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Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars一、刷黑板.阅读词汇(英译汉)第一屏听写1astronomy n天文学2astronomer n. 天文学家3solar adj. 太阳的；日光的4billion pron.&n.& adj. 英万亿；美十亿5carbon n. 碳6dissolve vt.& vi. 溶解；解散7acid n. 酸 第二屏听写8mammal n哺乳动物9dioxide n. 二氧化物10extinct adj. 灭绝的；绝种的11lessen vi.& vt. 减少；减轻12weightlessly adv. 失重地13solar system 太阳系14carbon dioxide 二氧化碳_ 第三屏听写.高频词汇(汉译英)1system n系统；体系；制度2religion n. 宗教；宗教信仰3theory n. 学说；理论4violent adj. 猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的5atmosphere n. 大气层；气氛6unlike prep. 与不同；不像7fundamental adj. 基本的；基础的 第四屏听写8presence n出席；到场；存在9harmful adj. 有害的10chain n. 链子；连锁；锁链11reaction n. 反应；回应12multiply vi.& vt. 乘；增加13oxygen n. 氧14exist vi. 存在；生存15thus adv. 因此；于是 第五屏听写16puzzle n谜；难题vt.& vi. (使)迷惑；(使)为难17biology n. 生物学18biologist n. 生物学家19gravity n. 万有引力；重力20satellite n. 卫星；人造卫星21gentle adj. 温和的；文雅的 第六屏听写22physicist n物理学家23climate n. 气候24crash vi.& vt. 碰撞；坠落25spaceship n. 宇宙飞船26pull n& vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力27float vi.& vt. (使)浮动；(使)漂浮n. 漂浮物 第七屏听写28globe n球体；地球仪；地球29exhaust vt. 用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽30in_time 及时；终于31lay_eggs 下蛋32give_birth_to 产生；分娩33in_ones_turn 轮到某人34prevent_._from 阻止；制止 第八屏听写35block_out挡住(光线)36cheer_up 感到高兴；感到振奋37now_that 既然38break_out 突发；爆发39watch_out_for 密切注意；当心；提防40get_the_hang_of 熟悉；掌握；理解 二、刷清单(一)核心单词阅读单词1.astronomy n天文学2astronomer n. 天文学家3solar adj. 太阳的；日光的4billion pron.&n.& adj. 英万亿；美十亿5.carbon n碳6dissolve vt.& vi. 溶解；解散7acid n. 酸8mammal n. 哺乳动物9.dioxide n二氧化物10extinct adj. 灭绝的；绝种的11lessen vi.& vt. 减少；减轻12weightlessly adv. 失重地表达单词1.system n系统；体系；制度2unlike prep. 与不同；不像3fundamental adj. 基本的；基础的4multiply vi.&vt. 乘；增加5gentle adj. 温和的；文雅的6crash vi.&vt. 碰撞；坠落7pull n&vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力8float vi.&vt. (使)浮动；(使)漂浮n. 漂浮物语境活用1A truck went out of control and crashed (碰撞) into the back of a bus.2Some experts think reading is the fundamental (基本的) skill upon which school education depends. 3Those anxious for reform say that the present system (系统) is too narrow.4He found something floating (漂浮) on the lake，which frightened him.5If you multiply (乘) two and three, you will get six.拓展单词1.religion n宗教；宗教信仰religious adj.宗教的2theory n学说；理论theoretical adj.理论的；理论性的3violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的violence n暴力violently adv.猛烈地；激烈地4harmful adj.有害的harm n&v.伤害；危害harmless adj.无害的5exist vi.存在；生存existence n存在；生存6puzzle vi.&vt.(使)迷惑；(使)为难n.谜；难题puzzled adj.迷惑不解的；困惑的puzzling adj.令人迷惑的7globe n球体；地球仪；地球global adj.全球性的；全世界的语境活用1There was a puzzled look on the little girls face because a puzzling problem puzzled her.(puzzle)2Do you believe the existence of ghosts? Perhaps they only exist in the minds of some people.(exist)3Last night we had a discussion, which became more and more violent. Finally we reached an agreement that we will never use violence whatever happens.(violent)4The harmful materials became harmless to the environment after being dealt with.(harm)5He often says that he doesnt believe in any religion but meanwhile he respects others religious freedom. (religion)(二)常用短语写准记牢语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)1.in_time及时；终于2lay_eggs 下蛋3give_birth_to 产生；分娩4in_ones_turn 轮到某人；接着5watch_out_for 密切注意；当心；提防6cheer_up 感到高兴；感到振奋7depend_on 依靠；取决于8break_out 突发；爆发9prevent_._from 阻止；制止10block_out 挡住(光线)11get_the_hang_of 熟悉；掌握；理解12now_that 既然1.Last night, Mrs. Green had a heart attack. But luckily, the doctor came in_time to save her life.2Do remember to watch_out_for cars while crossing the street.3At last the firefighters put out the fire in the supermarket, which broke_out at ten this morning.4When the professor turned up, all the students cheered_up.5Class Three should be responsible for raising the red flag this week in_its_turn.6Only by practising time and time again can you get_the_hang_of the grammar rules.7She married at 25 and gave_birth_to her first child shortly after.