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离散数学试题及答案一、填空题 1 设集合A,B,其中A1,2,3, B= 1,2, 则A - B 3 ; r(A) - r(B) 3,1,3,2,3,1,2,3 .2. 设有限集合A, |A| = n, 则 |r(AA)| = .3. 设集合A = a, b, B = 1, 2, 则从A到B的所有映射是a1= (a,1), (b,1), a2= (a,2), (b,2),a3= (a,1), (b,2), a4= (a,2), (b,1), 其中双射的是 a3, a4 .4. 已知命题公式G(PQ)R,则G的主析取范式是 (PQR) 5.设G是完全二叉树,G有7个点,其中4个叶点,则G的总度数为 12 ,分枝点数为 3 .6 设A、B为两个集合, A= 1,2,4, B = 3,4, 则从AB 4 ; AB1,2,3,4;AB 1,2 .7. 设R是集合A上的等价关系,则R所具有的关系的三个特性是 自反性 , 对称性 传递性 .8. 设命题公式G(P(QR),则使公式G为真的解释有 (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)9. 设集合A1,2,3,4, A上的关系R1 = (1,4),(2,3),(3,2), R2 = (2,1),(3,2),(4,3), 则R1R2 = (1,3),(2,2),(3,1) , R2R1 = (2,4),(3,3),(4,2) _ R12 = (2,2),(3,3).10. 设有限集A, B,|A| = m, |B| = n, 则| |r(AB)| = .11 设A,B,R是三个集合,其中R是实数集,A = x | -1x1, xR, B = x | 0x 2, xR,则A-B = -1=x0 , B-A = x | 1 x 6 (D)下午有会吗?5 设I是如下一个解释:Da,b, 则在解释I下取真值为1的公式是( D ).(A)$xyP(x,y) (B)xyP(x,y) (C)xP(x,x) (D)x$yP(x,y).6. 若供选择答案中的数值表示一个简单图中各个顶点的度,能画出图的是( C ).(A)(1,2,2,3,4,5) (B)(1,2,3,4,5,5) (C)(1,1,1,2,3) (D)(2,3,3,4,5,6).7. 设G、H是一阶逻辑公式,P是一个谓词,G$xP(x), HxP(x),则一阶逻辑公式GH是( C ).(A)恒真的 (B)恒假的 (C)可满足的 (D)前束范式.8 设命题公式G(PQ),HP(QP),则G与H的关系是( A )。(A)GH (B)HG (C)GH (D)以上都不是.9 设A, B为集合,当( D )时ABB.(A)AB(B)AB(C)BA(D)AB.10 设集合A = 1,2,3,4, A上的关系R(1,1),(2,3),(2,4),(3,4), 则R具有( B )。(A)自反性 (B)传递性(C)对称性 (D)以上答案都不对11 下列关于集合的表示中正确的为( B )。(A)aa,b,c (B)aa,b,c(C)a,b,c (D)a,ba,b,c12 命题xG(x)取真值1的充分必要条件是( A ).(A) 对任意x,G(x)都取真值1. (B)有一个x0,使G(x0)取真值1. (C)有某些x,使G(x0)取真值1. (D)以上答案都不对.13. 设G是连通平面图,有5个顶点,6个面,则G的边数是( A ).(A) 9条 (B) 5条 (C) 6条 (D) 11条.14. 设G是5个顶点的完全图,则从G中删去( A )条边可以得到树.(A)6 (B)5 (C)10 (D)4.15. 设图G的相邻矩阵为,则G的顶点数与边数分别为( D ).(A)4, 5 (B)5, 6 (C)4, 10 (D)5, 8.三、计算证明题1.设集合A1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12,R为整除关系。(1) 画出半序集(A,R)的哈斯图;(2) 写出A的子集B = 3,6,9,12的上界,下界,最小上界,最大下界;(3) 写出A的最大元,最小元,极大元,极小元。解:(1)(2) B无上界,也无最小上界。下界1, 3; 最大下界是3(3) A无最大元,最小元是1,极大元8, 12, 9; 极小元是12. 设集合A1, 2, 3, 4,A上的关系R(x,y) | x, yA 且 x y, 求 (1) 画出R的关系图;(2) 写出R的关系矩阵.解:(1) (2)3. 设R是实数集合,s,t,j是R上的三个映射,s(x) = x+3, t(x) = 2x, j(x) x/4,试求复合映射st,ss, sj, jt,sjt.解: (1)sts(t(x)t(x)+32x+32x+3.(2)sss(s(x)s(x)+3(x+3)+3x+6,(3)sjs(j(x)j(x)+3x/4+3, (4)jtj(t(x)t(x)/42x/4 = x/2,(5)sjts(jt)jt+32x/4+3x/2+3.4. 