中国文化概论(英语专业).ppt

中国文化概况 你知道吗 清明节 重阳节 红楼梦 水浒传 中华人民共和国 计划生育政策 炎黄子孙 剪纸 长城 故宫 ChapteroneChineseHistory Highlights ThesocialprogressofancientChina TheWarringStatesperiod QinDynasty HanDynasty TangDynasty SongDynasty MingDynasty andQingDynasty Nuts ThehistoricprogressintheWarringStates thekeymeasuresundertakenbytheFirstEmperorofQinanditssignificance theshapingofChinesenationanditsterritoryinHanperiod theunderlyingreasonsofTang sprosperity thedecayingQing thefoundingofthePeople sRepublic andtheeconomicprogressintheWuregion theYangtzeDelta ChineseHistory Chinesehistorycanbedividedintothreeperiods thelegendaryperiod theancientperiod 2100B C A D1840 themodernperiod 1840 present SpringandAutumnPeriod 春秋 ZhouDynasty 周朝 770B C 476B C 476B C 221B C QinDynasty 秦 221B C 206B C HanDynasty 汉 EsternHan 东汉 206B C 24A D 25 220 ThreeKingdoms 三国 SouthernDynasty 南朝 NorthernDynasty 北朝 SuiDynasty 隋朝 TangDynasty 唐朝 936 946 947 950 Legendaryperiod TheCreationoftheWorld 开天辟地 PanGuHistoryoftheThreeEmperorsandTheirFiveSuccessorswrittenbyXuZhengrecordedthelegendofPangu 盘古 LegendaboutPanGu BeforetheCreation heavenandearthwereinchaos 浑沌 PanGu theCreatorwasborninit Afterabouteighteenthousandyears theheavenbegantobeseparatedfromtheearth Thelight clearandshiningmattersroseupandformedtheheaven whereastheheavyanddarkmatterssankdownandformedtheearth PanGuwasinbetween Withhisheadtouchingtheheavenandhisfeetstandingontheearth hechangedhimselfninetimesoneday holierthanboththeheavenandtheearth Everydaytheheavenrosemorethanthreemetershigher theearthalsothickeneditselfoverthreemetersthicker whilePanGualsogrewoverthreemeterstaller Thiswentonforeighteenthousandsofyearsandtheheavenroseextremelyhigh theearthbecameextremelythick andPanGualsoextremelytallandbig Thentherewerebornthethreeaugust 令人敬畏的 figures Shennong FuxiandHuangdi FuXi 伏羲 Fuxiwasconsideredthefirstrealruler Hetaughtpeoplehowtodevisetools kindle 点燃 fireandcookfood howtodomesticate 驯养 animalsandtendflocks 禽群 HealsodevisedthemysteriousEightTrigrams 八卦 whichwereusedfordivination 占卜 伏羲氏是上古的一位睿智的首领 也是上古的 三皇 之一 他在我国古代医疗的发展过程中起着重要的作用 伏羲氏 姓风氏 传说中 他为人民作了许多有意义的事情 他指导臣民制造工具 结网打鱼 投矛狩猎 也开创了人类历史上通过劳动主动获取食物的新纪元 YandiShennong炎帝神农 Hewasthegodwhoinventedfarmingandwasthefirsttouseherbs 药草 formedicaluse Accordingtothelegends YandiShennonghadawonderfulwhip Bylashingvariouskindsofherbs itcoulddistinguishwhethertheywerepoisonousornot andwhateffecttheymightproduce Withthiswhip hecureddiseaseswithherbsasmedicine YandiShennong炎帝神农 Itissaid onceYandidividedhistribeintoseveralgroupsandledthemtomigrateeastwardandfightagainstHuangdi buthewasdefeated ThenheturnedtoHuangdiandformedaunionwithhim AftertheydefeatedChiyou thelegendarychiefofatribe theylivedandmultipliedinthemiddleandlowervalleysoftheYellowRiverformanyyears TheunitedtribebyYandiandHuangdi thetwoaugustfiguresoftheearliesthistoryofChina formedthemaintrunkoftheHuaxianationality 华夏民族 whichchangeditselfintoHannationalityinthelatertimes sothelatergenerationofChinesenationalityiscalledthe descendantsofYandiandHuangdi 