2019-2020年高中英语Unit3ReferenceforTeaching.doc

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2019-2020年高中英语Unit3ReferenceforTeaching一、语言点补充解释:(一) holiday,vacation,leave三个词都有“节假日”的意思,但在假日的种类、性质、对象上各不相同。holiday是常用语,指规定的节假日,也指学校的假期,可长可短,但表较长的时间常用复数。vacation与holiday相近,单复数均可,多用于美国,在英国着重指大专院校假期或法定的休假期;leave一般指政府机关的公务员、军人等的假期,也可指病假。 Where are you going for your holidayvacation? 你打算去哪儿度假? Colleges and universities usually have two vacation:the summer one and the winter one 大专院校通常有两个假期:暑假和寒假。 The student asked his teacher for leave这个学生向他的老师请了假。(二) fall ill with a fever fever一般用作不可数名词,有时可与不定冠词连用。 He has a high fever他发高烧。 She hasnt much fever她发烧不厉害。 fever也可与run搭配使用。 I ran a high fever and was sick at my stomach我发着高烧,肚子又痛。 (三)examine的用法 examine意为“仔细检查,对进行考核,审查” The doctor examined the wound医生检查了伤口。 All job applications are to be examined所有求职者都要通过考核。 Well examine the play this afternoon 今天下午我们将要审查那项计划。 辨析:examine与check examine仔细检查look at carefully in order to learn about or from check检查,核对examine in order to learn whether sth. is correct or not Now please check your answers现在请你核对一下答案。Check your bicycle brakes before you ride骑自行车前检查一下刹车。(四)contain的用法 contain用作及物动词,意为“包含;包括;容纳(不用进行时);控制,抑制” What does the medicine contain,Dr. Yang? 杨大夫,这药含什么成分? Seawater contains salt海水含有盐分。 The hall can contain five hundred people大厅可容纳500人。(hold)She couldnt contain herself for joy她高兴地难以自制。辨析:contain与include contain指作为组成部分而被“包含”或“容纳”在内。include侧重于作为整体中的一部分而被包括进去。How much does this bottle contain? 这个瓶子能装多少?Books contain knowledge书籍蕴含知识。Everyone here took part in the fight against the flood, including old people 这里所有的人,包括老人,都参加了抗洪斗争。Everybody had something to say, me included 所有的人,包括我在内,都有些话要说。(五)hear的用法 hear about听说,听到 Mr Parker heard about his workers accident on that very evening 当天晚上帕克先生听说他的一个工人出了事故。 提示hear about后常接表示“事”类的名词,此时也可用hear of They had often heard ofabout elephants, but they had never seen one 他们常常听说大象,但从来没有看到过。 链接动词hear可和介词搭配构成下列短语: hear of (间接) 听到,听说 (of后接人或事) hear from收到某人的来信(from后接人而不是信件) I have never heard of such a man我从未听说过这样一个人。 We hear from my brother every month我们每个月都收到哥哥的来信。 辨析:hear与hear aboutof hear意为“听见,听到”,指声音入耳,表达“听说”时,后接从句。 Hear of与hear about都表间接听到,指听别人说起。 二者同义,都可接表示事物一类的名词或代词;hear of后还可接人。Hear about的内容要稍详细些,而hear of则只表示听说,从而知道某人的客观存在。 I hearhave heard that your father has gone abroad,hasnt he? 我听说你父亲出国了,是吗? I should like to hear your opinions我想听听你的意见。(当面聆听) Ive heard of your opinions 我已听说了你的意见。(指通过他人或其他方式得知) 拓展介词about此处作“关于,有关”解,可与不同动词搭配构成短语。 相关短语 tell about讲述 talk about谈论 speak about一谈到有关的事(六)as well as的用法 as well as用作一个固定短语,意思是“除以外还,和 一样也”。用以衬托前面所说的重点,as well as之后接附加信息。English,as well as Chinese and maths,is of great importance 同语文和数学一样,英语很重要. 提示as well as通常连接两个对等的成分,即as well as之前和之后的成分相同,同为主语、宾语、表语等。 The girl is lively as well as healthy(连接两个表语) 这女孩既健康又活泼。 He wants a pen as well as a pencil(连接两个宾语) 他既要铅笔也要钢笔。 As well as in Canada,the weather changes from season to season in China (接两个状语)和在加拿大一样,在中国,天气也是随季节变换而变换。 注意as well as连接两个主语时,谓语动词的数依据前面的主语确定,即通常所说的“就前一致原则”;as well as之后若连接动词,则要使用动名词。 The teacher as well as all the students enjoys English classes。 和学生们一样,老师也喜欢英语课。 