设I是如下一个解释:D = 2, 3, abf (2)f (3)P(2, 2)P(2, 3)P(3, 2)P(3, 3)32320011试求 (1) P(a, f (a)P(b, f (b);(2) x$y P (y, x). 解: (1) P(a, f (a)P(b, f (b) = P(3, f (3)P(2, f (2)= P(3, 2)P(2, 3)= 10= 0.(2) x$y P (y, x) = x (P (2, x)P (3, x) = (P (2, 2)P (3, 2)(P (2, 3)P (3, 3)= (01)(01)= 11= 1.5. 设集合A1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12,R为A上整除关系。(1) 画出半序集(A,R)的哈斯图;(2) 写出A的最大元,最小元,极大元,极小元;(3) 写出A的子集B = 4, 6, 8, 12的上界,下界,最小上界,最大下界.解:(1) (2)无最大元,最小元1,极大元8, 12; 极小元是1. (3) B无上界,无最小上界。下界1, 2; 最大下界2.6. 设命题公式G = (PQ)(Q(PR), 求G的主析取范式。解: G = (PQ)(Q(PR)= (PQ)(Q(PR)= (PQ)(Q(PR)= (PQ)(QP)(QR)= (PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)= (PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)= m3m4m5m6m7 = S(3, 4, 5, 6, 7).7. (9分)设一阶逻辑公式:G = (xP(x)$yQ(y)xR(x),把G化成前束范式. 解: G = (xP(x)$yQ(y)xR(x)= (xP(x)$yQ(y)xR(x)= (xP(x)$yQ(y)xR(x)= ($xP(x)yQ(y)zR(z)= $xyz(P(x)Q(y)R(z)9. 设R是集合A = a, b, c, d. R是A上的二元关系, R = (a,b), (b,a), (b,c), (c,d),(1) 求出r(R), s(R), t(R);(2) 画出r(R), s(R), t(R)的关系图.解:(1) r(R)RIA(a,b), (b,a), (b,c), (c,d), (a,a), (b,b), (c,c), (d,d),s(R)RR1(a,b), (b,a), (b,c), (c,b) (c,d), (d,c),t(R)RR2R3R4(a,a), (a,b), (a,c), (a,d), (b,a), (b,b), (b,c), (b,d), (c,d); (2)关系图:11. 通过求主析取范式判断下列命题公式是否等价:(1) G = (PQ)(PQR) (2) H = (P(QR)(Q(PR)解:G(PQ)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)m6m7m3 (3, 6, 7)H = (P(QR)(Q(PR)(PQ)(QR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)m6m3m7G,H的主析取范式相同,所以G = H.13. 设R和S是集合Aa, b, c, d上的关系,其中R(a, a),(a, c),(b, c),(c, d), S(a, b),(b, c),(b, d),(d, d).(1) 试写出R和S的关系矩阵;(2) 计算RS, RS, R1, S1R1.解: (1) (2)RS(a, b),(c, d),RS(a, a),(a, b),(a, c),(b, c),(b, d),(c, d),(d, d), R1(a, a),(c, a),(c, b),(d, c),S1R1(b, a),(d, c). 四、证明题1. 利用形式演绎法证明:PQ, RS, PR蕴涵QS。解:(1) PRP(2) RPQ(1)(3) PQP(4) RQQ(2)(3)(5) QRQ(4)(6) RSP(7) QSQ(5)(6)(8) QSQ(7)2. 设A,B为任意集合,证明:(A-B)-C = A-(BC).解: (A-B)-C = 3. (本题10分)利用形式演绎法证明:AB, CB, CD蕴涵AD。解:(1) AD(附加)(2) ABP(3) BQ(1)(2)(4) CBP(5) BCQ(4)(6) CQ(3)(5)(7) CDP(8) DQ(6)(7)(9) ADD(1)(8)所以 AB, CB, CD蕴涵AD.4. (本题10分)A, B为两个任意集合,求证:A(AB) = (AB)B .解:4. A(AB) = A(AB)A(AB)(AA)(AB)(AB)(AB)AB而 (AB)B= (AB)B= (AB)(BB)= (AB)= AB所以:A(AB) = (AB)B.参考答案一、填空题1. 3; 3,1,3,2,3,1,2,3. 2. .3. a1= (a,1), (b,1), a2= (a,2), (b,2),a3= (a,1), (b,2), a4= (a,2), (b,1); a3, a4.4. (PQR).5. 12, 3. 6. 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2. 