炎黄子孙 Huangdi黄帝 Huangdi whosefamilynamebeingJi literarynameXuanYuan thefamouschiefofaunitedtribelivinginthemiddleandlowervalleyoftheYellowRiverabout4000yearsago hasbeenworshippedasthecommonancestorofChinesenationalities Heinventedthewheelandcartsdrawnbyoxenanddiscoveredtheartofmakingpottery Heimprovedcommunicationbybuildingroads bridgesandships Underhisadministration preciousstones goldandcopperwereintroducedtoserveasmoney FiveAugustEmperors FiveAugustEmperorsinthelegendaryperiodare Huangdi 黄帝 Zhuanxu 颛顼 Ku 帝喾 Yao 尧 Shun 舜 史记 五帝本纪 礼记 和 春秋国语 说法 AncientPeriod AncientPeriod2100B C A D1840 1 XiaDynasty夏朝 2100 1600B C 1 TheXiaDynastyisthefirstdynastytobedescribedinChinesehistoricalrecords Traditionally itissupposedtohavebegunwiththereignofYu 禹 andendedwiththefallofJie 桀 2 TheXiaDynastymarkedanevolutionarystagebetweenthelateNeolithic 新石器时代 culturesandthetypicalChineseurbancivilizationoftheShangDynasty 3 Anditwasinthisperiodthattheinstitutionofslaverybegandeveloping HowYu theGreat ConqueredtheFlood DigditchesinsteadofbuildingdamsThricehehadgonepasthisownhousewithoutevenlookingin 大禹治水 AncientPeriod2100B C A D1840 2 ShangDynasty商朝 1600 1100B C 1 ShangDynastyfoundedbyShangTang lastedover500years 2 Shang scivilizationwasbasedonagriculture huntingandanimalhusbandry 饲养 3 DuringtheShangDynasty thetechnologyofsmeltingbronze 青铜 wasinventedandsomeirontoolswereknowntobeinusealready 4 TheShangDynastyhastheearliestrecordedwrittenhistory becauseawritingsystemwasdeveloped asrevealedontortoiseshellsandflatcattlebones ThecurrentChineselanguagehasdevelopedfromtheinscriptionsontheoraclebones 甲骨文 AncientPeriod2100B C A D1840 3 ZhouDynasty周朝 1046 256B C 1 TheZhouDynastylastedforover800years includingWesternZhou EasternZhou EasternZhouwasdividedintoSpringandAutumn 770B C 476B C andWarringStatesPeriods 春秋战国 2 InwesternZhou theslaverysocietywasinitsprime andthesystemculture materialcultureandspiritualculturehighlydeveloped Isthereanybodywhoknowsanystoryinthisperiod Forexample howShangcametoitsendorhowZhouestablisheditssovereignty StudentsActivity SpringandAutumn770B C 476B C TheSpringandAutumnPeriodisnamedafter TheSpringandAutumnAnnals 记录 ThehistoryofLurevisedbyConfucius TheSpringandAutumnPeriodisaperiodwhentheslavesocietyintheChinesehistorycametocollapse WhileintheperiodoftheWarringStatesPeriod thefeudalsystem 封建制 wasestablished anditmarkedthefeudalprivateownershipoflandsandbythesystemofcentralization Thisperiodwasfilledwithbattlesandannexation 合并 ofsome170smallerstates WarringStatesPeriod475B C 221B C SevenGreatPowers 战国七雄 theQi theChu theYan theHan theZhao theWeiandtheQin 齐 楚 燕 韩 赵 魏 秦 BigeventsinWarringStatesPeriod LiBingandhissonsledtheconstructionofthefamousDujiangyanDam awaterconservancy 保存 project LordShangYang 商鞅 introducedtwopoliticalreformstotheStateofQin whichlaidthefoundationsfortheQintobecomestrongandeventuallyunifyChinaforthefirsttimeinhistory DifferentphilosophiesdevelopedintotheHundredSchoolsofThought 百家争鸣 includingConfucianism Taoism LegalismandMoism 儒教 道教 