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专题03 代词【2019年高考考纲解读】在句中用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。近3年来，高考重点考查不定代词，所考题量占所考代词总量的50%左右，其次是it的用法和替代词。试题的设计注重语境设置，要求考生将句子意思和句子结构联系起来选出正确的代词。因此，做题时要在熟练掌握各类代词基本用法的基础上，特别注意句意和句子结构的结合，只靠死背语法是很难奏效的。【重点知识梳理】一：both，all，either，each，every，neither，none的用法1both，either，neither用于两者。both意为“两者都”；either意为“两者中的任何一个”；neither意为“两者中的任何一个都不”。如：Both the boys are clever.两个男孩每个都很聪明。Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都很聪明。Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。2all，none，each，every用于多者。all意为“全部都”，指可数的东西时为复数，指不可数的东西时为单数；none意为“全都不，任何一个都不”，指可数的东西时可为单数或复数，指不可数的东西时为单数；each和every意为“每一个”，为单数，两者都能作定语用，但each还可作主语、宾语和同位语。All of the students are there.All (of) the milk is there.Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。Each student may have an edictionary./Each of the students has an edictionary./The students each have an edictionary.每个学生都可有一本电子词典。二：some和any的用法1表示“一些”时，some常用于肯定句；any常用于否定、疑问或条件句中。如：If you have any questions, please ask me.2在疑问句中可用some，表示希望得到对方肯定的回答。如：Would you like some coffee?3some可接单数名词表示“某一个”；any可接单数名词表示“任何一个”。如：I remember having read this article in some magazine.Here are three novels.You may read any.三：复合不定代词的用法由some，any，no，every加上body，one，thing构成的不定代词，叫复合不定代词。1some构成的不定代词一般用于肯定句，意为“某人或某物，重要的人或事”。如：Somebody is waiting outside.I have something for you.She thinks shes something since she won the prize.获奖之后，她觉得自己了不起了。2any构成的不定代词一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中，意为“随便某个人或物，无论什么人或物，什么人或物都可以”。如：Does anybody else want to go?There isnt anything in the box.If anyone wants to go on the trip, register here please!有时也用于肯定句中表示“任何人或物”。如：Anybody can work out that simple maths problem.You can take anything you like.3no构成的不定代词意为“没什么人或物”。如：I know nothing about it.There is nobody here.4every构成的不定代词意为“一切人或物，每个人或物”。everything还可表示“最重要的人或物”。如：Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.She does everything to help her mother.Her son is everything to her.对她来说儿子就是一切。四：the other，other，another，others，the others的区别the other/otherthe other可单独使用，特指两个人或物中的“另一个”；也可修饰名词表示“另外的”。other不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义another可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few复数名词”形式，表示“另外的(多少)”others/the othersothers只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the othersHe is willing to help others/other people.Twenty of the students in our class have been to Beijing. The other students/The others have not.Some of us like football, and others are fond of basketball.We need another five chairs/five more chairs.五：none，no one，nobody，nothing的区别none既可指人，也可指物；侧重数量，通常指三者或三者以上的人或物；后可接of短语；作主语时谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数；常用来回答由how many/much引导的疑问句How much money do you have?None.no one/nobody只能指人；是泛指概念，常用来回答由who引导的疑问句；不与of短语连用；作主语时，谓语动词用单数Who is in the room?Nobody./No one.nothing只能指物，且表泛指概念；常用来回答由what引导的疑问句What are you doing now?Nothing.考点六：替代词的用法和区别it替代前面提到过的同一个人或者物Have you found your pen?No, I havent found it.one/onesone用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an单数名词。其复数形式为onesI think this book is better than the one I read last time.These shoes are not good enough. Show me some better ones.that/thosethat用来替代前面出现的同类的名词，是同类替代，但并非同一个，可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the onesThe weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter.考点七：it的用法1it可用于无人称句，表示自然现象、季节、时间、距离、环境等。如：It is getting warmer and warmer.It was already ten oclock when he arrived home.Its ten minutes walk from here to our school.Its very quiet at the moment.2it可代替不定式、动名词或从句作形式主语或形式宾语。如：Its important for us to learn a second language.We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.3熟记下列有关it的固定句型make it；get it；keep it up；see to it that；put it【题型示例】题型一 语法填空例1(2018全国)Running is cheap，easy and.If you are time poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports，so perhaps we should all give a try.答案it/running【变式探究】(2018全国)When the gorillas and I frightened each other，I was just glad to find (they) alive.答案them解析分析句子结构可知，此处要用代词作find的宾语，故要用人称代词的宾格。they的宾格为them。【变式探究】(2018浙江)Many westerners who e to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap can be to eat out.答案it解析句子为感叹句，正常语序应该是it can be how cheap to eat out，其中不定式to eat out是真正的主语，it是形式主语。故填it。 【变式探究】（2017江苏）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of_purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A.which B.its C.whose D.whom 【答案】C【解析】关系代词whose引导定语从句并且在定语从句中作purpose的定语。which,whom在定语从句中不能作定语，its不能引导定语从句，故选C。 【变式探究】(2017江苏卷) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C 【变式探究】 (2017江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句。先行词the World Food Programme在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选C项。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。【变式探究】（2017江苏） In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of_purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A.which B.its C.whose D.whom 【答案】C【解析】关系代词whose引导定语从句并且在定语从句中作purpose的定语。which, whom在定语从句中不能作定语，its不能引导定语从句，故选C。题型二、 单句改错例2(2018全国)As a kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watch them，my parents would not let me.They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.答案usme解析根据行文逻辑可知，此处说的是“我”的事情，所以用对应的宾格代词me作介词to的宾语。【变式探究】(2017全国)This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.答案yourmy解析根据行文逻辑可知，此处是以作者的口吻写的“我的高中时光”，故应把your改为my。【变式探究】(2016新课标)My uncle says that he never dreams of being rich in a short period of time.Instead，he hopes that our business will grow steadily.【变式探究】(2016新课标)If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.【解析】yourour句意：如果我们出国旅游，我们就能拓宽视野并学到书本上学不到的知识。此处应该使用our与本句的主语we在人称上保持一致。【变式探究】(2016新课标)It does not cost many，yet we can still learn a lot.【解析】manymuch句意：那样花费不多，而我们仍然可以学到很多。此处代词much指代不可数名词much money，作为动词cost的宾语，而many通常指代可数名词复数。【变式探究】(2016新课标)I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.However，my parents didnt seem to think such.【解析】suchso句意：然而，我的父母看起来不那样认为。so作指示代词时，可以代替前面的could make decisions by myself，such不能指代前面的内容。【变式探究】(2016新课标)At first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.【解析】yourselfmyself句意：起初，我认为我知道一切，并且能够独自做决定。句子的主语是I，因此反身代词用myself。【变式探究】(2016新课标)At last，I will be on my own，but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.【解析】need前加I句意：但我还是想无论什么时候我需要帮助，都有父母可以让我求助。此处是让步状语从句，句子缺少主语，由前面的语境可知主语用I。【变式探究】(2016四川)When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in her hand.【解析】herhis句意：当他回来时，我发现他手里有一束花。根据句意可知应用his。
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