As well as being a pop star,Liu Huan teaches at a well-known university 除是一名歌星外,刘欢还在一所知名大学任教。 链接表达“除了外还有,和一样也”,besides也可作介词,相当于as well as;也可用作副词,相当于as well. Besides Shanghai, I went to Beijing for my holiday 除上海以外,我还去北京度假。 He gave me advice and money as well 他给我忠告并给我钱。 拓展as well as可用于表示同级比较,well为副词,意思是“和一样好”。 He speaks English as well as a native speaker 他英语说得同本族语是英语的人一样好。(七)follow的用法 In the years that followed (In the following years), he kept on studying English 在随后的几年内,他继续学习英语。 动词follow在此处意思是“跟随,跟着,继起”。 You go first and Ill follow you你先走,我随后就来。 提示as follows意思是“如下”。 The results are as follows结果如下。 We went upstairs, following the old man(现在分词) 我们跟着老人上了楼。 We went upstairs,followed by the old man(过去分词) 我们上了楼,后面跟着老人。 The new methods were put into use following the meeting(介词) 会后这些新方法就被采用了。 The following isare important(名词) 以下所述很重要。 I had to e back the following day(形容词) 我得在第二天回来。 拓展follow另作“沿(路而行);听得懂,领会;接受,遵循”解。 Follow the road signs while driving开车时要沿着路标。 Do you follow what I am saying? 你接受我说的话吗? I followed the teachers advice and paid more attention to my spoken English 我接受了老师的建议,更加注意英语口语。(八) be famous foras What are they famous for?他们以什么而著名? Be famous for以 而闻名 Switzerland is famous for its mountains瑞士以高山而闻名。 Hes famous for his kindness to help others他以乐于助人而著名。 拓展be famous for以而闻名 be famous as作为而闻名 be famous tobe known to为所熟知 Its well known that众所周知 Hes famousknown as a great singer他作为一名歌唱家而闻名。 Hes famousknown to everyone here这里的人对他都很熟悉。 Its well known that Taiwan belongs to China众所周知,台湾属于中国。(九)辨析:dress,have on,put on,pull on,wear,in,with 1. dress作不及物动词“穿好衣服”,作及物动词,表示动作或状态,宾语只能是人,不能接衣服,表示“给穿衣服”。 She washed,dressed and went out洗过脸,穿好衣服她就出去了。 Mary is too young to dress herself玛丽太小了自己穿不了衣服。 Be dressed in表示某人穿着什么衣服 The nurses are all dressed in white护土们都穿着白衣服。 注意He is well dressed他穿得很好。 2. have on (be wearing)“穿着,戴着”(衣服、帽子、鞋),表示状态,不能用进行时态。 The Emperor had nothing on in the processi6n游行时,皇帝一丝不挂。 3. put on“穿戴”,表示动作,反义词为take off。 Its cold todayYoud better put on more clothes 今天天气冷,你最好多穿些衣服。 4wear穿着, 戴着”,表示穿戴的状态。也可以表示留发式,留胡须,戴手表、首饰等。 She shouldnt wear red她不该穿红衣服的。 She was wearing a gold ringa red flower in her hair 她戴着金戒指头上戴着一朵红花。 Many women wear their short hair now现在很多妇女留短发。 He wears a short beardhis beard short他留着短胡须。 5pull on 表示动作,反义词是pull off,表示不经心地、随便地或匆忙地穿上衣服、袜子,戴上手套。 She pulled her clothes on and went to schoo1. 她匆匆忙忙地穿上衣服上学去。 6in后接衣服,也可接颜色,可作定语或和be连用作谓语。 The man in blue is our teacher穿蓝衣服的那个人是我的老师。 7with表示穿戴,只能作定语,而且只能和眼镜、手套等连用,不能接衣服。 The boy with thick glasses is our monitor 戴深度眼镜那个男孩是我们的班长。 (十)辨析:discover,find与find out discover发现,发觉(指发现早就存在的东西) find发现,找到(往往指发现丢失的东西) find out查明,弄清楚(真相等) Columbus discovered America in l492哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲大陆。 A farmer discovered a new oil field一位农民发现了一个新油田。 Have you found your pen? 你的钢笔找到了吗? If you find any mistake,please correct it比如发现有错,请你改正。 Please go and find out when the film starts 请去查查电影什么时候开始。 I find it difficult to explain我觉得很难解释。 Water finds its own level水往低处流。 (十一)pare的用法 pare vt. 比较,对照 Those present at the meeting pared the industry development in both countries. 与会者对两个国家的工业发展作了比较。 