法家思想 墨家思想 4 TheQinDynasty221B C 206B C 1 YinZheng 赢政 annexedtheothersixstatesandestablishedthefirstunited power centralizedmonarchandcalledhimselfas ShihHuang ti or FirstEmperor 始皇帝 2 BigeventsinQinDynastyanditssignificanceincluded Thecountrywasdividedintoprovincesanddistricts allplacedunderthecontrolofthecentralgovernment 郡县制 Thewrittenlanguagewassimplifiedandmadeuniform andtheweights measuresandcoinagewerestandardized 统一文字 货币和度量衡 AncientPeriod2100B C A D1840 ConstructingtheillustriousGreatWallandbuildupforhimselfgrand scalepalaces mausoleums Over400scholarswereburiedaliveandallbookswereburnt exceptthoseontechnology divination medicineandagriculture 3 Thefirstpeasantuprisinginchina shistory ledbyChenSheng 陈胜 andWuGuang 吴广 brokeoutandtheQinEmpirewasoverthrown AncientPeriod2100B C A D1840 AncientPeriod2100B C A D1840 5 TheHanDynasty汉朝 206B C 220A D TowardthedeclineoftheQinDynasty LiuBangandXiangYu thetwogeneralsbornofcivilianandnoblebackgroundrespectively overthrewjointlythereignofQinandthencontendedforhegemony 霸权 Acoupleofyearslater LiuBangtriumphedoverXiangYu andthereforefoundedthemightyHanDynasty duringwhichagriculture handicraftsandcommercewereimmenselydeveloped LiuChe 刘彻 KingWuofHan 汉武帝 140B C 87B C reignedthroughthemostpowerfulandprosperousperiod HemobilizedexpeditionaryforcestodefeatanddriveoutHuns 匈奴 补加汉朝疆域图和汉朝征战图 形象化汉朝版图 andhecommissionedZhangQian 张骞 ashisenvoytovisittheWestTerritoryinconsequencethattheroutewhichstartedfromChang an Xi aninmodernShanxiProvince viaXinjiangandthemid AsiatotheeasterncoastoftheMediterraneanwasopenedtotraffic whichwaswelcomedastheSilkRoute 丝绸之路 andbywhichChinesegorgeousfinesilkproductswereincessantlytransportedwestward Inter communicationwithotherlandswasthusenhanced SimaQian sTheRecordsoftheHistorians 史记 104B C 91B C ThepapermakingtechnologyimprovedbyCaiLun 105A D andtheinventionofseismograph 地动仪 byZhangHeng 132A D TheThreeKimdomsPeriod 220 280A D TheHanDynastysurvivedfor426years By220A D ChinaevolvedintotheThreeKingdomintripartitebalance 三足鼎立 ofWeiKingdom 魏220 265 ShuKingdom 蜀221 263 andWuKingdom 吴222 280 ThereemergedthreemostprominentwizardsCaoCao ZhugeLiangandSunQuan CaoCao 曹操 wasthefounderofWeikingdomandbroughtitonintosupremacyoverothertwobyextensivelysoliciting 招募 talents promotingcapableanddiligentministers stationingtroopsinfrontiers ZhugeLiang 诸葛亮 servedastheprimeministerofShuKingdomandhaslongbeenesteemedasthesymbolofancientChinesewisdomwithsuchanoblemoralcharacterinspiringChinesedescendentsoverthepasthundredsofyearsthat Sparenoeffortintheperformanceofone sdutytilltheendofone sdays 鞠躬尽瘁 死而后已 后出师表 SunQuan 孙权 wasknownastheoriginatorofWuKingdom InitiallyhealliedwithLiuBei DukeofShuKingdom defeatingCaoCaoatRedCliff 赤壁 laterinturnheconqueredLiuBeiinthebattleatYiling 彝陵 Heappointedofficialsresponsibleforfarmingandstationedtroopstocultivatevirginland thusspurringthedevelopmentofthemiddleandlowerreachesintheYangtzeRiverValley ThefamousnovelRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms 三国演义 byLuoGuanzhong 