2019-2020年高考英语 重点语法范例归总十三类.doc

2019-2020年高考英语 重点语法范例归总十三类在新课标全国卷的语法填空题中，有涉及单词的形式变化的题目。此外，新考纲要求考生掌握3 000多个英语单词。因此，掌握常用派生词的构词方法不仅能帮助同学们做好语法填空题，还能帮助同学们扩大词汇量，为同学们在高考中稳操胜券奠定基础。一、名词后缀1动词 ion/tion /sion名词(表示动作或动作过程)correct v改正；纠正correction n改正celebrate v庆祝 celebration n庆祝；庆祝会conclude v完成；结束 conclusion n结论；结束2动词 er/or名词(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人)drive v驾驶开车；驱赶driver n司机；驾驶员gather v聚集；采集 gatherer n收集者；采集者conduct v指挥；管理 conductor n指挥；售票员3动词ment名词punish v惩罚 punishment n惩罚4动词/形容词th名词warm adj.温暖的 warmth n温暖 grow v生长 growth n生长5形容词y名词difficult adj.困难的 difficulty n困难 honest adj.诚实的 honesty n诚实6形容词ness名词kind adj.善良的 kindness n善良7动词 ance名词annoy vt.使烦恼 annoyance n生气；烦恼8ship结尾的名词(表示身份；关系；资格) member n成员；会员 membership n会员资格professor n教授 professorship n教授身份9ing结尾的名词garden n花园 gardening n园艺greet v打招呼；问候 greetings n问候针对训练语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)AFrom the 1.expression (express) on Marys face, he knew he left a bad 2.impression (impress) on her and if she won the 3.election (elect) to bee chairman of the Environment 4.Organization (organize), he could not get her 5.permission(permit) to join it although he was willing to do his bit to rid the world of 6.pollution (pollute) and to help people enjoy a better earth.When he was wondering how to change this embarrassing situation, he got 7.inspiration (inspire) from his wifes words.Yes, he should try his best to win the election and bee chairman himself with his 8.determination (determine) to work for the organization.“My dear, you are really a wonderful 9.helper (help)！Im sure I will be the 10.winner (win) of the election.” He said to his wife excitedly.BIt was really a hard time when Li Ping first came to the United States.His 1.earnings (earn) could hardly cover the expenses, so when his wife gave 2.birth (bear) to their second daughter, they could not afford enough nutrition food.Soon, poor nutrition caused the 3.death (die) of the poor baby.4.Loneliness (lonely) was another problem because they had no 5.relations (relate) or friends there.Thanks to his 6.bravery (brave) and 7.perseverance (persevere), he managed to gain the 8.citizenship (citizen) of the United States and in the end he had his permanent 9. settlement (settle)He always tells his children like this: Perseverance leads to 10.happiness (happy) and success.二、形容词后缀1常见形容词后缀(1)名词al形容词(表示 “有属性”， “与有关”)agriculture n农业agricultural adj.农业的(2)动词ive形容词decide v决定；下决心 decisive adj.决定性的；关键的(3)动词able形容词(表示“能够”，“适于”，“值得”)change v变化；兑换changeable adj.易变的；变化无常的(4)名词 ful形容词care n小心；关心 careful adj.小心的；仔细的(5)名词less形容词(意思与原名词相反)care n. 小心；关心 careless adj.粗心的(6)名词ly形容词friend n朋友 friendly adj.友好的(7)名词y形容词dirt n污物；脏物 dirty adj.脏的(8)名词ous形容词 danger n危险 dangerous adj.危险的2复合形容词的构成(1)形容词ing分词easygoing 随和的(2)形容词名词edkindhearted 善良的；好心的(3)名词ed分词watercovered 被水覆盖的(4)副词ed分词wellwritten 写得好的(5)数词名词edthreelegged 三条腿的针对训练.阅读下列句子，写出画线单词的意思1It feels like an unbelievable stroke of luck of fate, really.(xx四川高考阅读C)()2The good working condition in this city is attractive.()3You can rely on him because he is reliable.()4Her words struck fear into her heart so that she was sleepless all night long, afraid of being killed unexpectedly some day.()5It was a frosty cold morning when he set off for the remote village.()答案：1.不可思议的；难以置信的2.吸引人的3.可依赖的；靠得住的4.没有睡觉的；不眠的5.有霜的.语篇填空A：用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文Lucy likes talking and everybody says she is 1municative (municate)She is 2.active (act) in answering the teachers questions and from time to time her classmates find her answers quite 3.impressive (impress) and 4.acceptable (accept). Of course, not every student likes her, but she has many friends who think Lucy is a 5.creative (create) and 6.helpful (help) girl.For example, she once led a 7. homeless (home) child to her home and made the child her younger sister.Besides, she spent 8.countless (count) hours caring for a sick neighbor until she was well again.She is 9.friendly (friend) to those who have difficulty with their subjects.All in all, Lucy is the most 10.famous (fame) girl in her school.B：运用所学构词知识完成下列短文Our journey was farreaching amongst snowcovered/capped (雪封的) mountains where no Englishspeaking (说英语的) people live.The local people are goodlooking (相貌好看的), easygoing (随和的) andhardworking (勤劳的)Our hostess was oldaged (年老的)，whitehaired (白发苍苍的) andsunburnt (被太阳晒伤的)She gave me homemade (自家做的) yaks milk cake, looking selfsatisfied (自足的) as I enjoyed this rare treat although very wellknown (著名) and widespread (广泛流传) around here.I was exhausted when I fell into the readymade (准备好了的) bed she prepared for me.三、动词词缀1前缀en形容词动词enrich v丰富enlarge v变大；增大；扩大2形容词en动词shorten v缩短widen v加宽3fy结尾的动词simplify v简化classify v归类4ize结尾的动词realize v认识到popularize v普及针对训练.