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第五课时时态和语态感 悟 高 考1.I _down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.(2017天津卷)A.was driving B.have drivenC.would drive D.drove答案A句意：我正开车去伦敦这时我突然发现我走错路了。根据句意，故选A。2.He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he _.(2017江苏卷)A.was being followed B.was followingC.had been followed D.followed答案Ahe和follow之间是动宾关系，即他被别人跟踪，排除B、D；根据句意“在匆忙赶回家的路上，他从未回头看是否被跟踪”，用过去进行时最合适，故选A。3.Hes been informed that he _ for the scholarship because of his academic background.(2017江苏卷)A.hasnt qualified B.hadnt qualifiedC.doesnt qualify D.wasnt qualifying 答案C句意：他已经被告知由于教育背景的原因而没有资格获得奖学金。qualify for sth达标，获得参赛资格。由于条件不满足而没有资格做某事，是客观事实，应用一般现在时，故选C。4.People _ better access to health care than they used to, and theyre living longer as a result.(2017北京卷)A.will have B.have C.had D.had had答案B句意：人们有比过去更好的医疗保险，他们更长寿。根据and后面句子时态可知为现在时态，故选B。5.In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones _ yet. (2017北京卷)A.havent invented B.havent been inventedC.hadnt invented D.hadnt been invented答案D句意：在美国20世纪50年代的时候，大多数的家庭家里只有一部电话，并且无线电话还根本没有发明出来。根据句意可知用被动语态，排除A、C，事情发生在过去，与现在无关，不用现在完成时，而应用过去完成时的被动语态，故选D。6._ that pany to see how they think of our product yesterday?Yes. They are happy with it.(2017北京卷)A.Did you call B.Have you calledC.Will you call D.Were you calling答案A句意：你昨天有没有给那家公司打电话问问他们对我们的产品感觉怎么样？打了，他们感觉很满意。空格所在题干有一个很明显的时间状语yesterday，可知用过去时，故选A。要 点 精 析1.一般现在时(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语。Planning so far ahead makes no senseso many things will have changed by next year.这么早做计划没有什么意义到明年很多事情就会变了。(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象以及不受时间限制的客观存在。“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say，“because every step shows.”奶奶过去常说：“生活就如在雪地里走路，因为每一步都显而易见。”(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。Will you help me to look for an important file I left in my office this morning immediately you arrive?你能一到办公室就帮我找一下我早上落在办公室的重要文件吗？(4)表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作，但限于少数动词。如begin，e，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，return，open，close等。The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.飞机每星期三、五2：30起飞。2.一般过去时表示在过去某一时刻、某一时间段内存在的状态或发生的动作，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示)；用于表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started.这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他上任时更富有。The three of us travelled around Europe for about a month last summer.去年夏天，我们三人在欧洲旅行了一个月左右。Excuse me.I didnt realize I was blocking your way.对不起，我原来不知道挡你的路了。3.一般将来时一般将来时表示将来会出现的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有：this evening, tomorrow, next week, in a few minutes, at the end of this term等。常用结构有：(1)“will/shall动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态；表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势；表示临时性的打算或决定。Fish will die without water.离开水，鱼就会死。By the time you have finished this book, your meal will get cold.等你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。Mr. Li is ill in hospital.Oh, I didnt know. Ill go to see him tonight.李老师生病住院了。哦，我还不知道呢。我今晚去看他。名师点津条件状语从句中的will表示“决心，意愿”，此时will不是助动词，而是情态动词表意愿。If you wont listen to us, just do as you please.如果你不愿意听我们的，就请便吧。(2)“be going to动词原形”表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事；表示根据某种迹象认为最近或将来要发生的事。I am going to write to Henry this evening.我今天晚上打算给亨利写封信。It looks as if it is going to rain.天看上去像是要下雨了。(3)“be to动词原形”表示预先安排好的计划或约定；表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令等；表示注定要发生的事情。I am to meet Mr. Brown at eleven oclock this morning.我要在今天上午11点见布朗先生。