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Unit 3 Inventors and inventions*阅读理解。Can exercise during childhood protect you against memory loss many decades later? Exercise early in life seems to have lifelong benefits for the brain，in rats at least.“This is an animal study，but it shows that physical activity at a young age is very importantnot just for physical development，but for the whole lifelong track of cognitive(认知的)development during ageing，”says Martin Wojtowicz of the University of Toronto，Canada. “In humans，it may delay the appearance of Alzheimers disease(阿尔茨海默病)，possibly to the point of preventing it.”Wojtowiczs team divided 80 young male rats into two equal groups，and placed running wheels in the cages of one group for a period of six weeks.Around four months laterwhen the rats had reached middle agethe team taught all the rats to connect an electric shock with being in a specific box.When placed in the box，they froze with fear.Two weeks later，the team tested the rats in three situations：exactly the same box in the same room，the same box with the room arranged differently，and a pletely different box in a different room.The rats without access to a running wheel when they were young now froze the same percentage of times in each of these situations，suggesting they couldnt remember which one was dangerous.But those that had been able to run in their youth froze 40 to 50 percent less in both changed box settings.“The results suggest the amount of physical activity when were young，at least for rats，has influence on the brain and cognitive healthin the form of better memorieswhen were older，” says Arthur Kramer of Northeastern University in Boston，who has found that，in humans，exercise promotes the growth of new brain cells.1The study shows that _.Aphysical activity is important for physical healthBusing the running wheels is of benefit to the rats growthCphysical activity can prevent humans Alzheimers diseaseDthe more exercise a rat has when young，the better memory it will possess when older2How are Paragraph 3 and 4 mainly developed?ABy analyzing causes.BBy giving an example.CBy describing the process.DBy showing differences.3What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?AExercise.BDevelopment.CBenefit. DStudy.4What is the authors attitude towards the animal study?ANegative. BObjective.CCritical. DDoubtful.【解题导语】本文为说明文，介绍了一项科学研究，从而得出早期锻炼对大脑终身有好处的结论。1D考查细节理解。根据第一段内容尤其是第二句“Exercise early in life seems to have lifelong benefits for the brain, in rats at least”可知，早期锻炼似乎对大脑终身有好处，至少对老鼠来说是这样的。故选D项。2C考查写作手法。根据第三段的“Wojtowiczs team divided 80 young male rats into two equal groups.Around four months later.they froze with fear”和第四段的“Two weeks later，the team tested the rats in three situations”可知，本文第三、四段描述了Wojtowicz的研究小组对老鼠进行实验的过程。C项意为“通过描述过程”，故选C项。A项意为“通过分析原因”；B项意为“通过举例子”；D项意为“通过展示不同点”。这三项均不符合第三、四段的发展脉络。3A考查代词指代。根据第二段的“but it shows that physical activity at a young age is very important”及“In humans，it may delay the appearance of Alzheimers disease(阿尔茨海默病)”可知，身体活动很重要，对人类来说，它可能会推迟阿尔茨海默病的出现。因此“it”在文中指的是“physical activity”， A项与其同义，故选A项。4B考查观点态度。通读全文可知，作者介绍了对老鼠进行实验的过程及其结果，并引用数据进行说明，由此可知作者对动物研究的态度是很客观的。B项意为“客观的”，故选B项。*语法填空。They survive in some of the coldest environments in the worldbut even penguins appreciate a warm woolly jumper (套头毛衣) once in a while.The mini knitted garments have helped save hundreds of flightless birds caught _1_oil leaks, providing protection from the elements and stopping them from swallowing _2_(poison) pollution.Knits for Nature, a program run by the Penguin Foundation, _3_ conserves the little penguin population of Phillip Island, 140 km southeast of Melbourne, _4_(create) up to 300 different designs over the yearsand it is all thanks to talented volunteers. “Theres a lot of _5_ (hide) creativity out there，” said Lyn Blom, of Phillip Island Nature Park.