the party. (whether) He had no idea _ she left home. (why)四. 分词 1. 分词的形式 主动 被动现在分词 一般形式 doing being done 完成形式 having done having been done过去分词 done2. 分词的基本用法：1）作表语： The football match was exciting. She looks disappointed.2) 作定语： He is a promising young man. The wounded soldier was taken off to the hospital. A little child learning to walk often falls. Whats the language spoken in that country?3) 作状语： 伴随：We sat on the sofa, watching TV. The students came out of the classroom, laughing and chatting. The teacher came out, _ by the students. ( followed) 时间：He hurt his leg while playing football. Having found a hotel, they began to look for a restaurant. After _ a hotel, they began to look for a restaurant.(finding) 条件：If given a chance, I would go abroad to further my study. 原因：Being short of money, he cant afford a new car. Not having received an answer, I decided to write him another letter. 结果：He died, leaving five children.五 动名词和不定式在句中作宾语时的区别1以下动词或短语后只能跟动名词作宾语Avoid, consider, appreciate, delay, dislike, enjoy, excuse, fancy, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, pardon, postpone, prevent, practise, resist, risk, suggest, understand.Its no use, be worth, have trouble/difficulty in, be tired of, devote ones life to, insist on, look forward to, be successful in, be fond of, be busy, be capable of, be proud of, cant help, keep onA级真题：1) Do you have any difficulty in _ Japanese?A) learn B) learning C) to learn D) having learnt2) Its better to avoid _ downtown during the rush hour. A) to drive B) having driven C) to be driving D) driving2. 以下动词或短语后只能跟动词不定式Decide, desire, expect, wish, want, pretend, promise, refuse, manage, agree，permitA级真题：1. We decided _ the house.A) not to buy B) buying C) not buying D) not bought3. 有些动词后既可跟动名词，也可跟不定式，但意思不同1) Remember, forget, regret+ doing 表示动作已发生+ to do 表示动作还没发生Eg. I remembered being taken to Beijing when I was a child. ( 已发生) Remember to check your mailbox. （未发生） I forget locking the door. ( 门锁过了，但忘记了这件事) I forget to lock the door. （忘记锁门了，门没锁） I regret telling her the truth. ( 我后悔告诉了她真相)I regret to tell you that your application was denied. ( 我很遗憾地要告诉你你的申请被否决了)2）stop + doing 停止正在做的事情 + to do 停下来去做另一件事情 Eg. Stop talking please. Stop to listen to me.3) want, need, require物作主语时+ doing 用主动语态代替被动语态+ to be done 用被动语态Eg. His shoes need mending / to be mended.The problem needs looking into / to be looked into.4) try + doing 试着做某事try + to do 努力，企图做某事Eg. He tried sending flowers to the girl, but she didnt accept. You should try to adjust to the cold weather here.5) be afraid + of doing 生怕做某事 + to do 不敢做某事 Eg. She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. ( 她不敢踏进草丛深处因为怕被蛇咬) 六倒装句：部分倒装当否定副词用于句首时，句子部分倒装：hardly, barely, rarely, seldom, never, nowhere, no longer, little, fewHardly/barely could I understand what he said.Seldom did he go anywhere except to his office.Never have I seen such a nice movie.Nowhere were they to be found.No longer was he in charge of the work.Little did he think of the consequences.Few words did they exchange.七. 情态动词的完成体：Should /ought to have done ( 本应该 )He should have told her about it. 他本该把这事告诉她。( 抱怨 )You should have come to the class at 8 oclock.Could have done (本能够)You could have typed this for me. 你本可以把它用打字机打出来的。( 责备 )I could have finished the paper. But Im late for the exam.Neednt have done ( 本不必)You neednt have brought me flowers- how kind of you. 你本不必带花给我，你真好。（赞许）Must have done ( 一定做过，表猜测 )You must have misunderstood her words.You must have had a good sleep last night, you look energetic.