罗贯中 wasbasedonthehistoricalfactsofthisperiod 6 FromtheThreeKingdomstotheSouthernandNorthernDynasties 222 581A D 1 AttheendoftheThreeKingdoms ChinawasbrieflyunitedduringtheJinDynasty 晋朝 265 420A D butthiswasfollowedbyaperiodofdivisionduringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties 420 589A D 2 Someliteraryandscientificfigures ZuChongzhi 祖冲之 thecalculationoftherelationofthecircle scircumferencetoitsdiameter 圆周率 WangXizhi 王羲之 oneofthegreatestcalligraphers honoredas thecalligraphicsage createdthefamouscalligraphywork theOrchidPavilionCollection 兰亭序 GuKaizhi 顾恺之 famouspainting AdmonitionsoftheInstructresstotheCourtLadies 女史箴图 7 TheSuiDynasty 581 618A D EmperorWenofSuiDynasty namedYangJian 杨坚 proclaimedhimselfEmperorinthenorth withChang anasitscapital Taxationandconscriptionwerereduced Themostoutstandingachievementswere theGrandCanal 大运河 ZhaozhouBridge 赵州桥 8 TheTangDynasty 618 907A D By618A D theTangDynastywassetupbyageneralnamedLiYuan 1 LiShiming EmperorTaiofTang wasacclaimedasoneoftheforemostdistinguishedemperorsinChinesehistory hisreigncalled PeacefulOrderinZhenguanPeriod 贞观之治 duringwhichhepromulgated 公布 aseriesofpolicesforsocialrecuperation 恢复 andnationalconsolidation pushingitontothepinnacle 高峰 oftheprosperityofChinesefeudalstage 2 Thebrilliantdynastysawfurtheradvancementinasmanyfieldsasfarming handicrafts commerce textile dyeing ceramics 制陶业 andchinaware metallurgy 冶金学 andshipbuildingwhileacrisscrossnetworkofhighwaysandwaterwaysemergedthroughouttheempire andextensivesocialandculturalrelationswereestablishedwithmanycountriessuchasJapan Korea India PersiaandArabia 3 TheTangdynastywastherenaissanceofclassicalliterature TextBook p12 XuanZang 玄奘 andhispilgrimagetotheWesternRegion Chan an India 627A D Translationof75Buddistscripturesintochinese RecordsoftheWesternTravels 大唐西域记 JourneytotheWest 西游记 JianZhen 鉴真 andhissailingeastwardtoJapanHebecamethefounderoftheRitsugkuSect 律宗 inJapan TextBook p13 4 Buddhistsinthisperiod 9 SongDynasty 960 1270 andYuanDynasty 1271 1368 宋朝 元朝 1 FollowingtheTangDynastysteppedupthePeriodoftheFiveDynastiesandtheTenKingdoms In960A D ZhaoKuangyin 赵匡胤 aseniorgeneraloftheLaterZhou 后周 Dynasty launchedarebellionandascendedthethroneoftheSongDynastyinhisyellowimperialgown TextBook p13 14 Thecustomoffoot binding Thecreationofanewformofpoetry Ci 词 2 In1206 GenghisKhan 成吉思汗 foundedtheMongolEmpireuponhisunificationofscatteredMongoltribes Kublai 忽必烈 agrandsonofGenghisKhan sweptsouthwardacrosstheCentralChinain1271 beinginaccessiontotheYuanDynastywithDadu Beijing assignedasthecapital ThegreatestachievementintheliteratureofYuanDynasty Zaju 杂剧 SnowinMidsummer 窦娥冤 byGuanHanqing 关汉卿 TheWesternChamber 西厢记 byWangShifu 3 DuringthecourseofSongandYuan industry commerceandforeigntradewerecolossally 巨大地 advanced thereforeamagnitudeofforeignmerchantsandtouristsarrivedinChinainstreams MarcoPolo 马可波罗 aVenicemerchant evertraveledextensivelyinChina inwhosetravelnotesheportrayedthethrivingindustryandcommerceaswellasthefortunesexistinginChina