“People love to know that theyre helping the penguins _6_ theyre so cute and small and they waddle up the beach and theyre so strong. But they need to be, for they live in _7_pretty tough sort of environment.”A thumbnailsized patch of oil can kill little penguins, the _8_ (small) of the species, measuring just 13 inches (33 cm) and weighing 2.2 lbs (1kg). The oil separates and mats their feathers, breaking natural waterproof and heating functions.Ms Blom estimates _9_she has knitted between 200 and 300 penguin jumpers over the years, including _10_in the colours of every Australian football team in the country.1_2._3._4._5._ 6._7._ 8._ 9._ 10._ 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。Ms Blom编织的迷你毛衣成功拯救了数百只企鹅，能防止它们接触到石油中的微量元素，甚至误食有毒的污染物。1in 考查介词。这里是“be caught in”的固定搭配，意思为“被困于中”。文中是过去分词短语作定语修饰flightless birds。2poisonous 考查词性转换。poisonous作为形容词修饰其后面的名词。3which 考查定语从句的引导词。空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词the Penguin Foundation，并在从句中作主语，故用which。4has created 考查动词的时态。根据时间状语“over the years”可知这里用现在完成时，句子的主语是一个名为Knits for Nature的项目，故谓语动词要用第三人称单数。5hidden 考查非谓语动词。creativity是名词，其前要用形容词修饰，动词hide与creativity之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词。此处为过去分词转化而来的形容词作定语。6because 考查连词。“theyre so cute and small and they waddle up the beach and theyre so strong”是“People love to know that theyre helping the penguins”的原因，故用because引导原因状语从句。7a 考查冠词。此处表示泛指，且pretty的读音是以辅音音素开头的，故用a。a pretty tough sort of environment表示的是“一种相当恶劣的环境”。8smallest 考查形容词的最高级。根据上下文语境和空前的the可知这里应该用最高级。9that 考查宾语从句的连接词。分析句子成分可知，空处引导宾语从句作estimates的宾语，宾语从句中句意和成分完整，故用that。10those考查代词。those指代前面所说的penguin jumpers。*完形填空。It was a day in late June, gray and depressing, with clouds hanging low. My husband and I were driving to Nova Scotia, Canada, for a much-needed vacation. We traveled tiredly, hoping to 1 rest and dinner before the rain came. Suddenly, on a lonely stretch of highway, the storm 2 . Cascades of water shut us in, making driving impossible. We 3 onto the shoulder of the road and stopped.Then, as though someone had turned off a celestial tap, it 4 . A thin radiance, like a spray of gold, 5 from the clouds. Every blade of grass was crystalline as the sun flashed on 6 drops. The very road shone, and a rainbow arched across the sky. It was as though this beam of color had been built for us 7 . We could hardly speak for awe and joy.A friend of mine has described a 8 experience. She had walked out on a lonely beach at twilight. It was a time of grief for her, and 9 was what she wanted. Offshore, across the darkening sea, she made out the 10 of an anchored fishing boat, and in it the figure of a man. My friend told me that after a while, she felt an intense and glowing sense of oneness with that 11 figure. It was as though sea and sky and night and those two solitary human beings were united in a kind of profound identity. “I was 12 by joy,” she said. 13 almost anything may serve as the motivation of such a feelingstars shine on new snow; a sudden field of daffodils; a moment in marriage when hand reaches out to hand in the 14 that this other person speaks as you speak, feels as you feel. Joy may wait, too, just 15 danger when you have enough to face a situation and live it out. 16 the source, such experiences provide the most memorable moments of life.What if these moments of joy are given to us to 17 that this is the way we are meant to live? What if the clarity of joy is the way we should be seeing all the time? To many people, it seems almost wicked to feel this radiance in a world 18 as ours is. But most generations have known uncertainty and 19 . The more damaged the world, the more we need to remember the luminous beauty at the center of life. Our moments of joy are 20 that at the heart of darkness an unquenchable(不可遏制的)light shines.Joy is the feeling that we have touched the edge of something far beyond ourselves.语篇解读：作者通过旅行中的经历感悟到人生的快乐比人们想象的更容易获得的道理，并要学会珍惜人生的快乐。1. A. afford B. purchase C. reach D. offer【答案】C 2. A. fellB. attacked C. struck D. covered 【答案】C 【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示的是 “下起了暴风雨”，C项的“strike”可以表示“大雨袭击”的意思；A项是“倒下”；B项是“袭击，攻击”，为及物动词；D项表示的“覆盖”之意，故C项适合。3. A. pulled off B. pulled through C. pulled upD. pulled down【答案】A 【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“把车停到路边”，A项短语适合；B项表示的是“度过难关”；C项表示“拔起，阻止”；D项是“摧毁，掀翻”之意，故选A适合。