We are to take care of all these children.我们必须照顾所有的这些孩子。(4)“be about to动词原形”表示“正要做某事，即将要做某事”，此结构不可与表示具体的将来时间的副词或副词性短语连用，而经常与when引导的从句连用。The meeting is about to begin.会议就要开始了。4.过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。He said that he would wait for us at the station.他说他将在车站等我们。She told her mother that she was going to a dance with Tom.她告诉母亲，她要同汤姆一起去参加一个舞会。1.现在进行时(1)现在进行时主要用来表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。Ill go to the library as soon as I finish what I am doing.(2011辽宁卷)我一做完手头上的活就去图书馆。(2)有些动词的现在进行时可以表示预计即将发生的动作：go, e, leave, arrive, return, begin, do, die, lose等。“The moment is ing soon，” he thought to himself, waiting nervously.他紧张地等待着，心里想：“这一时刻很快就会来临的。”(3)常与always, forever, constantly, continually, all the time等时间副词连用，表示反复发生的或习惯性的动作，常表示不满、抱怨或赞赏等情感。She is always finding fault with others.她总是挑别人的毛病。2.过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。Did you catch what I said?Sorry. I was answering a text message just now.你听懂我的话了吗？很抱歉，刚才我在回短信。(2)表示某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No, I was doing my homework all day yesterday.你读完简爱这本书了吗？没有，昨天我一整天都在写作业。(3)表示某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中的持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.那位记者说，当他看到时，不明飞行物正在自东向西飞行。3.现在完成进行时(1)表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作。The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.经理自从上午九点起一直在告诉工人们如何改进项目。(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.你刚才去了哪里？我们一直在到处找你。4.将来进行时将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow等。Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon?Im sorry, but by then I will be flying to Beijing. How about five?今天下午两点能给你回电话吗？不好意思，那时我正飞往北京，五点怎么样？1.现在完成时(1)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与up to now, so far, already, yet, now, recently, in the past few years, just等表示时间的词以及since引导的状语从句连用。His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一本小说自从上个月出版之后就受到好评。(2)表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa.Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it.瞧，已经有人打扫了沙发。嗯，不是我，我没做过那件事。(3)用于时间、条件、让步状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。When shall we restart our business?Not until we have finished our plan.什么时候我们重新开始我们的事业？直到我们已完成我们的计划。I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.除非我亲眼看到，否则我不会相信你的。(4)常用于以下固定句式中：在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third.timethat从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.这是我们全家第一次到电影院看电影。在“It (This) is the adj.最高级名词that从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.这是我到这个学校以来听过的最有教育意义的演讲。2.过去完成时(1)表示过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。常与by, by the end of, by the time, before, since, until等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句连用。By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。(2)过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去。常与for, since等构成的时间状语连用。By the end of last month he had worked in Shanghai for twenty years.到上个月月底他已经在上海工作了整整二十年。(3)某些动词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算”。这类动词主要有：expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。I had planned to travel, but my daughter got sick.我本计划去旅行，但我的女儿突然生病了。(4)常用于以下固定句式中：hardly/scarcely.when.; no sooner.than.中，主句常用过去完成时。Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。It was/had been一段时间since从句。since从句中谓语用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们10年没这么高兴了。That/It was the first/second. timethat从句。that从句谓语要用过去完成时。It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。3.将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。常用的时间状语为“by将来的某个时间”。