Its necessary to pare English with Chinese in English study 学英语时有必要把英语和汉语进行比较。 parewith 把与相比 pare A with B意思是“把A和B作比较”,比较的对象可以是人、物或数量。 I pared the translation with the original 我把译文拿来同原文对照一番。 My works dont pare with yours(通常不可用pare to) 我的作文不能同你的相比。 链接pare A to B表达“把A比作B:把A比喻成B. Shakespeare pared the world to a stage 莎士比亚把世界比作一个大舞台。 拓展pared to和pared with通常可以通用,用作句子状语,可置于句首,也可置于句末,意思是“与相比,与 比起来”。 It was a small place then pared towith what it is now 和现在比起来,那时它还是一个小地方。pared towith many people,she was indeed lucky 和许多人相比,她确实幸运 辨析:pare with与pare to pare A with B意思是“将A和B比较”,指对两个或两个以上的物的相同点或不同点进行比较,强调发现A与B相同与相异点的过程。指两个;同类事物之间的比较。 pare A to B意思是“把A比作B, 通常指把一事物与另一事物作形象比拟。 (十二)表示“许多、大量”的词语归纳 1只能修饰可数名词功有: many,a goodgreat many,a (1arge / great);number of , many a (+n. ) A good many animals sleep under the snow很多动物都在雪底下冬眠。 Many a student has visited the exhibition许多学生参观了这次展览。A number of words and expressions have e into the language from America and English 英语从美语中引进了大量的单词与短语。 比较a number of十可数名词,谓语用复数,意为“许多大量的”,the number of + 可数名词,谓语用单数,意为“的数目”。 The number of colleges has increased in the past 10 years 在过去的十年里,大学的数量有所增加 只能修饰不可数名词的有: much,a greatgood deal of,a great amount of amounts of It cost me a great deal of money它花了我许多钱。 Is there much ink in the bottle? 瓶里有许多墨水吗7 He gave his wife a great amount of money他给了妻子一大笔钱。 可数名词或不可数名词均可修饰的有: a lot of,lots of,,plenty of a largegreat quantity of, quantities of Every day people throw a lot of rubbish。人们每天都倒掉许多垃圾。 We have plenty of rain in the south in spring春天南方雨水很多。 There are large quantities of food in the cupboard饭橱里有许多食物。 (十三)disturb与interrupt的区别 disturb和interrupt都是及物动词,但意思不同。前者是“干扰,困扰”;后者是“打断”。 Did the dogs barks last night disturb your peace of mind? 昨天晚上的狗叫声打扰了你的心平气和吗? Many of us here are disturbed by the growing instability in the region 这个地区日益增长的不安分因素干扰着我们许多人。 Dont interrupt your teacher while he is talking 当老师说着话,不要打断他。 (十四) result from与result in result from的意思是“是的结果”或“由于而发生”,即主语表示结果,介词from的宾语表示原因。也就是说,主语的结果是由宾语的原因引起的。 The accident resulted from a defective brake 事故的原因是刹车有问题。 Nothing resulted from my efforts我们的努力没有什么结果。 His failure in the exams resulted from not working hard enough 他考试不及格,原因是平时学习不够努力。 His death resulted from an overdose of drugs 他的死是由于服用药物过量引起的。 注意区别:result from与result in。result in的意思是“引起某种结果、结果是,导致”,其主语表示原因,介词in的宾语则表示结果,即主语的原因导致或造成了宾语的结果。所以上面的句子也可以转换成:A defective brake resulted in the accident (十五)right here,right there,right now,etc(exactly here,exactly there, etc.) right here(就在这儿),right there(就在那儿),right now(现在立刻)为日常口头语,right是副词,它的意思是exactly,precisely,just,或immediately,把here,there now等的范围缩小了。还有right away与right off都是“立刻,马上”的意思。 He said that he would meet us right here on this corner 他说他将在这转角处跟我们碰面。 Right then l saw very clearly that he was not telling the truth 就在那里,我看见他不讲实话。 (十六)die of与die from用法的区别: die of指因疾病、冻饿、害怕、羞愧等内因或外因造成的死亡结果;die from表示因伤、事故等外因或不明原因造成的死亡结果。与表示疾病的名词连用时,二者均可。from还可表示因懒惰等而造成某种后果的原因。 Tens of thousands of people died of hunger 成百上千的人死于饥饿。 The old man died from wounds那个老人因伤而亡。 She died offrom cancer她死于癌症。 The beggar wasnt ill;he stayed in bed from laziness 那个乞丐躺在床上,他并没生病而是太懒了。 