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外 文 翻 译单行蔬菜钵体苗自动移栽机的设计取苗装置设计原文1：Vegetable Transplanters for Use in Developing CountriesA Review译文1：蔬菜移栽机在发展中国家的展望原文2：Development of a mechanism for transplanting rice seedlings译文2：移栽水稻幼苗机制和发展原文1：Developing countries contribute 72% of the total vegetable production in the world. The transplanting operation is one of the most labor intensive in vegetable production. It is largely done by hand in India and most developing countries and incurs large investments in labor, time,and cost. This article presents the details of construction of vegetable transplanters in addition to recent advances in their development.Performance of transplanters under actual field conditions is discussed.Traditional Methods of Transplanting Vegetable SeedlingsFerminger (1953) reported that in India, for small-scale vegetable gardening, holes of 60 cm diameter and 30 cm deep are manually dug in the field at desired spacings. The soil is mixed with farmyard manure, bone meal,and wood ashes. The hole is then filled to a depth of 1520 cm and packed. A seedling is placed in the middle of the hole and topsoil is filled around the seedling, compacted, firmed, and soaked with water. A shelter is built to shade the seedling under dry weather conditions. This method does not require any field preparation. A shovel or spade is the only implement used.Classification of Vegetable Transplanters and SeedlingsTransplanters are designed based on seedling type to be used. The semiautomatic transplanters can be used for almost all types of seedlings (Table 1). The bare root seedlings are obtained by pulling seedlings directly from nursery beds. The soil block seedlings are obtained by sowing of seeds in moist soil cubes made by mixing soil, peat, compost,and sand (Press, 2001). The cell mold seedlings are grown in flexible plastic (Tsuga, 2000) or heavy-duty injection-molded trays(Horticultural Supplies Co., Mumbai, India) with cells to fill with the soil mix and sow the seed. Trays can contain 128, 200, or 288 cells, in which the arrangement of cells is 8 16, 10 20, and 12 24, respectively(Tsuga, 2000). The Horticultural Supplies Co. tray has five sections,each with 30 or 40 cells, supported by an outer tray, which can hold 150 or 200 seedlings. The shape of the cell is an inverted truncated pyramid. Another method for transplant production is the paper pot,generally made from recycled paper. Paper pots provide an individual area for each seed to germinate and the plant to develop (Indian Institute of Horticultural Research IIHR, 2006). A total of 128 or 200 pots can be placed on a tray in 8 8 or 10 10 arrangements (Tsuga,2000).Semiautomatic and fully automatic transplanters can be used for plantingcell mold and paper potproduced seedlings. The linked paper pot,or a chain of pots prepared by connecting a series of paper pots, is made by joining two-ply sheets of paper with water-resistant adhesive(Nambu and Tanimura, 1992). They do not require a tray for holding seedlings but require an arrangement to separate the chain of pots into individuals before feeding them to the planting unit. Linked paper pots are used only with fully automatic transplanters.The walking-type semiautomatic transplanters are either self-propelled or hand tractoroperated machines. They are rare because the operator has to concentrate on the operation of the machine and feeding the seedlings.Riding-type two-row or three-row semiautomatic transplanters are tractor mounted or tractor pulled machines, whereas those that are used with more rows are tractor pulled. The walking-type automatic transplanters are self-propelled machines for sowing a maximum of four rows. Ridingtype automatic transplanters are either self-propelled (up to four rows) or tractor pulled (up to eight rows). Further, Marr (1994) described types of transplanters called punch planters (automatic) and water-wheel planters (semiautomatic). The punch planters transplant through plastic mulches by puncturing the mulch and the soil and setting the seedling into the holes. The water-wheel planters are similar to the punch planters with the addition of a large tank filled with water or fertilizer solution. As the hole is formed for the transplant, a portion of the solution is injected into the transplant hole. Seedlings are hand-set into the watered hole by operators riding low near the ground (Model 1600 of Robert Marvel Plastic Mulch, Annville, Pa.). As the seedling is pushed in, mud from the bottom comes up along the sides and covers the top to complete the transplanting operation. Munilla and Shaw (1987) described a dibbling transplanter in which holes are made in the soil and seedlings are planted in the holes.Seedling Box or Tray HolderA seedling box is provided on semiautomatic transplanters to store bare root seedlings for feeding to the planting unit. It is rectangular in cross section and is open at the top. Long rectangular seedling boxes are used in transplanters (Model 2000, Mechanical Transplanter Co., Holland, Mich.)used for planting long seedlings, in which a conveyor belt is provided,which can be driven by foot action. Carrousel tray holders (Figure 1) can also be used in transplanters (Mechanical Transplanter Co.s models 5000,5000W, 5000WD, 4000, and 6000) that use cell mold seedlings. Each tray holder stores four to six trays, each carrying 200 cell mold seedlings. In automatic transplanters, the tray is kept at a place with its orientation suitable for the pick-up device to remove seedlings from trays. It also has a mechanism to move trays forward as seedlings are removed from the tray.Recent advances in the design of vegetable transplanters.Apart from the essential components for efficient planting of vegetable seedlings, vegetable transplanters are provided with systems for maintaining the accuracy, precision, and effectiveness in planting seedlings with minimum human intervention. Researchers have reported recent developments in automatic vegetable transplanter in the United States (Parish,2005), Italy, Japan, Australia, and England (Labowsky, 2001). Robotic transplanters have been developed (Brewer, 1994; Kim et al., 1995;Ryu et al., 2001; Sakaue, 1992; Tai et al., 1994), and Figure 7 presents a schematic diagram for this type of transplanter developed by Ryu et al.(2001). It has a CCD camera, which identifies empty cells in high-density plug trays, passes this information to the computer, which feeds it to the manipulator. The manipulator actuates the end-effecter to pick up only the good-quality seedlings to the low-density growing trays. The labor and time involved in discarding the poor-quality seedlings are fully FIGURE 7. Schematics of the robotic transplanter: (a) the front view of the manipulator (b) the side view of the manipulator, the tray moving system,and the vision system (Ryu et al., 2001). Reprinted with permission of the Institute of Agricultural Engineers, UK.Further, a camera linked to a computer feeds the information on the leaf direction of the good-quality seedlings and the manipulator accordingly orients the end-effecter to pick up the seedlings. The lowdensity growing trays used for transplanting will have 100% good-quality seedlings without any human intervention. In machines employing the belt conveyortype planting unit (Series TP Transplanter of FMC Food Tech Agricultural Machinery Division, Collecchio-Parma, Italy), faulty seedlings are separated using a machine vision system. It is claimed that the mechanism has been developed to compensate for the deficit caused by removing faulty seedlings by momentarily increasing the feed rate of seedlings from the tray (Thijssen, 2000). Photo-cells are being used to detect the gaps and replace them with new seedlings (Lannen Plant Systems, Victoria,Australia).The desired plant spacing in the field can be entered into