Papermaking printing compassandgunpowderfallwithinthe FourGreatInventions ofancientChinesescienceandtechnology TillSongandYuan furthernewprogresswasachieved thusextendinghugecontributionstotheglobalcivilization 宋辽金元是中华民族大融合的一个重要时期 10 MingDynasty 1368 1644 明朝 In1368 theMingDynastywasinstitutedbyZhuYuanzhang 朱元璋 theHighestEmperorofMing Uponbeingcrowned ZhuDi 朱棣 thefourthsonoftheHighestEmperor embarked 着手进行 uponalarge scaleprojectofthecitywallsandmoats palacesandtemplesinBeijing andlateronofficiallytransferredthecapitalfromNanjingnorthwardtoBeijing TheMingDynastysoughttorestoreChinesetraditionandlearning thusthecreationofavastencyclopedia YongleDadian 永乐大典 meanwhilefrequentfriendlycontactswiththecountriesinAsiaandAfricawerefulfilled OverthelaterperiodofMingsprangoutanewmilitaryforce ManchuNationalitybetweentheBaishanMountainandtheHeishuiRiver LedbyNu erhachi theirchieftain thoseManchutribesmenonhorsebacksstruggledforthreegenerationswithinandbeyondtheGreatWall finallycapturingthethroneoftheQingDynastyin1644 OfallQingemperorswereratedthemostrenownedtwo EmperorKangXi 1661 1722 andEmperorQianLong 1735 1796 whosereignwasrecognizedas HeydayinKang QianPeriod 康乾盛世 InQingDynasty thefeudalperiodinChinagraduallydrewtoaclose 11 QingDynasty 1368 1644 清朝 literature FictionThefourgreatworksappearedinMingandQingDynasties OutlawsoftheMarshbyShiNaian RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsbyLuoGuanzhongJourneytotheWest 西游记 ADreamofRedMansionsbyCaoXueqin ModernPeriod TheOpiumWar 鸦片战争 occurringin1840markedaturningpointinChinesehistory Towardthedawnof19thcenturyBritaindumpeditsopiuminmammoth 巨大的 quantitiesintoChina havingresultedinanunfavorableflowofsilvertoBritainaswellasinflationandfinancialausterity 财政紧缩 withinChina In1839 LinZexu 林则徐 asaspecialenvoy 特使 oftheimperialcourtwascommissionedtobestationedinCantonofGuangzhou responsibleforprohibitionoftheopiumproducts Forprotectionofitsopiumdumping BritainwagedaninvasionwaronChinain1840 AttheoutsettheChinesepatriots ledbyLinandsomegenerals launchedagallant 英勇的 resistanceagainsttheinvaders Owingtotheconcessions 让步 offeredbythecorruptedandincompetentQingimperialcourt theNanjingTreaty 南京条约 anunfairdocumentthatsurrenderedChina ssovereigntyunderhumiliatingterms wassignedintheend Fromthedateonwards Chinagraduallysankintoasemi feudalandsemi colonialmess AttheendoftheOpiumWarsuchimperialistpowersasBritain theUnitedStates France Russia JapanandsooncoercedunceasinglytheQingcourttosignvariedunfairtreaties furthermoreseizing concessions andplanning spheresofinfluence inChina atideofcarvingupQingEmpireinsurge Inordertoresistthefeudaloppressionandalieninvasion Chinesepeoplesparednoeffortstofightagainsttheenemiesunyieldinglywithahostofheroesandheroinesoutstanding In1851 HongXiuquantookaleadoftheRevoltofTaiPingTianGuo HeavenlyEmpire thelargestpeasantrevolutionarycampaign AbourgeoisdemocraticoneledbySunZhongshan SunYat sen overthrewtheruleoftheQingDynastyterminatingtheover two millennium oldfeudalmonarchy