(三)经典句式原句背诵句式解构佳句仿写1.This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。makeitadj./n.for sb. to do。掌握此项技术可能会让我们更加有效地利用网络。Mastering the technology makes_it_possible_for_us_to_use_the_Internet_more_effectively.2.But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远，因而我摔倒了。 倍数表达法：倍数asadj./adv.原级as其他。在2016年里约奥运会期间，里约的汽车的数量是我们预料的三倍。There were three_times_as_many_cars_as we expected during the 2016 Rio Olympic Games in Rio.3.“Oh, dear，” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”“天哪，”我大声说，“(既然)重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”now that “既然；由于”，引导原因状语从句，有时that可以省略。既然海伦理解了语言之谜，她非常渴望学习更多的词语并且尽可能多地使用它们。Now_that_Helen_understood_the_key_to_language,_she was very eager to learn more and use it as much as she could.4.We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased. 我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。形容词作状语，说明主语的情况。当轮到他发表演讲时，他走到了麦克风前，紧张而尴尬。When it was his turn to deliver his speech, he walked towards the microphone, nervous_and_embarrassed.(四)初中考点再回顾高频考查类记熟文化差异类辨清易忘易错类勤览1.have_parttime_jobs有兼职工作2have_meaning_to 对有意义3have a surprise party举行一个惊喜派对4have conversation with friends 与朋友对话5have fun doing 做很愉快6have . in mon 有相同特征1.the_largest_population 人口最多2two_hours_later 两个小时之后3even better 更好4a couple of 少数5check out 察看；观察6have a good knowledge of 通晓；精通1.cartoon characters卡通人物2wooden chopsticks 木质筷子3The bell rang loudly. 铃声大作。4It is fun to do做是有趣的5hold ones hand 握住某人的手6shake hands with sb. 和某人握手一、过重点单词1harmful adj.有害的教材原句What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。(1)be harmful to对有害harmless adj. 无害的(2)cause/do harm to . 对造成伤害/有害mean no harm 无恶意there is no harm in doing sth. 做某事没有害处多角练透单句语法填空Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the puter, which is very harmful (harm) to their health.If you want to solve the problem in this way, there is no harm in calling him.单句写作这些天，违反交通规则和乱扔垃圾的现象很常见，对生活和环境造成了严重的破坏。(2013安徽高考书面表达)These days, breaking traffic rules and littering are not unmon, causing/doing_serious _harm_to_life and the environment.2exist vi.存在；生存教材原句They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.它们也下蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。(1)exist in存在于之中exist on 靠为生There exists . 某地有；存在(2)existence n. 存在；生存e into existence 产生；成立；开始存在(3)existing adj. 现存的；现行的多角练透单句语法填空No one knows when such a custom first came into existence (exist)He finds it hard to exist on the money hes earning.There existed an obvious conflict between the accounts of the witnesses, so a judgment was not announced in court.单句写作在我们学校，自行车的存放是一个长久以来就存在的问题。(2014北京高考写作)The parking place for bikes was_an_existing_problem_for_a_long_time in our school.名师指津exist是不及物动词，没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态。3puzzle vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难n.谜；难题；(游戏的)猜谜教材原句How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.地球上生命如何起源是科学家们觉得很难解决的最大的难题之一。(1)puzzle about/over冥思苦想；苦苦思索(2)a puzzle to sb. 一件让某人感到困惑的事情(3)puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的；困惑的be puzzled about 对迷惑不解题点全练单句语法填空The police are still puzzling about/over how the accident could have happened.Where the missing plane has gone still remains a puzzle to us.When the little girl was asked such a puzzling (puzzle) question, she stood there with a surprised look on her face.This morning, when I was walking on the street, I saw that two travelers were reading a map, looking puzzled (puzzle)名师指津过去分词形式的形容词，如puzzled, confused, frightened, excited, surprised等，除了可以用来描述人的心理活动以外，还可以用来修饰与人有关的一些名词，如look, voice, smile, expression, face等。.