the computer and encoders are provided to read the distance traveled along the ground and plant the seedlings within 1-mm accuracy. The seedling planting depth can be electronically controlled. This is useful particularly in lettuce, where if seedlings are planted exactly level with the top of the soil,leaf rot will be minimized and development of lettuce into an oval rather than round shape will be reduced. The pressure applied by the soil compacting device can be controlled depending on the type of soil and its condition. Seedlings can be automatically planted at the speed of 2 seedlingss1 (Model G4 vegetable transplanter, Williames Hi-tech International Pvt. Ltd., Victoria,Australia). The machine can carry 35 trays with 260 seedlings each, eliminating time lost for loading of seedling trays by at least 1 h. A transplanter with the ability to adjust the seedling pick-up unit based on size and configuration of trays has been developed (Sena, 2006).The field performance of vegetable transplanters depends on the feeding rate of the seedling pick-up unit (for automatic transplanters), planting rate of the seedling planting unit, spacing between seedlings in a row, row spacing, and achievable optimum speed of operation to minimize missed plantings in addition to field, crop, and other operating parameters. Most researchers and manufacturers have reported data on planting rate and seedling feed rate rather than on field performance of machines. CIAE(2004) reported forward speed as 0.9 kmh1 and field capacity (field area plantedh1) as 0.1 hah1 for planting tomato at a 60-cm row spacing and 45-cm in-row plant spacing using a tractor-drawn two-row semiautomatic transplanter with pocket-type planting unit. The field performance of a two-row tractor-mounted semiautomatic transplanter with pocket-type planting unit developed by PAU (2004) is presented in Table 4. The suitable forward speed of operation for obtaining a minimum of missed plantings was found to be from 0.9 to 1.1 kmh1 for various crops. Increasing speed increased the percentage of missed plantings and necessitates that two laborers feed the single row to maintain the percentage missing within acceptable limits. Holland Transplater Co.s models 1500, FWD 1500, and 1600, and Mechanical Transplanter Co.s models 1000, 1000B-3,1000 2, 1980 nursery transplanter, 2000, and 22C have the provision for two laborers to feed the single row. Marr (1994) opined that the transplanter has to be operated at a speed that allows careful placement and attention to problems that develop. Operators should not be so involved in placing plants in the machine that they cannot watch for problems that develop. A rotary cuptype planting unit on a semiautomatic transplanter allowed for higher forward speed than that of a pocket-type planting unit(Labowsky, 2001). An average forward speed of 1.4 kmh1 and field capacity of 0.14 hah1 for planting tomato, cauliflower, chile peppers,and eggplant using a three-row semiautomatic transplanter with rotary cuptype planting unit has been reported (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University TNAU, 2004). For reasonable seedling spacing, the feed rate clearly limits the maximum allowable travel speed of the transplanting machine (Srivastava et al., 2006). Minoru Industrial Co. Ltd. (Okayama,Japan) claims that its two-row self-propelled walking-type automatic vegetable transplanter can plant 0.2 hah1. Tsuga (2000) found that the two-row fully automatic transplanter was able transplant 0.11 hah1 while operating at a speed of 1.21.4 kmh1 for cabbage at a plant spacing of 30 cm and an in-row spacing of 60 cm. There was less than 3% missed plantings. Kim et al. (2001) reported that the field capacity of a prototype two-row automatic transplanter for cabbage of 0.1 hah1 with 3.5% missed plantings.Srivastava et al. (2006) opined that an important performance criterion for transplanters is that seedlings must be oriented properly and in good contact with the soil. A successful planting has been defined as having seedlings inclined less than 30 from the vertical (Munilla and Shaw, 1987).