thetemporarygovernmentofRepublicofChinabeingconstituted However thetriumphantfruitwasusurped 篡夺 byYuanShikai amilitarylordinthenorth onaccountoftheyieldingnessofChinesebourgeoisiewhilethepopulacewasstilllingeringinanabyssofextremesuffering InfluencebytheOctoberRevolutioninRussia theMay4thMovement 五四运动 ananti imperialismandanti feudalismdrivetriggeredbythepatrioticstudents brokeoutin1919 theproletariats 无产阶级 工人阶级 asasocialclassascendingthepoliticalstage ThiscampaignwasrecognizedamilestoneofthemodernChinesehistoryfromtheolddemocraticrevolutiontothenewone bringingaboutthewide spreadMarxism LenninismuponcoordinationwiththerevolutionarypracticeinChinaandarrangingideologicallyandorganizationallyfortheadventoftheCommunistPartyofChina In1921 MaoZedong DongBiwu ChenTanqiu HeShuheng WangJingmei DengEnming LiDaetc onbehalfofthecommunistgroupsclusteredindifferentcities heldthefirstnationalassemblyinShanghai TheCommunistPartyofChina CPC cameintobeing In1924 apositivecooperationoccurredbetweenSunYat sen thepioneerofChinesedemocraticrevolutionandthefounderofChinaNationalistParty andtheCommunistPartyofChinainpurposeofjointlymobilizingtheindustrialworkersandpeasantsforthepunitive 惩罚性的 waragainstthewarlordsinthenorth Shortlyafterthedemise 死亡 ofSun theright wingblocasrepresentedbyJiangJieshiconductedareactionaryrebellionandrecklesslymassacredthecommunistsandotherrevolutionaries abortingthevigorousGrandRevolution ThetyrannousgovernmentoftheNationalistParty KuoMingtang KMT wasbasedinNanjing Henceforth theCommunistPartyofchinasetoutinleadingtheChinesepeopletostruggleagainstthereactionaryruleofKMTduringtheten year longLandRevolutionaryWar InJuly1937Japanlightedafull scaleinvasionwartochina TheKMTarmieswagedanarrayofoperationssuccessivelyatthefrontbattlefields acrushingblowtheinvaders TheEightRouteArmyandtheNewFourthArmyundertheleadershipofCPCopeneduptherear battlefieldsandlaunchedaseriesofstrenuousresistanceagainstalargeproportionofJapanesearmiesaswellasanoverwhelmingmajorityofpuppetforcesonmostarduousconditions exertingadecisiveroleinattainingthefinaltriumph InJune1946Kuomingtanglaunchedanall roundassaultintotheLiberatedAreaunderCPC triggeringanunparalleled scalecivilwar InpurposeofthefullliberationoftheChinesepeople CPCarmiesandpopulaceintheLiberatedAreaparticipatedintheLiberationWarnationwide Itwasthroughthreegiganticbattles theBattleinLiaoning Shenyang theBattleintheHuaiRiverValleyandtheBattleinTianjinandBeijing thattheKMTestablishmentwasfinallyoverturnedandahistoricvictoryconcerningthenewdemocraticrevolutionwasachieved TraceofCivilizedEvolution Thehistoryofchinacanbechronicledapproximatedasfollows Pre QinPeriod 21stcenturyB C 221B C Qin HanPeriod 221B C 220A D ThreeKingdoms Jin Western Eastern South NorthDynastiesPeriod 220 589 Sui Tang FiveDynastiesPeriod 581 960 Song Liao WesternXia Jurchen 女真人 Period 947 1279 YuanDynasty 1271 1368 MingDynasty 1368 1911 QingDynasty 1636 1911 RepublicofChina 1912 1949 People sRepublicofChina startingfromOctober1 1949 作业 思考题 1 请叙述主要历史时期的主要事件和人物 2 翻译中国历史的常用名词