We shall have fulfilled the task by the end of this week.我们在本周末将完成这项任务。英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。1.被动语态的构成时态谓语构成一般现在时am/is/are done一般过去时was/were done一般将来时shall/will be done现在进行时am/is/are being done过去进行时was/were being done过去将来时should/would be done现在完成时has/have been done过去完成时had been doneIs honesty the best policy? We are taught that it is when we are little.诚实是最好的原则吗？我们小时候被教的是肯定的回答。In the last few years thousands of films have been produced all over the world.过去几年中全世界有数千部影片被制作出来。名师点津动词短语变为被动语态时，要注意动词短语的完整性，动词后面的介词或副词不可遗漏。They sent for the doctor immediately.The doctor was sent for immediately.他们立即派人去请医生。2.“get过去分词”表示被动Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I get paid on Friday.妈妈，我想知道你能不能借给我几美元，让我能用到星期五发工资的时候。3.主动形式表被动意义(1)连系动词(如look, sound，smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动形式表示被动含义，它们没有被动语态形式。The building looks very beautiful.这座建筑看上去很美。(2)当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性、特征或所处状态时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。The door wont shut.这门关不上。(3)某些“be形容词to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语，按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式，但习惯上却要用主动形式表示被动含义。这类形容词常见的有convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant等。The book is difficult to understand.这本书很难读懂。(4)不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。I want something to drink.我想喝点东西。名师点津(1)在be worth doing, need/want/require doing(to be done)结构中，其后的动词是以主动的形式表示被动意义。The tree wants watering.这棵树需要浇水了。(2)若不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，则不定式就需要用被动式。I have something to type.我有些东西要打(字)。Do you have a letter to be sent?你有信要我去帮你寄吗？解 题 策 略1.利用试题中提供的时间状语确定时态时态往往和一些特定的时间状语连用。如：every., sometimes, at.，on Sunday等常和一般现在时连用；.ago，the other day，in 2006, last week, just now等常和一般过去时连用；now，at present，at this time等常和现在进行时连用；tomorrow，next week，in时间段等常和一般将来时连用；by the end of last week，before I went there等常标志着要用过去完成时。同时要注意，像副词always, forever, constantly等常与进行时连用，表示说话者的赞扬、批评、生气等语气。Why do you know the pany so well?Oh，I _ there for three years.A.worked B.would workC.had worked D.was working答案A有些考生认为“for three years”是完成时的标志，于是误选C。其实，过去完成时表示过去某个时间点之前的情况，显然与语境不符，因此正确答案为A。2.利用上下文语境推测时态很多试题中没有时间状语，但是我们可以从试题所提供的语言环境或上下文来推测出动作发生的时间或从双方的交谈中“捕捉”到时间点，这就要求学生要有宏观把握句子和分析句子的能力。Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No.I _ the book，so I already knew the story.A.was reading B.had readC.am reading D.have read答案B句意：你对这部电影的结局惊讶吗？不，我已经读过这本书，早知道结局了。从上下文句意看，读故事在看影之前，应用过去完成时。3.利用时态的呼应来把握时态若主句是一般过去时，宾语从句的时态常用与过去相关的时态(表客观事实、科学真理的从句总用一般现在时)；若主句是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态不受主句的限制，可根据需要选用时态。在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，若主句为一般将来时，从句往往用一般现在时表将来，或主句为过去时，则从句也用相对应的过去时。If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring，you _ fresh watermelon in the fall.A.eat B.would eatC.have eaten D.will be eating答案D句意：如果你春天播下西瓜种子，那么秋天就会吃上新鲜的西瓜了。因为从句用了一般现在时代替将来时，那么主句就要用一般将来时。因in the fall在此句中意为“在秋天”，相当于during the fall，强调了完整的时间段，故用will be eating将来进行时，表示在未来一段时间内一直进行的动作或存在的状态。4.固定搭配法判断语态英语中有许多固定短语，如make use of, pay attention to, find fault with, take care of, take advantage of, keep pace with等，在试题中，常把短语中的名词拿出来作句子的主语，剩下的动词作谓语动词，如果能够看出它们构成固定的动词短语，则问题迎刃而解。The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _.A.is made B.would makeC.was to be made D.had made答案C句意：在澳大利亚发现黄金这件事情使成千上万的人相信要发财了。thousands在此处指代成千上万的人，由led的时态可知A项不符合句意；而had made为过去完成时，发生在led动作之前，不符合语境；would make应该为would be made；故只有was to be made正确。5.用习惯表达法确定语态在英语中有一些习惯表达，它们往往用主动形式表被动意义，如need/want/require/deserve doing need/want/require/deserve to be done，be worth doing.