4. A. startedB. disturbed C. paused D. ended【答案】D 【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“雨停了”故D项适合。5. A. broadcast B. unfolded C. spread D. reflected【答案】C 【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“一道金色的光从云中散播(spread)下来”，故C项正确。A项是“广播，播报”；B项是“打开”；D项是“反映”6. A. trembling B. shrinking C. bright D. thick【答案】A 7. A. only B. lonely C. alone D. together【答案】C【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“仿佛这种美妙的场景就是专为我们两人的”，A项是“只是，仅仅”；B项表示“孤单的，孤寂的”；C项表示“独自地”，能体现出专为二人的感觉；D项表示“一起”，故选C适合。8. A. similar B. different C. contrary D. strange 【答案】A 【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“我的朋友也有过类似的经历”，故A项适合。9. A. disfortB. pain C. despair D. loneliness【答案】D【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“当时她所需要的就是那种一个人的独处”，D项符合此处的意思；A项表示“不舒适”；B项是“伤痛”；C项是“绝望”。10. A. image B. scene C. viewD. picture【答案】A【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“在漆黑的海面上她辨别出一艘渔船的景象”，A项适合；B项表示的是“场景，布景”；C项是“在远处或高处从个人角度看到整个风景的一部分”而D项表示的是“图画”；用A项更能体现和突出夜晚海面上的景象，故选A适合。11. A. harmoniousB. peacefulC. silent D. calm【答案】C【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“夜晚海面上的那种寂静”故C项正确；A项是“和谐的，友好和睦的”；B项是“平静”而D项是“镇静”之意，故选C正确。12. A. overtaken B. overe C. overlooked D. overdone【答案】A【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“我非常开心”即“被开心接管”之意，A项适合；B项是“克服”之意；C项是“忽视”而D项表示的是“把做的过分”。13. A. Accidentally B. Purposely C. Apparently D. Fortunately【答案】C【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“很明显几乎所有的事物都可以充当喜悦之情的动力”故C项正确；A项是“偶然地”；B项表示“有目的地”；D项是“幸运地”。14. A. imagination B. realization C. innovation D. reputation【答案】B15. A. against B. without C. within D. beyond【答案】D【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“开心快乐超越了危险”之意，故D项适合。16. A. Whatever B. However C. Whichever D. Whenever【答案】A【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“不管开心的来源是什么”之意，故A项适合。17. A. represent B. reveal C. resemble D. announce 【答案】B【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“开心的时刻是揭示或反映出一种我们要怎样去生活的方式”之意，A项表示“代表”；B项是“揭示”；C项是“像”；D项是“宣布”；故B项适合。18. A. cursedB. destroyed C. threatened D. buried 【答案】C【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“生活中的开心受到影响”，A项是“诅咒”之意；B项是“摧毁”；C项表示“威胁，影响”；D项是“埋，埋葬”之意，故C项正确。19. A. challenge B. schedule C. opportunity D. harmony【答案】A【解析】依据上下文可知此处表示是“许多人也已经明白了生活中的不确定性和挑战”，选项A“挑战”之意，符合语境。B项是“计划，日程表，时间表，进度表”；C项表示“机会，机遇”；D项是“和谐，协调，融洽”之意。20. A. foundation B. version C. proof D. prehension【答案】C*短文改错。School English Drama Club was selecting actors and actresses for the drama The Million Pound Bank Note. It is famous short story writing by the American author Mark Twain. The selection, that is in the charge of Mr Smith, will be made at the school hall in May 20th, 2018.Any student at our school who meets with the following criteria will be offered a chance to bee an actor or actress. Firstly, he or she should love creative and interested performances. Secondly, he or she should be able to speak fluent English. More important, he or she should have read the short story and is familiar with the whole story.Thank you for your attentions.答案：School English Drama Club selecting actors and actresses for the drama The Million Pound Bank Note. It is famous short story by the American author Mark Twain. The selection, is in the charge of Mr Smith, will be made at the school hall May 20th, 2018.Any student at our school who meets the following criteria will be offered a chance to bee an actor or actress. Firstly, he or she should love creative and performances. Secondly, he or she should be able to speak fluent English. More ， he or she should have read the short story and familiar with the whole story.Thank you for your .难项分析：第三处：writingwritten考查非谓语动词。write与story之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故此处需用过去分词作后置定语，表示“由Mark Twain所著/所写”。第四处：thatwhich考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The selection。注意：that不能引导非限制性定语从句。第九处：isbe考查情态动词的用法。and连接的两个并列成分均位于情态动词should后，需用动词原形，故此处改为be。*
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