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定语从句一、定语从句定语从句在复合句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词、词组或代词叫做先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词和关系副词）引出。关系代词：who、whom、which、that、whose关系副词：when、where、why关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句2、代替先行词3、在定语从句中担当一个成分二、定语从句的引导词先行词成分关系代词whowhomwhichthatwhose人人物人/物人/物主语、宾语宾语主语、宾语主语、宾语、表语定语关系副词whenwherewhy时间地点原因时间状语、表语地点状语、表语原因状语、表语三、用法1、关系代词引导的定语从句（1）who, whom, that 代替的先行词是指人的名词或代词Is he the man who / that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？注：当引导词在从句中作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数的变化取决于先行词。Is he the man who / that wants to see you?He is the man whom / that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。注：引导词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。He is the man (whom / that) I saw yesterday.（2）which, that 代替的先行词是指事物的名词或代词This is the family which / that is planning to move to the city. 这是正计划要搬进城里的一家。The book which / that I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 我正读的这本书是由托马斯哈迪写的。（3）whose用来指人或物（在从句中只能作定语，若指物，可以和of which互换）They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人的车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose（of which） cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。2、关系代词的特殊用法（1）关系代词指物时, 用that而不用which的情况: 1）先行词为something, anything, nothing, everything以及all, much, little, a lot, none, few 等不定代词时。e. g. My mother was so proud of all that I did. 辨析：My mother was so proud of what I did. （all that = what）2）先行词有the last, the very, the only等修饰时。e. g. This is the very book that Im looking for. 3）先行词为序数词、形容词最高级(或所修饰)时。e. g. This is the most exciting film that Ive ever seen. When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that es to their mind is the West Lake. 4）先行词既有人又有物时, 只能用that。e. g. Do you remember the book and its author that appeared on TV last Sunday. 5）There be 后面的定语从句多用that引导, 不用which。e. g. Theres a seat in the corner that is still free. 6）句子前面出现了who, which 时, 后面的定语从句用that引导。e. g. They built a factory which made some new products that had never been seen before. 7）关系代词在定语从句作表语时, 常用that, 而不用which、who。e. g. My home town is not the small village that it was 10 years ago. Tom isnt the man that he used to be.（2）只用which不用that的情况：1）在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词which, 有时不是修饰某个先行词, 而是指代主句的全部或部分内容 。e. g. Helen often came late, which made the class teacher angry. 2）介词 + which的时候练习（一）请分析一下定语从句：( 请划出定语从句，标出先行词，分析引导词成分) 1. Another thing that I found very difficult was English grammar. 2. You couldnt understand people who talked fast. 3. I have some ideas that may help. 4. They said something you didnt like. 5. Can you think of any problems you have had recently?6. He would always take pride in everything good I do. 7. My friends and I talked about the rules that we have in school. 8. What are some of the rules that a teenager should obey?9. If you know anyone else who collects them, please tell me. 10. Standing very close to the person you are talking with is quite mon in some countries. 11. All I ever wanted to do was traveling. 3、关系副词引导的定语从句when, where, why的含义相当于“介词 + which”，常可互换。（1）when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，相当于at/ on/ in/ during which. The day when I met the famous film star was the greatest day in my life. 见到这位著名歌星的那天是我一生中最重要的日子。The day on which I met the famous film star was the greatest day in my life. （2）where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语，相当于at/ in / to/ which. Beijing is the place where I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Beijing is the place in which I was born. 辨析：Beijing is the place where I was born.Beijing is the place which I have ever visited.（3）why 指原因，在从句中作原因状语，相当于for which. Is this the reason why he refused our help? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？Is this the reason for which he refused our help?辨析：Is this the reason why he refused our help?Is this the reason which he wants to know?随堂练习（一）单项选择 1. Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady _ es from Beijing. A. whoB. whichC. whomD. whose2. He was the only person in his office _ was invited. A. whomB. whoseC. thatD. which3. This is the museum _ we visited last year. A. whereB. in whichC. whichD. in that4. Do you know the student _?A. whom I often talkB. with who I often talkC. I often talk withD. that I often talk5. I like the house _ windows face south.A. whoseB. whosC. itsD. its6. Would you tell me where to get the dictionary _? A. what I needB. I needC. which I need itD. that I need it7. The young woman _ I spoke just now is a young doctor. A. whoB. to whomC. whomD. that 8. Do you know the man _ is talking with your father? Yes, hes our headmaster. A. heB. whoC. whichD. whom 9. This is the best hotel in the city _ I know. A. whereB. whichC. thatD. it10. Can you lend me the dictionary _ the other day?A. that you boughtB. you bought itC. that you bought itD. which you bought it 11. Anyone _with what I said may put up your hands. A. which agreesB. who agreeC. who agreesD. which agree 12. My watch is not the only thing _ is missing. A. thatB. itC. whichD. who13. The man _ coat is black is waiting at the gate. A. whosB. whoseC. thatD. of which. 14. The girl _ is reading under the tree _ my sister. A. which; is B. whom; wasC. who; isD. who; was 15. I love places _ the people are really friendly. A. thatB. which C. whereD. who16. Ive found some pictures of the most interesting places _ you can visit during the winter holidays.A. whereB. whichC. whatD. that17. The letter is from my sister, _ is working in Beijing. A. whichB. thatC. whomD. who 18. In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _ are women. A. themB. whichC. whomD. who 19. Youre the only person _ Ive ever met _ could do it. A. who; /B. /; whomC. whom; /D. /; who20. I lost a book, _ I cant remember now. A. whose titleB. its titleC. the title of itD. the title of that21. Last summer we visited the West Lake, _ Hangzhou is famous in the world.A. for whichB. for thatC. in whichD. what22. He is working hard, _ will make him pass the final exam.A. thatB. whichC. for whichD. who23. I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together.A. when; whichB. which; whenC. what; thatD. on which; when 24. Charlie told his mother all _ had happened. A. thatB. whatC. whichD. who25. Is this the river _ I can swim? A. whichB. in whichC. thatD. the one26. This is the reason _ he didnt e to the meeting.A. in whichB. with whichC. thatD. for which 27. This machine, _ for many years, is still working perfectly. A. after which I have lookedB. which I have looked after C. that I have looked afterD. I have looked after 28. The reason _ he didnt e was _ he was ill.A. why; thatB. that; whyC. for that; thatD. for which; what
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