作者：G. V. Prasanna Kumar ； H. Raheman出处：International Journal of Vegetable Science，Vol.14，No.3，232-255译文1：发展中国家占世界蔬菜总生产的72%。移栽技术是一种最密集型的蔬菜生产劳动。它主要是在印度手工完成和大多数发展中国家把大量的资源投资在人力、时间、和成本。本文介绍了蔬菜移栽机，除了最新的一些进展和研究发现，是在移栽机实现其特定性能条件下讨论。传统方法的移植蔬菜种苗。Ferminger(1953)报道说,在印度对于小规模的蔬菜园种植,孔的直径是60厘米,深30厘米是手工挖场在理想状态下的空隙。土壤是混合堆肥,骨粉,和木灰。这个洞是的深度15 - 20厘米。一个幼苗被放置在中间孔上和表层周围被土所包围,围绕着种苗，将其压实,压牢固 ,再进行灌水。一个理想适当的环境是建立树荫下的幼苗干旱的天气条件。这种方法不需要任何现场准备，一个铲或锄头仅仅使用一种工具。蔬菜的分类移栽机和秧苗。印度孟买的一家园艺有限公司，对此进行了开发研究，其让细胞充满土壤与之充分混合,随后播下种子。试验中锁使用的托盘可以容载128、200或288个细胞,再进行整齐排列，将细胞排列到816、1020。2424几种排列托盘中(Tsuga,2000)。 园艺用品有限公司的托盘有五个部分，每个有30或40个细胞,由一个外托盘盛载,可以容纳150或200颗蔬菜苗。而细胞的形状是一个反向的被截断的金字塔造型。另一个方法是移植生产,一般用可再生环保纸。环保纸盆提供一个个人面积为每个种子发芽和植物开发所需要的空间(印度理工学院园艺研究IIHR,2006)。总共有128或200盆可以被放置在一个88或1010的托盘中整齐排列 (Tsuga,2000)。而半自动和全自动移栽机可以用于种植电池模具和纸罐生产的种苗。链接的纸盆,或一连串的准备通过连接一个系列的纸盆,是由通过加入两层的纸张再用防水胶加工(Nambu和Tanimura,1992)。 他们虽然不需要一个托盘来排列但是他们需要安排一个人在喂食他们种植单位前使幼苗分离链形成，而环保纸盆只能使用全自动移栽机。步行式半自动移栽机一种是手推式操作机器，另一种是装载于手扶式拖拉机上的操作机器。它们并不常见,这是因为经营者专注于机器的操作和喂苗。还有一种骑式双排涡轮和由三行组成的半自动移栽机是在拖拉机上安装或拖拉机拉动的机器,而那些使用更多的是由拖拉机来提供拉动力。蔬菜移栽机的步行式和自动式都是自航机械，播种最多4行。Ridingtype自动移栽机要么自航(最多4行)或拖拉机拉(8行)。进一步,马尔(1994)所描述的移栽机类型称为穿孔种植者(自动)和水轮播种机(半自动)。冲头通过塑料薄膜种植移植由穿孔薄膜与土壤设置幼苗进入洞口。种植园主和水轮相似的穿孔种植园还添加了一个大水箱并将其注满水或肥料溶液。随着孔形成的移植,一部分营养液和肥料注入移植孔。进浇苗洞并手工精制，运营商地面附近骑低(型号1600的罗伯特奇迹塑料覆盖物,Annville,Pa。)。 随着秧苗的推进,泥浆从底部出现并沿两侧和顶部覆盖同时完成移植操作。Munilla和萧伯纳(1987)描述了一种穴播插秧机在这洞是土壤和苗种植的洞。苗箱和托盘架。一株幼苗盒子是提供半自动移栽机存储的根幼苗喂种植单位。它呈矩形其横截面和是开在顶部。长矩形育苗盒用于移栽机(型号2000,机械插秧机有限公司,荷兰,米奇。)用于种植长苗,用传送带进行传送,这可以由人力来代替。旋转托盘也可用于移栽机(机械插秧机公司的模型5000,5000 w,wd 5000、4000和6000),使用电池模具苗。每个托盘持有人有4到6个托盘,每个托盘载有200左右细胞型苗。在自动移栽机中托盘是保存在一个地方,其取苗机构为传感器装置取出幼苗到托盘。它也有一个机制向前移动托盘苗移开从托盘。现行设计的最新进展蔬菜移栽机。除了基本组件为高效种植的蔬菜苗,蔬菜移栽机提供系统维护的准确性、有效性和精准性,在种植幼苗与最小的人工干预。研究人员报道最近的自动蔬菜插秧机进展是在美国的 (教区,2005)、意大利、日本、澳大利亚和英国(Labowsky,2001)。机器人移栽机已经开发(布鲁尔,1994;金et al。,1995;Ryu et al。,2001;Sakaue,1992;大et al,1994年),并提出了原理图的这种类型的插秧机Ryu开发的et al。(2001)。 它有一个CCD摄像机,它能识别空细胞高密度塞托盘,并将这些信息传送给计算机,让它来代替机械手。机械手的促动端区只捡优质的种苗到低密度增长托盘。劳动和时间参与完全丢弃劣质苗。英国制造的电路图的机器人插秧机，其机械手,托盘运动系统,和视觉系统(Ryu et al。,2001)。进一步的,一个相机与电脑提要信息方向和机械手的优质种苗因此主导的端区捡起苗。低密度种苗的日益增长的托盘用于移植会有100%的高质量苗,无需人工干预。在机器使用皮带输送机来传送种植单位(TP插秧机的FMC食品系列科技农业机械部门,Collecchio-Parma、意大利),故障苗是分开使用机器的视觉系统。它声称机制已被开发,以弥补种苗劣质的幼苗,瞬间增加取苗量，种苗从托盘中取出(Thijssen,2000)。 细胞被用来检测差距,代之以新的苗(Lannen植物系统,维多利亚,澳大利亚)。所需的植物间距在字段可以输入到计算机和编码器提供阅读的距离沿地面和植物的幼苗在1毫米的精度。苗木种植深度可以电子控制。这是很有用,特别是在生菜,如果苗种植完全顶部的水平上土,叶腐病将会最小化和发展生菜成椭圆形而非圆的形状将减少。压力由土壤压实的应用设备可以控制取决于类型的土壤和条件。幼苗可以自动种植幼苗的速度21(模型s G4吗蔬菜插秧机,Williames高科技国际经纪有限公司,维多利亚,澳大利亚)。这台机器可以携带260苗35托盘每,消除失去时间来装载苗盘至少1 h。一个插秧机与适应能力的幼苗拾音器单位根据大小和配置托盘已经发达(塞纳,2006)。蔬菜移栽机现场性能取决于幼苗拾取单元的摄食率（自动移栽机的插秧机），种植率，幼苗在一排之间的间距，行间距，并能达到的最佳的运行速度，减少差错率，错过了种植作物，和其他操作参数。大多数研究人员和制造商已经报道的种植率和幼苗的进给速率，而不是在机器工作现场的性能数据。中国原子能科学研究院（2004）报道的前进速度为0.9公里和田间持水量（田间种植面积）为0.1公顷以行距60厘米和45厘米使用拖拉机牵引两行半自动移栽机袋式栽培行株距种植番茄的单位。一二行拖拉机田间表现安装半自动移栽机袋式栽培单元由加索尔（2004）给出了。为获得最小漏种植手术合适的前进速度是从0.9到1.1公里多种作物。增加的速度增长百分比，错过了种植需要两个工人保持在可接受的范围内的饲料比例失调的单排。荷兰栽植机有限的模型1500，前进1500，和1600，和机械插秧机有限的模型1000b-31000 1000，2，1980和2000，苗木移栽机，有两个工人养活22c单排的规定。马尔（1994）认为插秧机必须在速度进给上给出合理适当的数值，需要进行精心安排和注意问题的研究探讨，开发操作。转杯型种植单元在半自动移栽机允许更高的速度比一个袖珍型种植单位（labowsky，2001）。一个正向平均速度为1.4公里和田种植西红柿，花椰菜，辣椒0.14公顷的容量，并使用一三行半自动移栽机转杯型种植单位茄子（泰米尔纳德邦农业大学 TNAU ，2004）。合理的株距，进给速度合理，有明显界限的插秧机允许的最大行驶速度（Srivastava等人。，2006）。稔实业有限公司（冈山，日本）声称其两行自走式自动蔬菜移栽机可以种植0.2公顷。长苞铁杉（2000）发现，两行全自动移栽机可以移植0.11公顷而在速度为1.2白菜1.4公里在30厘米， 60厘米行株距株距操作，有小于3%的种苗错过了播种。基姆等人（2001）报道，用3.5%的0.1公顷的白菜原型两排自动插秧机场容量错过了播种。Srivastava等人（2006）认为，插秧机一个重要的性能指标是幼苗必须正确定向并且与土壤接触良好。一个成功的种植已被定义为幼苗倾斜小于30（穆尼利亚和肖，1987）。