7. 自反性;对称性;传递性.8. (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0).9. (1,3),(2,2),(3,1); (2,4),(3,3),(4,2); (2,2),(3,3).10. 2mn.11. x | -1x 0, xR; x | 1 x 2, xR; x | 0x1, xR.12. 12; 6.13. (2, 2),(2, 4),(2, 6),(3, 3),(3, 6),(4, 4),(5, 5),(6, 6).14. $x(P(x)Q(x).15. 21.16. (R(a)R(b)(S(a)S(b).17. (1, 3),(2, 2); (1, 1),(1, 2),(1, 3). 二、选择题 1. C. 2. D. 3. B. 4. B.5. D. 6. C. 7. C.8. A. 9. D. 10. B. 11. B. 13. A. 14. A.15. D三、计算证明题1. (1)(2) B无上界,也无最小上界。下界1, 3; 最大下界是3.(3) A无最大元,最小元是1,极大元8, 12, 90+; 极小元是1.2.R = (1,1),(2,1),(2,2),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4).(1) (2)3. (1)sts(t(x)t(x)+32x+32x+3.(2)sss(s(x)s(x)+3(x+3)+3x+6,(3)sjs(j(x)j(x)+3x/4+3, (4)jtj(t(x)t(x)/42x/4 = x/2,(5)sjts(jt)jt+32x/4+3x/2+3.4. (1) P(a, f (a)P(b, f (b) = P(3, f (3)P(2, f (2)= P(3, 2)P(2, 3)= 10= 0. (2) x$y P (y, x) = x (P (2, x)P (3, x) = (P (2, 2)P (3, 2)(P (2, 3)P (3, 3)= (01)(01)= 11= 1.5. (1)(2) 无最大元,最小元1,极大元8, 12; 极小元是1.(3) B无上界,无最小上界。下界1, 2; 最大下界2.6. G = (PQ)(Q(PR)= (PQ)(Q(PR)= (PQ)(Q(PR)= (PQ)(QP)(QR)= (PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)= (PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)= m3m4m5m6m7 = S(3, 4, 5, 6, 7).7. G = (xP(x)$yQ(y)xR(x)= (xP(x)$yQ(y)xR(x)= (xP(x)$yQ(y)xR(x)= ($xP(x)yQ(y)zR(z)= $xyz(P(x)Q(y)R(z)9. (1) r(R)RIA(a,b), (b,a), (b,c), (c,d), (a,a), (b,b), (c,c), (d,d),s(R)RR1(a,b), (b,a), (b,c), (c,b) (c,d), (d,c),t(R)RR2R3R4(a,a), (a,b), (a,c), (a,d), (b,a), (b,b), (b,c), (b,d), (c,d);(2)关系图:11. G(PQ)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)m6m7m3 (3, 6, 7)H = (P(QR)(Q(PR)(PQ)(QR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)(PQR)m6m3m7 (3, 6, 7)G,H的主析取范式相同,所以G = H.13. (1) (2)RS(a, b),(c, d),RS(a, a),(a, b),(a, c),(b, c),(b, d),(c, d),(d, d), R1(a, a),(c, a),(c, b),(d, c),S1R1(b, a),(d, c).四 证明题1. 证明:PQ, RS, PR蕴涵QS(1) PRP(2) RPQ(1)(3) PQP(4) RQQ(2)(3)(5) QRQ(4)(6) RSP(7) QSQ(5)(6)(8) QSQ(7)2. 证明:(A-B)-C = (AB)C = A(BC)= A(BC)= A-(BC)3.证明:AB, CB, CD蕴涵AD(1) AD(附加)(2) ABP(3) BQ(1)(2)(4) CBP(5) BCQ(4)(6) CQ(3)(5)(7) CDP(8) DQ(6)(7)(9) ADD(1)(8)所以 AB, CB, CD蕴涵AD.5. 证明:A(AB) = A(AB)A(AB)(AA)(AB)(AB)(AB)AB而 (AB)B= (AB)B= (AB)(BB)= (AB)= AB所以:A(AB) = (AB)B.第 13 页 共 13 页
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