二、语法讲解 (一)过去完成时的基本概念和形式 过去完成时(the Past Perfect Tense) 表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。简言之,过去完成时所表示的时间就是“过去的过去”。过去完成时由助动词had+过去分词构成。 过去完成时的用法: (1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成的动作。这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示。By the end of last week we had learned ten lessons 到上周末为止,我们已经学了十课书。 He had learned some English before he came to the institute 他来学院之前学过一些英语。 I didnt go to the movie because I had seen it twice 我没去看电影,因为这片子我已看过两次了。 When I had gone over my lessons l played football 我复习完功课之后,就去踢足球了。 I showed my little sister the flowers that I had bought for her 我把给妹妹买的花送给她。 (2)过去完成时可以表示由过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作,常和for (有时可以省去)或since构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。 It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months 在天旱了好几个月之后,昨天下雨了。 By the time I read his new book,I had known him for a long time 到我读他的新书时,我早就知道他了。 He said that great changes had taken place in his hometown since 1980 他说1980年以来他的家乡大变样了。 注意当一个由when,before,after,as soon as等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接时,两个动作均可用“一般过去时”来表示。 We had breakfast after we got up起床后我们吃的早饭。 “过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来,而不一定受某个时间语的限制。 There had been someone in our room just now,because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door 刚才肯定有人在我们屋里,因为当我推开前门进来的时候地上有一未燃尽的烟蒂。 (二)一般过去时 1表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。 I went to Beijing last year去年我去过北京。 2表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由wouldused to do表达的句型,本身表示的就是过去时。 I used to live here我过去住在这儿。 注意used to 和be used to的区别,used to表过去常常,be used to表示习惯于,前者to是不定式符号,后者则是介词,后接名词、动名词、代词。 3有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。 Would you mind my sitting here? 您介意我坐在这里吗? Could you pass me the pen? 你能帮我递一下钢笔吗? 注意 时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday,last month,in l999,two days ago等,绝对不可与recently,in the past 10 years,this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系, 应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。 used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do,didnt use to do都对。(三)一般过去时和现在完成时1. 一般过去时:(1)表示一个过去已经完成的动作. 与之搭配的时间副词:yesterday,last week,last year,at 5:30 etc. Last week I went swimming with Tom上周我和汤姆去游泳了。(2)表示在过去一段时间内反复发生的动作,但现在已经结束。与之搭配的时间副词:last year,last weekend,last month。有时用this weekend,this year。 I went to Canada twice this year今年我两次去加拿大。 (3)表示已完成的过去的一段活动。 Our family owned that house for generations(We dont own it now) 我们世世代代拥有那套房子。 2现在完成时: (1)表示过去的一个动作但其发生的时间不确切或不知道。 常用的时间副词有:ever,never,yet,still,already Linda still hasnt finished her assignmentLinda还没完成她的作业。 (2)表示过去的一个动作或反复发生的动作,其发生的时间仍在持续。 常用的时间副词有:this weekweekendmonthyear;in the past ten years;in my life;today I have been to the post office twice today今天我两次去邮局。 (3)表示现在仍在进行的动作,已知动作发生的时间和持续的时间。 Our family has owned that house for generations(We own it now) (三)英语中时态特殊现象面面观 1. 常用一般现在时的情况: (1)以here或there开头的句子,说明正在发生的动作,谓语动词不用现在进行时,而用一般现在时。 Here es the bus! 公共汽车来了! There goes the bell! 铃响了! (2)既定的时间如生日、日历、课时安排、交通时刻表等,通常用一般现在时表示将来动作。 The meeting starts at five oclock会议五点开始。 