等，在平时的学习中，要注意归纳和总结。Would you please make up a topic worth _ in tomorrows conference?A.discussing B.to be discussedC.to discussed D.being discussed答案Aworth作后置定语，修饰the topic；worth后常用doing，用主动形式表被动意义。针 对 训 练1.Jack _ in the lab when the power cut occurred.(2016北京卷)A.works B.has workedC.was working D.would work答案C句意：杰克正在实验室里工作这时突然停电了。此题考查句型be doing.when.结构，故选C。2.Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for?The new Star Wars.We _ here for more than two hours.(2016北京卷)A.waited B.waitC.would be waiting D.have been waiting答案D句意：请问，你们在等哪场电影？最新的星际大战，我们在这儿已经等了两个小时了。由句中时间状语for more than two hours 可知，动作从过去延续到现在，并对现在产生直接影响，且动作还可能延续，故用现在完成进行时。3.I _ half of the English novel，and Ill try to finish it at the weekend.(2016北京卷)A.read B.have readC.am reading D.will read答案B句意：我已经读完这本英文小说的一半了，我会争取在周末读完。前一分句表示到现在已经完成的动作，故用现在完成时。4.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _ with success in the end.(2016北京卷)A.rewarded B.were rewardedC.will reward D.will be rewarded答案D句意：学生们一直努力学习他们的功课，他们的努力终将得到成功的回报。由句意可知，reward这一动作发生在have been working之后，故用将来时态，efforts和reward之间为被动关系，所以用一般将来时的被动语态。故选D。5.The real reason why prices _，and still are，too high is plex，and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.(2015江苏卷)A.were B.will beC.have been D.had been答案A句意：物价过去很高，现在依然居高不下，其真正原因是复杂的，不是两三句话能圆满解释的。根据空格后面的and still are(而且现在仍然是)判断，前面是指物价过去的情况，应用一般过去时，故选A。6.As you go through this book，you_ that each of the millions of people who lived through World War had a different experience.(2015湖南卷)A.will find B.foundC.had found D.have found答案A句意：当你读这本书时，你就会发现那些经历过第二次世界大战的数百万人中的每一个人都有不同的经历。句中as引导的是时间状语从句，从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时，所以主句需用一般将来时。7.I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy，but _ thankfully by the shop window.(2015湖南卷)A.am held back B.held backC.hold back D.was held back答案D句意：我有一种强烈的欲望，想伸手进去拿那个玩具玩，但幸亏我被商店橱窗阻挡了。句子的主语I与hold back之间是被动关系，需用被动语态；再根据句中的had可知用一般过去时，故选D。8.I wasnt able to hide my eagerness when I _，“What do you wish me to do now？”(2015湖南卷)A.ask B.have askedC.am asking D.asked答案D句意：当我问到“你希望我现在做什么？”时，我无法掩饰自己急切的心情。句中的wasnt暗示空格处需用跟过去有关的时态，故选D。9.Always _ in mind that your main task is to get this pany running smoothly.(2015湖南卷)A.to keep B.to have keptC.keep D.have kept答案C句意：一直要记住：你的主要任务是使这家公司运转顺利。祈使句一般以动词原形开头，故用keep。keep in mind记住，是固定搭配。10.I think that conflict is unlikely to happen，but if it _，the interest of both China and the U.S.would be severely damaged.A.would occur B.had occuredC.were to occur D.occurs答案C句意：我认为冲突不可能发生，但是如果发生的话，中美两国的利益将会受到严重损害。根据句意及主句中的would可知从句是与将来事实相反的假设，故可用were to occur，occurred或should occur。11.How amazing! I saw you appearing on the five oclock news.Oh that! The headmaster _ and I happened to pass by in front of the camera.A.was interviewed B.was being interviewedC.had been interviewed D.was interviewing答案B句意：真是太令人惊奇了！我看见你出现在五点钟的新闻里。哦，你说那个啊！校长当时正在接受采访，而我恰好从摄像机前经过。分析语境可知，两人之间讲的是过去的事情。根据句意可知，“我”恰好从摄像机前经过时校长正在接受采访，故本题的时态为过去进行时。主语The headmaster与谓语动词interview之间为被动关系，故was being interviewed符合题意。12.“But for the fact that you _here for 3 years，I_in this key high school now，facing its endless homework and exams！” the poor girl cried to her helpless father.A.studied；wouldnt have studiedB.studied；wouldnt be studyingC.had studied；wouldnt have studiedD.had studied；wouldnt be studying答案B句意：这个可怜的女孩哭着对她无助的父亲说：“要不是你在这里学习过三年这个事实，我现在就不会在这所重点高中就读，面对着无尽的家庭作业和考试！”根据句意可知，女孩的父亲在这所重点高中学习为发生在过去的事实，故第一空应为一般过去时，即studied。根据but for以及句意可知，女孩现在不在这所重点高中就读为对事实的假设，故第二空应为虚拟语气。结合时间状语now以及句意可知wouldnt be studying符合题意。
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