单句语法填空1Her puzzled (puzzle) look on her face suggested she didnt understand what I said.2There were many fish floating (float) in the river because of the serious pollution.3As is known to us, the Peoples Republic of China came into existence as an independent country in 1949.4Not all people are aware of the various effects of global (globe) warming on Earth.5It is wrong to see violence (violent) as the only way to solve problems.6When I was young, I didnt know much about the harmful (harm) effects of smoking.单句改错1She has got into the bad habit of reading in the bed, which is harmful for her eyes. forto2Even though he is a little boy, strange ideas always exists in his mind.existsexist3It is a puzzle for me why he wants to change his job. forto4The driver lost control of the car on the slippery road and had crashed into a truck.去掉had5The breeze of the south es gentle. The noisy parrot sleeps in its cage.gentlegently.根据提示词补全句子1众所周知，过量喝酒对你的身体有害。(harmful)What is known to us is that drinking too much is_harmful_to_your_health.2他相信和中国建立更加良好的关系对这一地区的繁荣发展至关重要。(fundamental)He believes better relations with China are_fundamental_to the wellbeing of the area.3这个地区的建筑物是否需要拆毁还存在争议，人们仍旧在寻找着其他可能的解决方法。(pull)Whether the buildings in this area should_be_pulled_down has remained controversial; people are still looking for other possible solutions.4幸运的是，有一些现成的关键原则你可以遵循。(exist)Fortunately, there_exist some key principles you can follow.二、过短语、句式1in time及时；终于高考佳句As a proverb goes, “Where theres a will, theres a way.” Our efforts will pay off in time.(2014山东高考写作)正如一句谚语所说，“有志者，事竟成”，我们的努力迟早会有所回报。(1)in time for .刚好赶上in time to do sth. 及时做某事(2)in no time 立刻；马上at no time 决不(放在句首时，句子用部分倒装)at a time 每次；一次at one time 曾经；一度at the same time 同时at times 有时；偶尔from time to time 有时；偶尔(3)take ones time 别着急；慢慢来kill time 消磨时间多角练透单句语法填空The car came to a halt just in time to_prevent (prevent) an accident.All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to be received in time for Christmas.补全句子Many people are at the same start, but seldom do they arrive at the ending point at_the_same_time.许多人起点相同，但他们很少同时到达终点。At no time did_they_actually_break_the_rules_of_the_game. It was unfair to punish them.他们实际并未违反比赛规则，惩罚他们是不公平的。2in ones turn轮到某人；接着教材原句Thus they have, in their turn, bee the most important animals on the planet.于是，他们接着成了这个行星上最重要的动物。in turn依次；轮流；反之；相应地by turns 轮流；交替地take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事It is ones turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事It turns/turned out that . 结果多角练透单句语法填空They had to take turns to_look (look) after the patients.Now that we have finished designing, the pany, in its turn, should do the constructing work.I think its my turn to_drive (drive) the kids to school this week.补全句子People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, and this in_turn_creates_more_problems.人们使用自己的小汽车避免公共交通延误，反过来，这将造成更多的问题。3cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋；(使)高兴；(使)振奋教材原句I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth bee smaller and the moon larger.我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月球越来越大。(1)cheer sb. up使某人振作起来cheer sb. on (比赛中)为某人喝彩；为某人加油(2)Cheers! 口语(用于祝酒)干杯！题点全练补全句子When Im feeling sad, my mother tells me funny stories to_cheer_me_up.当我感到忧伤时，母亲就给我讲有趣的故事哄我高兴。They gathered round the swimming pool and cheered_her_on.他们聚集在游泳池边为她加油。This is just for you. Cheers!这是特意为你调制的。干杯！名师指津cheer up既可以用作及物动词短语，也可用作不及物动词短语。