阅读下列句子， 写出画线部分的意思1Extracurricular activities enable the students to know how to apply the knowledge learned in the textbooks.()2The two countries are trying their best to normalize_their_relationship.()3.Some think that studying abroad can broaden_their_horizons.()4You will horrify the baby if you speak too loudly.()答案：1.使能够2.使关系正常化3.拓宽视野4.使惊惧.用所给单词的适当形式填空1Try your best to memorize (memory) these new words.2The question must be simplified (simple) so that we can find out a solution to it.3It costs a lot of money if we plan to purify (pure) the waste water.4He quickened (quick) his steps to arrive home earlier.5You can enlarge (large) your vocabulary if you keep on memorizing some new words every day. 四、否定词缀1表示否定意义的前缀un 不，非unable不能够unlucky 不幸的dis 不，非dishonest不诚实的discontinuous 不连贯的in 不，非inactive不活跃的incorrect 不正确的im 不，非impatient不耐烦的impossible不可能的ir 不，非irregular 不规则的irresponsible不负责任的il 不，非illogical 不合逻辑的illegal 非法的non 不，非nonexistent不存在的nonstop 直达的；连续不断的mis 错误mislead 误导misunderstand 误解dis动词(意义相反)dislike不喜欢disagree 不同意un动词(意义相反)uncover 揭开undress 脱衣服2表示否定意义的后缀名词less否定意义的形容词use n. 用处；用途useless adj.无用的hope n. 希望 hopeless adj.没有希望的；绝望的home n家 homeless adj.无家可归的针对训练.阅读下列短文，写出画线单词的意思A 1.misconception was that the high temperature caused the big fire.However, Miss Wang knew it was not the true story.So she insisted that the government should make the truth known to the public.When Miss Wang knew that her appeal was 2.disallowed,_ she felt rather 3.disappointed.She decided to 4.disclose the truth: it was human errors that were to blame for the terrible disaster.She wanted to tell the public about the coldness of some officials.She believed that the truth must be 5.uncovered now.1_2._3._4_5._答案：1.错误观念2.驳回；不准许3.失望的；沮丧的4揭露5.揭露；揭发.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)The speech seemed to be 1.nonstop (stop) and the listeners became very 2.impatient_ (patient)When the speaker said that oil was 3.nonrenewable (renew) and that the best way to solve the problem was not to make cars and buses to force people to go to work or school on foot, the audience thought it was 4.impractical_ (practice) and 5.unbearable_ (bear) to listen to him any longer.They 6.disbelieved_ (believe) that the world would go smoothly without these modern transportations.They also thought that the speaker was 7.irresponsible (responsible) to make such a statement without thinking it carefully and his speech would cause some 8.misunderstandings (understand)So most of the listeners chose to leave, shouting loudly and angrily.五、正确使用派生词1动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词类后一般接名词或动名词。如果所给单词是其他词类， 就要将其改为名词， 并注意名词数的变化。(1)Do you know the depth (deep) of the river?(2)His carelessness (careful) resulted in the terrible accident.(3)He is one of the scientists (science) who support this theory.2动词、介词后一般接名词或动名词。所给单词为动词，就要看该动词是否有名词形式。如果有名词形式，就用其名词形式。如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词形式。此外，如果所给动词有名词形式，就要看其后有无宾语。如果后有宾语，用动名词形式；后无宾语，则用名词形式。(1)Please pay attention (attend) to your handwriting.动词attend本身有名词形式attention, 所以不用动名词attending。(2)His arrival (arrive) made the situation worse.动词arrive本身有名词形式arrival, 所以不用动名词arriving。(3)The teacher was angry at my ing (e) late.动词e没有名词，所以用动名词ing。(4)Thank you for your help (help)Thank you for helping (help) me.(5)I was happy because of his appreciation (appreciate)I was happy because of his appreciating (appreciate) my speech.上面两组句子中，helping与appreciating后都带有宾语，故用动名词。help与appreciation后没有宾语，故用名词形式。3动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词时， 还要考虑副词级的变化。(1)The boy ran quickly (quick) to school.(2)“Whats that？” Father shouted angrily (angry)(3)The little girl is extremely (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam.(4)Your position is badly (bad) organized.Please do your writing exercise more attentively (attend) next time.(5)Youre driving too fast. Can you drive a bit more slowly (slow)?4名词前面一般可有形容词修饰语。如果所需词为形容词时， 还要考虑形容词级的变化。(1) Whats the widest (width) river in the world?(2)The stronger (strength) we bee, the more modest we should be.针对训练.用所给单词的适当形式填空1Mary was very sad at the news, so she looked sadly at her husband, her eyes full of sadness.(sad)2He played football very well and he was one of the best players in yesterdays football match.(play)3Look！How happily Kate is laughing！She seems to be the happiest girl in the world.(happy)4To our satisfaction,_ the headmaster was very satisfied with our report.(satisfy)5Edison was a great inventor.During his life he had many inventions.(invent)6I should simplify my task and make it simpler/simple to finish it.(simple)7The boy having the appearance of being half starved disappeared,_ never to be seen again.(appear)8The police discovered the pot and uncovered a plot against the President.