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逻辑推理知识精讲一、逻辑推理题的分类逻辑推理题可分为：反义推理、进一步推理、情感推理和态度推理四类。其中，前两类主要是从做题技巧上进行的分类，而后两类主要是从考查内容上进行分类。总结发现，中考完形填空的考点经常是考查代表任务态度、观点和事件发展走向的。通常情况下，同学们此部分题目的失分率相当高，要引起注意。二、反义推理题此类题型通常是指填空部分在语言表述上采用“否定之否定”的方式，进一步说明前后文或后文已表达的语义。例如上文表述“我欣赏自己天才的一面”，下文说“我厌恶自己_的一面”。填空部分可以通过“欣赏”和“厌恶”两词反义，推知欣赏“天才”，而厌恶“平庸”。正确答案“平庸”与原文“天才”相对应。这类题目通常以一对反义词为线索，寻找另一对反义词，从而推知正确的答案。通常，可以通过某条件不成立或有变化，从而推知结果相反或不同；可根据结果不同，从而推知原因不同；也可根据选择A，从而推知不能选择与A相反或相对的事物等等。总之，这类题型解题关键就是找出反义的对应词。三、进一步推理进一步推理主要指根据上下文所提供的故事线索和已经发生的故事脉络，按照因果关系或常识等推断故事走向的题目。如上文说“奶奶给我几美元”，后文说“奶奶对我说，拿着_去给需要的人买东西。”可推知，空格处是拿着钱去买东西。此类题目数量最多，难度不一，相对比较复杂。有时是依据常识进行推理，大部分还是要根据上下文流露出的字里行间的语义进行合理推断。四、情感推理此类题目主要是指通过上下文线索，推断文章中人物的情感状况和情绪变化的一类题目。情感通常是指喜、怒、哀、乐等各种情绪。情感推理题是从完形填空考查内容的角度进行分类。情感推理题的难点在于对各类不同情感的辨析，了解相近情感的差异。这类题目出现的频率相当高，并且同学们的失分率也相对较高。五、态度推理此类题目主要是指通过上下文线索，合理地推断文章中人物的态度及其变化。态度通常是指同意与否、喜欢与否、肯定与否、判断和评价类等观点性题目。从词性角度分析，态度推理题主要考查动词和形容词。三点剖析考点：逻辑推理是中考完形填空考查的重中之重。因为中考考查的重点集中在语言知识和语言能力的理解运用上。完形填空正是检验学生们对于文章故事情节理解、判断、推测的能力。在中考完形填空中，逻辑推理题大概占到60%80%的比例，在北京等一些地区所占的比例会更高。随着逻辑推理所占比重的增加，完形填空的整体难度也随之不断提高。题模精选题模一：反义推理题例2.1.1Seasick means SICK BY THE MOVEMENT ON THE SEAWhen you are homesick, the only place you want to be is at home. When you are seasick, _ you want to be is at sea.Athe first placeBthe last placeCthe only placeDthe safe place例2.1.2Animals behavior scientists want to learn how animal behave in their wild homes. When animals live in cages or in zoos, they do not act the same as they do when they are _.AhappyBfreeCsadDangry题模二：进一步推理题例2.2.1On my way home I knocked into a stranger as he passed by. “Oh, Im terribly sorry,” I said. “Thats all right. Please excuse me too; I wasnt even _1_ you. I wish I didnt hurt you.” We were very _2_. We said good-bye and went on our way. But at home we often _3_ our loved ones in a different way.1. AsavingBhelpingCcallingDnoticing2. AsadBangryCpoliteDproud3. AhelpBtreatCcriticizeDencourage例2.2.2“Ill do anything to get a good photo,” he often said. “Ill go anywhere at any time, even if it is _.” And he told the truth. He had photos of earthquakes, forest fires, floods and even wars.AdangerousBnaturalCconvenientDimpossible题模三：情感推理题例2.3.1Then he saw the rest of his family were still in the car- in the water. He took a big breath and swam back to save first Mac, and then Rosie. Christopher, from England, said, “I didnt think about it and only knew I had to get them out. I was _, but it was all happening so fast, and I didnt really think about the danger.”AhurriedBfrightenedCexpectedDtired例2.3.2Ayoung boy ran up to me, out of breath. He stood right before me with his head down and said _, “Look what I found!” In his hand was a flower.AsadlyBstrictlyCangrilyDexcitedly题模四：态度推理题例2.4.1Back home, I told Alice, “Its time to answer your question.” I put one apple of each kind on the table. Then I looked at Alice, who had a _ look on her face.