4make itadj./n.for sb. to doThis produced a chain reaction, which made_it_possible_for_life_to_develop.这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。句型make itadj./n.for sb. to do，其中it作形式宾语，而真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。(1)makeitadj./n.that从句makeitadj./n.to do不定式makeitno good/no use/no value .doing sth.(2)常用于这种句型的动词还有：think, consider, find, feel等To make it easier to_get (get) in touch with us, youd better keep this card at hand.(2016北京高考单选)为了更便于联系我们，你最好将这张卡片放在身边。Susan made_it_clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.苏珊清楚地跟我表明她希望为自己创造新的生活。I consider it_no_use quarrelling with him about it.我认为就这件事情和他争吵是没有用的。5倍数表达法But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over.但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远，因而我摔倒了。英语中常见的倍数表达法有：(1)Abe倍数asadj./adv.原级as B(2)Abe倍数adj./adv.比较级than B(3)Abe倍数the名词(size/weight/length .)of B(4)A倍数what从句，表示“A是的多少倍”一句多译我的农场已经扩展成了一个大农场，是原来的3倍大。My farm has expanded into a big one, which is three times as_big_as the previous one.My farm has expanded into a big one, which is three times bigger_than the previous one.My farm has expanded into a big one, which is three times the_size_of the previous one.补全句子The population now in this village is five_times_what_it_was ten years ago.现在这个村庄的人口是十年前的五倍。名师指津在表示“两倍”时要用double或twice,三倍或三倍以上用“基数词times”。倍数有时也可以用分数、百分数，half等来替换。.单句语法填空1Look at the pictures and take turns to_tell (tell) the story.2If you want to succeed in the years to_e (e), you must study hard from now on.3It is uncertain whether hell succeed in passing the driving test or not.4Sometimes he found it very hard to fall asleep at night, so he went to see the doctor.5Now that the weather is fine, lets go for a picnic.6I had meant to call you, but was prevented from doing so.7Therefore, I couldnt spare enough time to write you back in time. 8He failed the exam and I didnt know how to cheer him up.9After several years of practice, I think I will finally get the hang of spoken English.10Depending on their professional knowledge, they quickly put out the fire.单句改错1The sun heats the earth, which makes possible for plants to grow.makes后加it2The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as larger as the present one.largerlarge3Youll succeed on time because you are always working hard.onin4Cheering up！Your troubles will soon be over.CheeringCheer5We recognized the possibility and took steps to prevent it happened.happenedhappening6After a fire broke up in the lab, a lot of equipment was destroyed.upout.根据提示词和相关要求补全句子1尽管这并不是像我们期盼的那样好的一本书，但是仍然值得读一读。(as adj.n.as .)Though this is not_as_good_a_book_as_we_expected,_it is still worth reading.2他们是否能够通过沟通达成协议还不清楚。(it作形式主语)Its_not_clear_whether they are able to arrive at an agreement through munication or not.3这些游客们回到宾馆，又累又困。(形容词短语作状语)These travelers returned to the hotel, tired_and_sleepy.4无论他在哪里，早饭前散散步成为他的习惯。(make it n.to do .)No matter where he is, he makes_it_a_rule_to_go_for_a_walk before breakfast.5李明的手机看起来和张华的一样，但价格是他的两倍。(倍数表达法) Li Mings mobile phone looked just the same as Zhang Huas, but it cost_twice_as_much_as his.三、过语法、写作(一)单元小语法主语从句.单句语法填空1It is very important that a student should learn English well.2It surprised him why they came to visit him suddenly.3What has made John look like lacking sleep?That he had to prepare for the ing exam and stayed up last night.4What was most important to her, she told me, was her family.5It remains to be seen whether this plan is practical enough to keep the project going.6It made Kates parents excited that Kate entered the final in the tennis match. 