原文2：Transplanting of seedlings is a labor intensive operation in the cultivation of rice. It is also a skilled job and involves working with a stooping posture in a puddled field. There exists a need to mechanize this operation. For this purpose the design of a mechanism was carried out following the method of analytical synthesis. A planar four-bar linkage with coupler extension was selected as the basic design. The path generated by the mechanism was plotted on a computer screen. By varying the dimensions of various links in the mechanism different paths of output motion of the coupler point were obtained. The potential link dimensions were identified based on the suitability of the path for picking, conveying and planting of seedlings as well as the return motion. A four-row self-propelled transplanter using the above mechanism and an optimized-planting finger was then developed and tested. The machine transplanting system was found to be technically viable.India is predominantly an agricultural country with rice as one of its main food crop. It produces about 80 million tons rice annually, which is about 22% of the world rice production.Culturally, transplanting of young seedlings of 2035 days age in water-inundated field is preferred over direct seeding. The former leads to better yield due to better crop management practices that are possible in a transplanted crop. The operation of transplanting requires large amount of manpower (about 400 man-hour/ha) and the task is very laborious involving working in a stooping posture and moving in muddy field. Hence, this is considered as an activity that needs mechanization. Mechanization of transplanting facilitates mechanization of subsequent activities also in the production of the crop. The machines that are already successful in Japan and Korea could not be adopted in India because of economic cost constraints and due to the prevailing cultural practices of this country.Design of planting mechanisms used in power operated transplanters.Anon. states that most of the planting devices of power operated transplanters can be classified as crank and rocker mechanisms of four-bar linkage. A planting finger, which is a part of the coupler link of the mechanism, separates the seedlings from the seedling tray and places them in the soil. The curve traced by the planting finger may have an influence on the stability of the planted seedlings. The kinematic analysis of the planting mechanisms is considered essential for an understanding of its operation and its further improvements.Design of mechanismErdman and Sandor state most mechanism tasks require a single input to be transferred to a single output. Therefore, single-degree-of-freedom mechanisms are the forms used most frequently.Shigley states that Grublers criterion is concerned with the numbe r of links in the mechanism and with the numbe r and kinds of kinematic pairs. It can be used for determining the degree of freedom of a mechanism. Erdman and Sandor state that analysis techniques can be used to replace costly and time consuming building and testing of physical prototypes in a trial and error design process. Analysis techniques generally form a basic part of most synthesis methods. Norton states that the four-bar linkage should be among the first solutions to motion control problems to be investigated. The fewest parts that can do the job will usually give the least expensive and most reliable solution. Norton states that the Grashof condition can be used as a very simple relationship, which predicts the behavior of a four-bar linkage, based on the link lengths. Zimmerman states that a four-bar mechanism is physically impossible if one of the links has a length greater than the sum of the other three. Hirschhorn states that in a four-bar linkage distinct types of mechanisms could be obtained by inversion. A crank-rocker mechanism is obtained by fixing one of the two links paired with the shortest link. Paul suggested that NewtonRaphson method could used be used to solve the non-linear equations developed for solving the four-bar linkage position problem. Zimmerman states that one basic mechanism design problem for which the four-bar chain
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