“People all like apples. They come in all different colors, shapes and sizes. Some of the apples may not even look as the others.” As I was talking, Alice was examining each one carefully.AworriedBconfidentCproudDstrange例2.4.2After he graduated, the famous inventor Thomas Edison asked him to work in his lab but George _. He had other plans. He started an agricultural organization for black students in Alabama.AacceptedBrefusedCunderstoodDcared随堂练习随练2.1It was Friday. The football game was Saturday and we were very excited. My brother was going to be the quarterback（美式足球进攻组织者）for our team. It was the first he would be in that _1_. He had been hoping to be the quarterback ever since he joined the team. He said, “Thats the big job. Thats the one that makes the big difference”.My mother said, “_2_, son. Thats the big target, too. You know the other _3_ want to knock you down. You can get hurt.”“Dont worry, Im so _4_ and Im fast. Besides, I have great players who will _5_ them from coming at me.” my brother said.I couldnt _6_ well the whole night. I worried about my brother. My mother was _7_ -he could get hurt.The next morning, he _8_ early to get to the game. When we got there, it was about to start. The _9_ ran out on the field. My brother looked great. He saw us and _10_.Then it started. They were playing hard. One player in particular from the other team kept _11_ at him. Then it happened. He knocked my brother down. My brother was slow to get up. My mother was screaming（尖叫）.The coach ran out on the field. He told my brother to _12_ some time on the bench. He was afraid he had been hurt.My mother ran down to _13_ on my brother. But all he did was a smile. “Its just a bruise（瘀伤）. Im fine. And dont worry, Ill be back. This is _14_. I love leading the team.”After that game, my brother plays quarterback every Saturday. But my mother is still _15_. She cant go to the games. She just waits at home and hopes to see him walking in smiling.随练2.2It is important to have positive feelings in our daily life.Compared _1_ some unhappy people, those who are always pleased and relaxed are less likely to suffer from colds, _2_ a new study. The researchers from New York University said, “_3_ helps the body prevent diseases.” “It seems that positive feelings may reduce the _4_ of illness,” said the chief researcher Sheldon Cohen. In an earlier study, Cohen found that people who were _5_ caught colds less often. And they seldom t old their doctors that they felt _6_. In this study, Cohens team interviewed 193 adults every day for two weeks. In this _7_, the people told researchers about _8_ happy or sad feelings that day. Two weeks later, all of them were made to catch colds by doctors, and they had to stay _9_ in a room for six days. The results _10_ that each in the study was equal to fall i ll. _11_ people who were lively and relaxed said they felt happy during the research. Their illnesses were less serious and lasted for a _12_ time. Cohen believes that _13_ people have positive feelings, their body may produce a kind of chemical that helps to _14_ illnesses. So if you _15_ your health, please look on the bright side and make yourself happy all the time随练2.3The first note I ever wrote for my mother said “Hi, Mom! Have a nice day! Love, Marie! ”. I was twelve when I wrote it, and I folded the _1_ into her change purse.My mother worked as a cleaner in a clothing factory. I knew that when she _2_ meals in the dining hall, she would have to look for change in her purse. I didnt know that she would _3_ that note, and always carry it with her.From the day that I _4_ folded the small piece of paper into my mothers change purse, she and I left each other _5_ notes. They would be put in the fridge, under a lamp, or beside the TV set. I _6_ found one hidden in my shoe. From the outside, our notes may have been general _7_ of our days, ideas and wishes. But to my mother and _8_, they were a lifeline-a communication with each other that no one else _9_.On October 20, xx, my mother died after a long illness. I stood near her bed, _10_ her hand. I didnt cry the day my mom died, _11_ I didnt cry a week later when I went to collect her things. I was so thankful that she no longer had aches and _12_.Recently, I found a note that my mom. had _13_ meIt had been hidden in the _14_ of my favorite childhood book for years. It read “Dear Marie, I love you always. Miss you a lot. Dont forget me. Be _15_! Love, Mom” That day, I cried.答案解析逻辑推理题模精选题模一：反义推理题例2.1.1【答案】B【解析】考查了反义推理。本题把“homesick”与“seasick”相对照。在homesick的情况下“the only place you want to be is at home”，反义推理可知homesick时，sea是“最不想呆的地方”。故选B。例2.1.2【答案】B【解析】考查学生反义推理。该空前半句“When animals live in cages or in zoos”，表示“不自由”，由后文“do not act the same”可推知填空处与前文相反，表示“自由的”。故选B。题模二：进一步推理题例2.2.1【答案】DCB【解析】1. 考查进一步推理。前文提到“On my way home I knocked into a stranger as he passed by”，后文第1空给出了“撞到”的原因。根据常识可推知是没“注意到”。故选D。2. 考查进一步推理。后文“Oh, Im terribly sorry,”I said.”“Thats all right. Please excuse me too.”到此为止两个人说话都很客气，可以推知第2空答案应该是“polite”有礼貌的。故选C。3. 考查进一步推理。But表示转折，可推知下文描述的是“同样的状况，不一样的态度”。第3空选项help帮助，treat对待，criticize批评，encourage鼓励。只有treat表示双方相互之间的态度，符合语义。故选B。例2.2.2【答案】A【解析】考查进一步推理。后文提到“He had photos of earthquakes, forest fires, floods and even wars.”，描写的都是非常危险的时刻，可推知该空表示“危险”。故选A。题模三：情感推理题例2.3.1【答案】B【解析】考查情感推理。