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Case 2:White DressCase analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why. 白色的裙子案例分析:印度女人可能认为婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方新娘白色礼服。案例反映了明喻和隐喻的文本。文化就像一座冰山:我们可以识别妇女所穿的衣服的颜色在不同的文化,但是我们不知道下面的值。文化就像水中的鱼游:人们穿着不同颜色的不同的背景,但他们通常是理所当然,从不问为什么。Case 4: Coconut-skatingCase analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and its learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture. Coconut-skating案例分析:这一事件反映出文化的特点。我们可以告诉从文化无处不在的情况下学习。人们甚至可以创造不同的东西一样简单的问题地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学会了这样的擦自己的文化。Case 12: Why Dont You Eat the Pizza? This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.你为什么不吃比萨吗?这种情况下可以反映出跨文化交流中出现的问题,忽略文化差异如何影响沟通。在马来西亚,大多数人都是穆斯林,人们认为左手是仅用于清洗身体,因此它是脏的,不能用来传递食物。任何了解文化差异,美国学生把自己在一个尴尬的局面。Case 21: A Danish Woman in New YorkThis case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens.一个丹麦的女人在纽约这种情况下可以反映假设相似而不同。当与人交流从另一种文化,一个是可能认为和对待他人是“他的人”,认为必须有做事的方法只有一个:这是“他的方式”。在这种情况下,丹麦女人假定她独自离开孩子的行为,这是常见的在丹麦,在纽约也合适。这里,她认为什么是适合自己的文化在另一种文化也是毋庸置疑的。这就是为什么会发生小冲突。Case 23: Girl-nessThis case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages. Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person. Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States. In China, girl means someone who is young and single. In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman. For most people, woman means someone who is married and who probably is not young. In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called women. While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology became widespread during the womens liberation movement in the 1960s. The term girl is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful.girl-ness这种情况下可以反映出一个翻译问题:缺乏概念的等价性,指的是抽象的概念,在不同的语言中不存在的以相同的方式。不同的文化含义是不同的同一件事或人。关于这种情况,我们应该知道什么是年轻女性自称从美国在中国非常不同。在中国,“女孩”意味着年轻和单身的人。在某种程度上,它让女性声音更可取的被称为一个女孩而不是女人。对大多数人来说,“女人”是指结婚的人谁可能不年轻。事实上,大多数中国单身女性,如大学生、会侮辱了被称为“女人”。而在西方,在正式、公共设置,按照惯例打电话给任何女人过去的青春期女性,尽管她可能不是合法投票年龄,结婚,购买酒精饮料,开车,或签订合同。这个术语普及在“1960年代的妇女解放运动”。“女孩”一词有时被解释为是贬低或无礼。Case 25:Success StoryOne of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant. In this case, Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question. If Mary had been more patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms. Goshimas comments werent really relevant to her query.成功的故事挫折和误解的来源之一,在这种情况下发生不同的口头的观念有关。在这种情况下,玛丽在等更直接回应她的问题。Goshima女士是不舒服的问题,觉得她的反应应该非常间接,建立适当的谦逊的品质在暴露的问题的答案。如果玛丽更有耐心,最终她会听见她的问题的答案,但她没有注意的时候终于到了,因为她觉得Goshima女士对她的评论并不真正相关查询。Case 33: Are Americans Indifferent?This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures. Compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune. In this case, because of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her fathers sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese.是美国人漠不关心?这种情况下可以反映不同的非语言沟通模式存在于实际的跨文化交际,特别是面部表情不同根据不同的文化。与大多数中国相比,美国人喜欢微笑和因果和丰富的面部表情在日常生活中,即使他们有一些不幸。在这种情况下,由于不同意见的面部表情在跨文化交流,美国女士谈到她父亲的疾病和死亡以微笑的方式来显示她还有乐观的应用:ds:乐观对待未来的生活方式,这是误解,被中国人冷漠和自私。Case 36: Dont Put Your Hand on My ArmThis case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations. Different cultures have very different opinions about an individuals unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual. In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly, so he wouldnt let others misunderstand Marks close body distance and touch with him, even though Mark from Chile doesnt know the cultural taboo at all. 不要把你的手放在我的胳膊这种情况下可以反映不同的文化有不同的看法的空间关系。不同的文化有不同的意见关于个人的无意识地构建microspace立即身体周围。一些文化中可以有相对较近的距离,当其他文化虽然不能交流。一些西方文化认为人们之间的身体接触相同的性别文化禁忌,被同性恋的象征。在这种情况下,萨姆是西方文化和身体接触的社会禁忌知道得很清楚,所以他不会让别人误解了马克和他的亲密的身体距离和联系,尽管马克从智利不知道的文化禁忌。Case 41:Getting FrustratedJay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didnt apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him. Much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh, a type of kickback to a middleman (and it is a man), who facilitates contacts between potential business partners. The middleman is doing a service and expects to get paid for it. The more baksheesh the person gives, the more likely it is that the person will succeed, because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well. Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saudi business community. In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the hand is our best tool for eating. However, they are also concerned with hygiene. They reserve the left hand for cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating. Saudis have a number of norms related to restricting male and female interaction that, within the context of their religious beliefs, make perfect sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners.变得沮丧周杰伦很沮丧在很大程度上是因为许多规范他被用于不适用于沙特阿拉伯,和许多沙特规范对他没有意义。大部分的工作在沙特阿拉伯取决于小费,一个类型的回扣中间人(这是一个人),促进潜在业务合作伙伴之间的联系。中间人做的服务,希望得到报酬。小费给的人越多,越有可能是,人会成功,因为中间商一定会对他很好。给小费是沙特商界的规范。此外,沙特人相信上帝给了我们多功能手,吃手是我们最好的工具。然而,他们也关心卫生。他们储备清洗自己的左手,用右手吃饭。沙特有许多规范与限制男女互动,他们的宗教信仰的上下文中,完美的意义但大多数西方人会很不恰当。Case 43:The Improvement Does Not WorkFollowing their individualistic orientations, Mr. Patterson and Mr. Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups. However, as Park Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which in turn led to poor performance. In the United States, workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement. In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures. But cultures are not pure. Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultures may value collectivist ideals. For example, Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individualistic tendencies. In Denmark, individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to established traditions and customs. Regarding income and social rank, Danes are staunchly egalitarian. At the same time, however, Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist and to stand out from the group. In this way, Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum. 改善不工作个人主义取向后,帕特森先生和Wyman先生是完全满意的想法创造团队领导在各个销售组。然而,作为公园年轻的山姆提到,这样打乱了团体的和谐,进而导致低劣的性能。在美国,工人往往出于晋升和发展的机会,这是个人主义的个人成就。在集体主义的文化中,然而,工人可能出于一个凝聚力和生产力的团队的一部分。个人主义和集体主义术语描述整个文化。但文化不纯。集体主义文化的成员可能实践个人主义倾向而成员个人主义文化的集体主义价值理想。例如,丹麦是一个国家与集体主义和个人主义的倾向。在丹麦,个人自由是通过对培养建立的传统和习俗。关于收入和社会地位,丹麦人是坚定的平等。然而,与此同时,丹麦人认为自己是自由是不信奉国教的,并从人群中脱颖而出。这样,丹麦人可能理论中点的个人主义和集体主义文化的统一体。Case 44:When Shall We Meet For Dinner?Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case. In the dialogue presented below, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation. Kelly, from the United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index.In the dialogue above, Keiko is confused by Kellys easygoing attitude toward the evenings plans. Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant culture, Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening. Kelly, on the other hand, is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses. Without a plan, how will Keiko know how to act? 当我们吃晚饭见面好吗?在这种情况下可以看到不确定性规避取向。下面的对话,凯利和Keiko交互对晚餐的邀请。凯利,来自美国,拥有相对较低不确定性规避指数,惠子,来自日本、来自一个文化相对较高的不确定性规避指数。在上面的对话中,Keiko混淆了凯利的随和态度晚上的计划。来自高uncertainty-avoidant文化,Keiko宁愿提前计划,以避免不确定性和准备晚上她的脚本。凯利,另一方面,是完全舒适的晚上制定计划基于如何进展。没有计划,Keiko怎么知道如何行动呢?Case 48:Gift from a ChineseChinese people love giving gifts. Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the senders eyes. Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough. An inexpensive gift means a loss of face. Dongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager, but most Chinese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respect.North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide. Such gifts are treasured; however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens. 来自中国的礼物中国人喜欢送礼物。通常,礼物的价值是多么重要的信号接收器发送者的眼睛。大多数人担心是否赠送礼物礼物将被视为有价值的足够了。一个便宜的礼物意味着面临的损失。Dongxie可能有一个实际的理由在人参给他的经理,但大多数中国人会把它当作一般的下属这样做经理的尊重的标志。北美公司偶尔收到礼物的感谢的友谊和帮助经理可以提供。这样的礼物是珍贵的;然而,价值通常相当小,一瓶酒,一个音乐CD,一本小书,或其他标记。Case 54: A Fish out of Water This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may bring him some psychological symptoms. Culture shock is virtually a communication problem which involves the depressed feelings accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture, its customs, as well as its value systems. Culture shock happens when people have to deal with a huge amount of new perceptual stimuli that are difficult to understand and interpret because the cultural context has changed. In this case, when the American student feels that his familiar cues from his native culture is removed, he becomes to reject the new environment and he displays some psychological symptoms due to culture shock.离水之鱼这个案例反映了男孩正在经历文化冲击,这可能会给他一些心理上的症状。文化冲击实际上是一个沟通的问题涉及附带的抑郁情绪缺乏理解的语言和非语言沟通的文化,风俗,以及其价值系统。文化冲击发生当人们需要处理大量的新的知觉刺激,难以理解和解释,因为文化背景已经发生了改变。在这种情况下,当美国学生觉得他熟悉的线索从本土文化被移除,他就拒绝新的环境,他显示了一些心理症状由于文化冲击。
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