7Whoever has helped to save the drowning old man is worth praising.8How the book will sell depends on its author. And I think itll sell well.9It is none of your business what other people think about you. Believe yourself.10Whether he would like to offer his help or not makes no difference to me.补全句子1毕业后到哪儿找份工作使他很困惑。Where_he_will_get_a_job_after_graduation has puzzled him much.2令在场的每个人感兴趣的是他是怎样设法在森林中活下来的。How_he_managed_to_survive_in_the_forest interested everyone present.3他将要参加会议使我们每一个人都十分激动。That_he_will_attend_the_meeting has excited every one of us.4我们明天是否会举行派对取决于天气。Whether_we_will_hold_a_party_tomorrow depends on the weather.5无论是谁只要违法就应该受到惩罚。Whoever_breaks_the_law should be punished.6已经得到证实，你说的是对的。It_has_been_proved_that what you said is right.(二)课堂微写作练扩写让意蕴更丰满题目要求某中学生英语报正在举办题为“My dream of travelling in space”的征文活动。请你用英语写一篇短文投稿。要点如下： 1.梦想去的星球； 2.理由。请把下面短文扩写成100词左右的文章，向中学生英语报投稿。If I have a chance to travel in space, Id like to go to Mars.I dream of visiting it as I hear that Mars is most like the earth and there could have been life on this planet. Besides, I want to do research on whether it is a planet we humans can live on.I hope I will see many interesting things on Mars.答案示例If_I_have_a_chance_to_travel_in_space,_Id_like_to_go_to_Mars._I_have_always_dreamed_of_visiting_it_ever_since_I_heard_that_Mars_is_most_like_the_earth_and_there_could_have_been_life_on_this_planet._The_more_I_learn_about_it,_the_more_I_became_interested_in_it._Besides,_I_want_to_do_research_on_whether_it_is_a_planet_we_humans_can_live_on._Another_reason_I_want_to_go_there_is_that_Id_like_to_learn_more_about_Mars_and_write_a_book_about_it_in_the_future.I_hope_I_will_see_many_interesting_things_on_Mars.完形填空It was an unforgettable weekend.I had a great time at the _1_.However, after I arrived home, I noticed my owl necklace was _2_.I was so anxious that I _3_ every room in the house, but my efforts were _4_ vain.Then I decided to head back to the beach.My husband thought I was _5_， as the huge beach was nine miles from our home.How could I _6_ one tiny necklace? What if it came off in the ocean? I was _7_ to even consider that as a possibility.I knew I had to try.After searching for several hours at the beach, I _8_ an elderly man with a metal detector (探测器) in his hand.I _9_ up to him and asked whether he had e across a necklace.He opened his hand and showed me his _10_ some coins.He said if he saw my necklace he would _11_ return it to me.I also wanted him to have enough _12_ to mail it so I gave him a $5 bill and told him my name and my address.Then I left.My husband _13_ me and said that he would buy me a new one.But I turned down his nice _14_， as that necklace couldnt be _15_.It was my dad who had found a special way to give me that _16_ necklace.There had been a yard sale in my munity.Among the things that were put on _17_ he found the necklace.Unable to _18_ it, my dad offered to build a bookshelf for the owner as a(n) _19_.Unexpectedly, three days later, I received a package.Inside were a $5 bill and my owl necklace.The moment I saw the necklace, I couldnt help _20_.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述作者在沙滩上把自己的项链丢失了，然后又回到沙滩上找，没有找到，最后被一个老人找到并寄给作者的故事。1A.campusBbeachClibrary Dmuseum解析：选B根据下文的“Then I decided to head back to the beach.”可知，这里应该指的是在沙滩上。2A.broken BstolenClost Ddisappearing解析：选C根据下文作者后来又去沙滩上找项链可知，此处应指项链丢失了，lost“丢失的”，符合文意。3A.searched BcleanedCoccupied Dmeasured解析：选A根据上下文可知，项链丢失了，此处应该是在家里找。search表示“寻找”，符合语境。4A.for BwithCin Dat解析：选C根据下文的“Then I decided to head back to the beach.”可知，在家里没有找到。in vain表示“徒劳，白费功夫”，符合语境。5A.curious BanxiousCcareless Dcrazy解析：选D根据下文的“as the huge beach was nine miles from our home”可知，沙滩很大并且离家那么远，故在作者决定去沙滩寻找项链时，
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