The train leaves at three this afternoon火车今下午三点开。 (3)在see to it ,make sure,make certain,be sure,look out,take care等之后的从句要用一般现在(过去、现在完成)时代替一般将来(过去将来、将来完成)时。 You must make sure the door is closed before you leave the lab 你一定要在离开实验室前关上门。See to it that everything is O.K一切都很顺利。 (4)在宾语从句中,表示客观事实或真理,一律用一般现在时。 The teacher taught us yesterday that the moon circles the earth 老师昨天告诉我们月球围绕地球转。 Somebody told me that you are a writer有人告诉我你是个作家。 (5)在由as soon as,when,before,after,till等引导的时间状语从句和由 if, unless,as long as,in case等引导的条件状语从句或在方式让步状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替将来时,但主句用一般将来时。 H you e this afternoon,well have a meeting 如果你今天下午来,我们就开会。2常用一般过去时的情况:(1)表示说话人始料未及的事情,用一般过去时。 Oh! I didnt know you were in ShanghaiHow long have you been there? 噢!我不知道你在上海。来了多长时间了? (2)在wish,would rather的宾语从句中和在as if引导的状语从句中,以及在It is time that的定语从句中,谓语动词用一般过去时说明现在的事情。 Its time you had a holiday你该放假了。 He looks as if he were young他看起来好像很小。 (3)用表示意愿及精神状态的动词,反映的是说话者探询的态度时,动词用一般过去时表示一般现在时,显得更加有礼貌。 I didnt know you were here我不知道你在这里。(were实际上指现在) I wondered if you could help me我不知道你是否能帮我。 (4)在含有hardlyscarcelywhen,no soonerthan结构的句子中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。(注意:主句一般倒装) Hardly had 1 entered the room when I heard a loud noise 我一进了房间就听到了噪音。 No sooner had I reached the door than he came back 我一到门口他就回来了。 3. 常用现在进行时的情况: (1)若句中带有always,all the time,forever,constantly等词或短语,用进行时表示一个频繁发生的动作,表示说话人赞赏或厌恶等感情。 You are always forgetting the important things你总是忘记重要的事。 He is constantly leaving his things behind他总是忘东西。 (2)某些词,如e,go,leave,arrive,start等可用现在进行时表示将来。 He is leaving tomorrow他明天动身。 The visitors are arriving in a few minutes来客几分钟就到。 4常用过去进行时的情况: (1) 表示故事发生的背景。 One day Jones was walking along the street有一天,Jones在街上散步。 (2)与always,forever,constantly,continually,frequently等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为,往往带有感情色彩。My brother was always losing his key我弟弟总是丢钥匙。 They were frequently quarrelling他们经常争论。5常用现在完成时的情况: (1)被the first time,a few times,again and again等表示次数或重复的状语修饰时,句中常用现在完成时。 This is the third time we have made improvements in that equipment 这是第三次我们对那套设备作出改进。 (2) 定语从句的先行词是最高级形式或被最高级形容词修饰时,句中常用现在完成时。Scientists have found almost a11 metals are good conductors,the best of which is silver 科学家们发现几乎所有的金属都是良好的导体,银具有最好的导电性。 (3)在某些时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用现在完成时表示将来完成的 动作。 Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework, 我完成作业后,就去你家。 If it has stopped snowing in the morning,well go to the park 如果上午雪停了,我们将去公园。6常用过去完成时的情况: (1) 某些动词的过去完成时表示原先计划或打算做而没做的事情。常见的动词有mean,plan,think,suppose,want,intend等。 We had hoped that you would be able to visit us 我们曾希望你们能拜访我们。 I had intended to make a cake,but I ran out of time. 我曾打算做蛋糕,但时间不够了。 7常用一般将来时的情况: (1)表示一种倾向,固有特性或说话人推测的意见。 I think it will rain tomorrow我认为明天要下雨。 Birds will build nests鸟会建巢。 (2)在含有条件状语从句、时间状语从句的主句中。 We shall go unless it rains如果不下雨,我们要去。 Hell help you if you ask him如果你请教他,他会帮你的。 说明有时用be about to + 动词原形或be to+动词原形或be going to + 动词原形表示将来时。 The meeting is going to start at nine九点开会。 The film is about to begin电影即将开始。
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