(cover)9You are so kind to help me. Thank you for your kindness.(kindly)10Everything is being more_expensive than before and many college students had to work to make some money for their college expenses.(expend).语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)A group of robbers dug their way into the basement of a bank in Paris and emptied almost 200 private 1.safes (safety)They entered the Credit Lyonnais branch using building 2.equipment (equip) to dig holes and destroy walls on Saturday night.They tied up a 3.security (secure) guard and spent the next nine hours robbing the bank.One 4.investigator (investigate) described the 5.robbery (rob) as a “6.professional (profession) job”The robbers came in at about 22：00 on Saturday and left at 7：00 on Sunday.They entered through the basements of the 7.neighbouring (neighbour) building, digging through a series of tunnels and making a hole into a wall of 80cm thick to get into the bank, which was having building works at the time.When they left, the robbers set the place on fire to 8.remove (move) any trace of evidence, switching on the antifire system and flooding the building.9.Fortunately (fortune), the guard escaped 10.unharmed (harm)It is difficult to estimate the total value of what was stolen as only the banks clients (储户) know the content of their private safes.第二周动词的时态和语态一、动词的时态1一般现在时(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语。Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.(xx北京高考)On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(xx陕西高考)(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象，无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say，“because every step shows.”(xx新课标全国卷)So what is the procedure?All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.(xx北京高考)(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。My parents have promised to e to see me before I leave for Africa.(4)表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作，但限于少数动词。如begin, e, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.2一般过去时(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示)；用于表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。I didnt realize then, but being a pilot makes me a better surgeon.(xx新课标全国卷)Michaels father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier.(xx新课标全国卷)I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school.(xx新课标全国卷)(2)注意句型：was/were about to do . when .中when后从句的动词用过去式。I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.3现在完成时常用的时间状语有：so far, recently, lately, once/twice/three .times, before, ever, by now, in the last/past few years, over a long time, up to now, yet, already, just, since等。主要用于以下几种情况：(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa.Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it.(xx江西高考)(2)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。They have been good friends since they met at a meeting.Shakespeares play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.(xx北京高考)(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。It is (has been)一段时间since从句This (That/It) is the first (second .) timethat从句This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.(xx陕西高考)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。When shall we restart our business?Not until we have finished our plan.(xx四川高考)4过去完成时(1)过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去。常与for, since等构成的时间状语连用。He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all, he had had it for a very long time.(xx辽宁高考)We first met on a train in xx.We both felt immediately that we had known each other for years.(2)有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。这类动词常见的有：hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think等。I had hoped to be back last night, but I didnt catch the train.(3)在特殊句式hardly/scarcely .when .; no sooner .than .中，主句常用过去完成时，该句式意为“一就；刚就”。Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.5将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by将来的某个时间”。I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.I know. By next month, he will have saved enough for a used one.(xx上海高考)6现在进行时表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go, e等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。You are always studying in the library.Why not have a picnic this afternoon?7过去进行时(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。Did you catch what I said?Sorry. I was answering a text message just now.(xx四川高考)Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No, I was doing my homework all day yesterday.(xx新课标全国卷)(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中的持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。I dont understand why you didnt go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.Im so sorry. But I was doing my homework.