后文“. but it was all happening so fast, and I didnt really think about the danger”说明事情发生的非常突然，尽管我的情绪是负面的，感到非常害怕，但为了救人，顾不得考虑其中的危险。故选B。例2.3.2【答案】D【解析】考查情感推理。由前文“ran up to me, out of breath”和后文小男孩的话“Look what I found”可推知小男孩迫不及待地想跟作者分享新的收获，情感是正面积极的。故选D。题模四：态度推理题例2.4.1【答案】D【解析】考查态度推理。根据后文爱丽丝听我说话时的表现“Alice was examining each one carefully”可推知爱丽丝不明白我要做什么，对我把苹果摆在那里的举动感到很奇怪。故选D。例2.4.2【答案】B【解析】考查态度推理。前文提到“the famous inventor Thomas Edison asked him to work in his lab”，后文but表示转折，可推知他对此事的态度是否定的，没有接受这个工作。故选B。随堂练习随练2.1【答案】DCBDACACBCDABCC【解析】本文讲述了作者的哥哥是他们团队的四分卫。这是他第一次在那个位置上。自从他加入球队，他一直希望能当四分卫。他的妈妈担心他会受伤。比赛开始后另一队的一个球员撞倒了他。但他所做的只是一个微笑。1.考查名词及语境理解。game“比赛”，list“清单”，show“表演”，place“位置，地方”根据上下句的quarterback（美式足球进攻组织者），可以知道是第一次打这个位置，故选D。2.考查短语及语境理解。go ahead“进行，先行一步”，take it easy“放松”，be careful“小心”，well done“做得好”。根据上下文可知，妈妈让哥哥要小心一点，故选C。3.题考查名词及语境理解。parents“父母亲”，player“球员”，fans“粉丝”，stranger“陌生人”，根据上下文可知，是指“其他的球员想要击倒你”，故选B。4.考查形容词及语境理解。handsome“帅气的”，healthy“健康的”，brave“勇敢的”，strong“强壮的”，由上下文可知哥哥认为自己是强壮的并且速度很快。故选D。5.考查动词及语境理解。stop“阻止，停止”，help“帮助”，protect“保护”，hide“隐藏”，根据上下文可知，哥哥是指自己有一群队友将会帮助他阻止对方球员靠近他。故选A。6.考查动词及语境理解。behave“表现”，play“玩，踢（足球）”，sleep“睡觉”，dream“做梦，梦想”，根据上下文，作者因为担心哥哥，所以无法睡好。故选C。7.考查形容词及语境理解。right“对的”，sad“悲伤的”，angry“生气的”，excited“兴奋的”，由上下文可知，作者想要表达妈妈是对的，故选A。8.考查动词及语境理解。rest“休息”，exercise“锻炼”，left“离开”，return“返回，归还”，根据上下文，哥哥是很早离开家去参加比赛，故选C。9.考查名词及语境理解。family“家人”，team“队友，团队”，coach“教练”，crowd“群众”，根据文章可知我看到的是我的brother，他属于team中一员。故选B。10.考查动词及语境理解。laugh“大笑”，nod“点头”，great“问候”，cheer“欢呼”。通过文章可知这里是问候，故选C。11.考查动词及语境理解。point“指着”，shout“大声叫喊”，look“看”，rush“冲向”，通过下文可知，把哥哥撞倒，应该是“冲向”，故选D。12.考查固定搭配及语境理解。花点时间在长椅上休息一会儿，花时间take some time; waste some time浪费时间；save some time节约时间；kill some time打发时间。故选A。13.考查固定搭配及语境理解。句意：妈妈冲下去检查哥哥的伤势，检查check on。故选B。14.形容词辨析及语境理解。从哥哥后面的话说，他喜欢带领这个团队可以看出，哥哥现在的感觉是great。故选C。15.考查形容词及语境理解。根据文章：那场比赛之后，哥哥依旧是足球队的组织者，但是母亲依旧很担心他，答案为anxious。故选C。随练2.2【答案】BDADCBCBADACDBA【解析】在我们日常生活中，拥有积极的情绪很重要。研究表明，活跃、快乐的人不容易生病，就是生病了也不严重，持续的时间也短。因此，如果你关心自己的健康，请看到事物阳光的一面，每天开心吧。1.考查介词及语境理解。Compare Ato B，把A比作B，把A与B作比较（之比较两者中的相似处）；compare Awith B，把A与B作比较（比较两者中相似和非相似处），把平时快乐的人与不快乐的人作比较，是对其相似及不相似处都做对比，用compare with，故选B。2.考查短语介词及语境理解。句意：根据一项新的研究。Aas for至于，对于；Bbecause of 因为，后跟短语；Cinstead of而不是，代替，后跟名词及名词性短语；Daccording to根据， 据所说。根据一项新的研究，用according to。故选D。3.考查分词短语及语境理解。句意：高兴帮助身体预防疾病。ABeing happy高兴 ；BBeing careful细心；CBeing angry生气；DBeing nervous焦虑。根据研究结果，开心放松者比不开心者少感冒，可以推测出，高兴可以帮助身体抵御病魔。故选A。4.考查名词及语境理解。句意：好像积极的情绪可以减少疾病：Ahope希望；Bsafety安全；Cfreedom自由；Ddanger危险。根据短文大意，可以推测出，情绪好，不易生病，可以减少生病的危险。故选D。5.考查形容词及语境理解。句意：在一份更早的研究中，寇恩发现高兴的人更少得感冒。Apainful痛苦的；Bproud骄傲的；Ccheerful高兴的；Dclever聪明的。短文指出心情高兴的人更少生病，故选C。6.考查形容词及语境理解。句意：而且他们很少告诉医生，他们感到不舒服。Aactive活跃；Buncomfortable不舒服；Cscared害怕；Dcomfortable舒服。根据语境，很少说出“消极”的词，告诉医生，可以推测出是不舒服：uncomfortable。