(xx湖南高考)8现在完成进行时(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.(xx福建高考)(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.9将来进行时将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow。Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon?Im sorry, but by then I will be flying to Beijing. How about five？(xx陕西高考)二、动词的语态英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。做有关被动语态的题目可以分两步走：第一步确定正确的时态，第二步确定正确的语态。判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系：如果是主谓关系则用主动语态，如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。被动语态的构成(以write为例)时间一般时态进行时态完成时态现在am/is/are writtenam/is/are being writtenhas/have been written过去was/were writtenwas/were being writtenhad been written将来shall/will be written1.get过去分词表被动They got married last week.He fell and got hurt.2主动形式表被动意义(1)系动词look, feel, sound, smell, taste, seem, appear, go, prove, turn等形容词/名词。The dish tastes delicious.His plan proved (to be) practical.(2)表示主语的某种属性的词：read, write, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, shut等，其主语往往是物。What about the books?Books of this kind sell well.The door wont open.The pen writes smoothly.(3)be worth后常接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。A lot of small towns in the area are definitely worth visiting.(4)need, want, require, deserve等动词后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。Most house plants require regular watering.针对训练.用所给动词的适当形式填空1(xx安徽高考) Im calling about the apartment you advertised (advertise) the other day.Could you tell me more about it?2(xx北京高考)Do you think Mom and Dad will_be (be) late?No, Swiss Air is usually on time.3(xx北京高考)Hurry up! Mark and Carol are_expecting (expect) us.4(xx湖南高考)“What do you want to be？” asked Mrs.Crawford.“Oh，I will_be (be) president，” said the boy, with a smile.5(xx湖南高考)Around two oclock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat bothers (bother) us.6(xx湖南高考)If nothing is_done (do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts.7(xx湖南高考)Have you heard about the recent election?Sure, it has_been (be) the only thing on the news for the last three days.8(xx江苏高考)Generally, students inner motivation with high expectations from others is (be) essential to their development.9(xx江苏高考)Could I use your car tomorrow morning?Sure.I will_be_writing (write) a report at home.10(xx江苏高考)“Never for a second，” the boy says, “did (do) I doubt that my father would e to my rescue.”11(xx江苏高考)What about your selfdrive trip yesterday?Tiring! The road is being widened, and we had (have) a rough ride.12(xx江西高考)I was_ing (e) to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.13(xx辽宁高考)At no time did (do) they actually break the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.14(xx辽宁高考)We are confident that the environment will_be_improved (improve) by our further efforts to reduce pollution.15(xx山东高考)I didnt think Id like the movie, but actually it was (be) pretty good.16(xx陕西高考)Jim was_watching (watch) a latenight film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.17(xx上海高考)Bob called to tell his mother that he couldnt enter the house, for he had_left (leave) his key at school.18(xx上海高考)The school board is made up of parents who have_been_elected(elect) to make decisions about school affairs.19(xx四川高考)Hurry up, kids! The school bus is_waiting (wait) for us!20(xx新课标全国卷)We were_leaving (leave) very early so we packed the night before.21(xx新课标全国卷)If we dont_act (not act) now to protect the environment, well live to regret it.22(xx新课标全国卷)When I first met Bryan I didnt like him, but I have_changed (change) my mind.23(xx浙江高考)During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs has_increased (increase) sharply.24(xx重庆高考)I felt very tired when I got home, and I went (go) straight to bed.25(xx重庆高考)A Midsummer Nights Dream opens(open) at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)AIt was getting dark when I 1.got (get) home.It was cold and I 2.was_wearing (wear) a coat.I walked up to the door and put my hand into my pocket to take out the key, but I couldnt find it.I suddenly remembered that I 3.had_left (leave) it on my desk in the office.It really didnt make any difference.I knew my wife 4.was (be) at home and the children must have e back from school by now, so I 5.knocked (knock) at the door.There was no answer.I 6.continued (continue) knocking at the door for some time.I 7.was_getting (get) angry.Then I remembered something the office boy 8.had_told (tell) me at noon.He said that my wife 9.had_phoned (phone) saying that she 10.would_go (go) shopping in the afternoon with the children.It seemed that nothing 11.could_be_done (can do) and I 12.would_be_shut (shut) out of my house.BWele to our school.Id like to introduce plans for our school