故选B。7.考查介词及语境理解。句意：寇恩的小组对193位成年人两周内每天采访，在这期间，人们给研究员讲述那一天他们高兴或悲伤的感受。Amoment片刻；Bfield领域；Cperiod期间；Dtimes时代。在那两周里，在那个期间里，用period。故选C。8.考查代词及语境理解。句意：在这期间，人们给研究员讲述那一天他们高兴或悲伤的感受。Athemselves他们自己，反身代词；Btheir他们的，形容词性物主代词，后跟被修饰的名词；Cits 它的，指动物或事物；Dtheirs他们的，名词性物主代词，后不跟被修饰词。本句后跟了“feelings”，用形容词性物主代词their。故选B。9.考查副词及语境理解。句意：两周后，所有人都因为医生而得了感冒，并且他们不得不在一个房间里呆六天。Aalone单独地；Bhardly几乎不；Clonely孤独地；Dbrave勇敢的。因为得了感冒，不得不单独留在房间里，单独：alone。故选A。10.考查动词及语境理解。句意：结果表明研究中的每个人都同样生病了。Aexpected期待，预料；Breminded提醒；Cagreed同意 ，赞同；Dshowed出示，显示。研究结果显示出，每人都生病了。故选D。11.考查连词及语境理解。句意：但是有活力的轻松的人们在研究中会感到快乐。大家都生病了，但是轻松有活力的人们感到快乐，表示含义转折，用but。故选A。12.考查形容词及语境理解。句意：他们的病不严重，而且持续了较短的时间。Alonger更长的；Bfewer更少的，修饰可数名词；Cshorter更短的；Dmore更多的。根据语境和短文含义，心态好的人们不易生病，生病也不严重，病的持续时间较短。故选C。13.考查关系词及语境理解。当情绪积极时，就有一种可以帮助战胜疾病的化学药品产生于体内。表示时间，故选D。14.考查动词及语境理解。句意：当人们有积极的情绪时，他们的身体内会产生一种战胜疾病的化学药品。Aafford负担得起；Bfight战斗；Ccost花费；Dsupport支持。产生一种可以与疾病作战的化学药品，故选B。15.考查动词短语及语境理解。句意：所以，如果你关心你的健康，请看事物光明的一面并且使自己永远快乐。Acare about关心，关注；Blook for寻找；Cpick up拾起，捡起；Dget over战胜，克服。对自己的健康“关心”：care about。故选A。随练2.3【答案】ACBACCDBADABDCB【解析】本文叙述了作者和她的妈妈之间一直用便条进行交流，这也是她们之间的秘密，她们彼此之间都互相祝福和鼓励，生活中充满了乐趣。1.考查名词及语境的理解。句意：我把便条折叠好放进了她的零钱包里。这里根据The first note I ever wrote for my mother可知，是作者第一次给妈妈写的便条。故选A。2.考查动词及语境的理解。句意：我知道当她在餐厅买饭的时候，她用在钱包里的零钱。根据she would have to look for change in her purse可知，用钱当然是买饭。故选C。3.考查动词及语境的理解。句意：我不知道她总是保存便条，并且随身带着它。根据always carry it with her可知，能随身携带，当然是保存着这张便条。故选B。4.考查副词及语境的理解。句意：从那天起，我就仔细地折叠小纸片放进妈妈的钱包。根据she and I left each other _ notes.可知，作者和她的妈妈写的这些便条是她们之间的秘密，所以作者每次叠纸条的时候都非常地认真。故选A。5.考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：我和她彼此留有这个秘密。根据I _ found one hidden in my shoe.可知，作者和她的妈妈之间的便条成了她们之间的秘密。故选C。6.考查副词及语境的理解。句意：我甚至发现了一个藏在我鞋里的便条。根据They would be put in the fridge，under a lamp，or beside the TV set可知，这里叙述的是便条一般放的地方。所以这里空格处应该是甚至，故选C。7.考查名词及语境的理解。Aprograms程序；Bcourses课程；Cexcuses借口；Drecords记录。句意：从表面外，我们的便条是我们的日子、想法和希望的记录。根据of our days，ideas and wishes.可知，这里指的是便条的内容。故选D。8.考查代词及语境的理解。句意：对于我和我的妈妈来说，这些便条是我们的生命，也是我们之间彼此交流的方式，是不可以和其他的人所分享的。这里and连接的是两个并列的成分，都作介词to的宾语，所以用宾格，根据上文一直提到的是作者，所以用宾格me。故选B。9.考查动词及语境的理解。句意：对于我和我的妈妈来说，这些便条是我们的生命，也是我们之间彼此交流的方式，是不可以和其他的人所分享的。根据she and I left each other _ notes.可知，这是两人之间的秘密，所以是不能与其他的人分享的，故选A。10.考查动词及语境的理解。句意：我站在床边，抓着她的手。根据my mother died after a long illness可知，妈妈去世，作者拉着妈妈的手。故选D。11.考查连词及语境的理解。句意：我妈妈去世的时候我没有哭，并且在一周后当我整理她的东西的时候，我还是没有哭。从空格前后的句意来看，前后叙述的都是作者没有哭。故选A。12.考查名词及语境的理解。句意：我很感谢她不会再有疼痛和痛苦了。根据she no longer had aches可知，疼痛和痛苦是并列的，故选B。13.考查动词及语境的理解。句意：我发现了妈妈留给我的一张便条。这里根据上文可知作者和她的妈妈之间一直有便条来交流。故选D。14.考查名词及语境的理解。句意：这些年它一直藏在我最喜欢的儿童书里。根据favorite childhood book可知，是在书里面夹着一张便条，故选C。15.考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：不要忘了我，高兴点。根据常识推知，妈妈当然愿意让自己的孩子高兴点，故选B。
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